Sync from Piper @334206209

PROTOBUF_SYNC_PIPER
diff --git a/BUILD b/BUILD
index 5d4541d..afad437 100644
--- a/BUILD
+++ b/BUILD
@@ -739,10 +739,9 @@
     name = "python_srcs",
     srcs = glob(
         [
-            "python/google/**/*.py",
+            "python/google/protobuf/**/*.py",
         ],
         exclude = [
-            "python/google/protobuf/**/__init__.py",
             "python/google/protobuf/internal/*_test.py",
             "python/google/protobuf/internal/test_util.py",
         ],
@@ -843,7 +842,6 @@
     }),
     default_runtime = "",
     protoc = ":protoc",
-    py_extra_srcs = glob(["python/**/__init__.py"]),
     py_libs = [
         ":python_srcs",
         "@six//:six",
diff --git a/cmake/extract_includes.bat.in b/cmake/extract_includes.bat.in
index 007cc80..f8fc0e9 100644
--- a/cmake/extract_includes.bat.in
+++ b/cmake/extract_includes.bat.in
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@
 copy "${PROTOBUF_SOURCE_WIN32_PATH}\..\src\google\protobuf\generated_message_util.h" include\google\protobuf\generated_message_util.h
 copy "${PROTOBUF_SOURCE_WIN32_PATH}\..\src\google\protobuf\has_bits.h" include\google\protobuf\has_bits.h
 copy "${PROTOBUF_SOURCE_WIN32_PATH}\..\src\google\protobuf\implicit_weak_message.h" include\google\protobuf\implicit_weak_message.h
-copy "${PROTOBUF_SOURCE_WIN32_PATH}\..\src\google\protobuf\inlined_string_field.h" include\google\protobuf\inlined_string_field.h
 copy "${PROTOBUF_SOURCE_WIN32_PATH}\..\src\google\protobuf\io\coded_stream.h" include\google\protobuf\io\coded_stream.h
 copy "${PROTOBUF_SOURCE_WIN32_PATH}\..\src\google\protobuf\io\gzip_stream.h" include\google\protobuf\io\gzip_stream.h
 copy "${PROTOBUF_SOURCE_WIN32_PATH}\..\src\google\protobuf\io\io_win32.h" include\google\protobuf\io\io_win32.h
diff --git a/cmake/libprotobuf-lite.cmake b/cmake/libprotobuf-lite.cmake
index bbba607..75d8d71 100644
--- a/cmake/libprotobuf-lite.cmake
+++ b/cmake/libprotobuf-lite.cmake
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 set(libprotobuf_lite_files
   ${protobuf_source_dir}/src/google/protobuf/any_lite.cc
   ${protobuf_source_dir}/src/google/protobuf/arena.cc
+  ${protobuf_source_dir}/src/google/protobuf/arenastring.cc
   ${protobuf_source_dir}/src/google/protobuf/extension_set.cc
   ${protobuf_source_dir}/src/google/protobuf/generated_enum_util.cc
   ${protobuf_source_dir}/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven_lite.cc
diff --git a/cmake/libprotobuf.cmake b/cmake/libprotobuf.cmake
index 0c12596..d7d0770 100644
--- a/cmake/libprotobuf.cmake
+++ b/cmake/libprotobuf.cmake
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
   ${protobuf_source_dir}/src/google/protobuf/any.cc
   ${protobuf_source_dir}/src/google/protobuf/any.pb.cc
   ${protobuf_source_dir}/src/google/protobuf/api.pb.cc
+  ${protobuf_source_dir}/src/google/protobuf/arenastring.cc
   ${protobuf_source_dir}/src/google/protobuf/compiler/importer.cc
   ${protobuf_source_dir}/src/google/protobuf/compiler/parser.cc
   ${protobuf_source_dir}/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.cc
diff --git a/conformance/failure_list_js.txt b/conformance/failure_list_js.txt
index ef9131a..e69de29 100644
--- a/conformance/failure_list_js.txt
+++ b/conformance/failure_list_js.txt
@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.BOOL.PackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.BOOL.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.BOOL.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.DOUBLE.PackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.DOUBLE.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.DOUBLE.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.ENUM.PackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.ENUM.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.ENUM.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED32.PackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED32.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED32.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED64.PackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED64.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED64.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FLOAT.PackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FLOAT.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FLOAT.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT32.PackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT32.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT32.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT64.PackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT64.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT64.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED32.PackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED32.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED32.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED64.PackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED64.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED64.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT32.PackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT32.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT32.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT64.PackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT64.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT64.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT32.PackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT32.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT32.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT64.PackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT64.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT64.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.BOOL.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.BOOL.UnpackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.BOOL.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.DOUBLE.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.DOUBLE.UnpackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.DOUBLE.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.ENUM.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.ENUM.UnpackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.ENUM.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED32.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED32.UnpackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED32.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED64.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED64.UnpackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED64.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FLOAT.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FLOAT.UnpackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FLOAT.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT32.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT32.UnpackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT32.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT64.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT64.UnpackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT64.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED32.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED32.UnpackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED32.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED64.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED64.UnpackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED64.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT32.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT32.UnpackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT32.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT64.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT64.UnpackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT64.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT32.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT32.UnpackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT32.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT64.PackedInput.UnpackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT64.UnpackedInput.DefaultOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT64.UnpackedInput.PackedOutput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.RepeatedScalarMessageMerge.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataMap.STRING.MESSAGE.MergeValue.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.BOOL.PackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.DOUBLE.PackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.ENUM.PackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED32.PackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED64.PackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FLOAT.PackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT32.PackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT64.PackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED32.PackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED64.PackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT32.PackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT64.PackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT32.PackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto2.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT64.PackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.BOOL.UnpackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.DOUBLE.UnpackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.ENUM.UnpackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED32.UnpackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FIXED64.UnpackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.FLOAT.UnpackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT32.UnpackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.INT64.UnpackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED32.UnpackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SFIXED64.UnpackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT32.UnpackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.SINT64.UnpackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT32.UnpackedInput.ProtobufOutput
-Required.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ValidDataRepeated.UINT64.UnpackedInput.ProtobufOutput
diff --git a/conformance/text_format_conformance_suite.cc b/conformance/text_format_conformance_suite.cc
index 6574b10..78462c4 100644
--- a/conformance/text_format_conformance_suite.cc
+++ b/conformance/text_format_conformance_suite.cc
@@ -258,6 +258,85 @@
   RunValidTextFormatTest("FloatFieldLargerThanUint64", REQUIRED,
                          "optional_float: 18446744073709551616");
 
+  // String literals x {Strings, Bytes}
+  for (const auto& field_type :
+       std::vector<const std::string>{"String", "Bytes"}) {
+    const std::string field_name =
+        field_type == "String" ? "optional_string" : "optional_bytes";
+    RunValidTextFormatTest(
+        StrCat("StringLiteralConcat", field_type), REQUIRED,
+        StrCat(field_name, ": 'first' \"second\"\n'third'"));
+    RunValidTextFormatTest(
+        StrCat("StringLiteralBasicEscapes", field_type), REQUIRED,
+        StrCat(field_name, ": '\\a\\b\\f\\n\\r\\t\\v\\?\\\\\\'\\\"'"));
+    RunValidTextFormatTest(
+        StrCat("StringLiteralOctalEscapes", field_type), REQUIRED,
+        StrCat(field_name, ": '\\341\\210\\264'"));
+    RunValidTextFormatTest(StrCat("StringLiteralHexEscapes", field_type),
+                           REQUIRED,
+                           StrCat(field_name, ": '\\xe1\\x88\\xb4'"));
+    RunValidTextFormatTest(
+        StrCat("StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscape", field_type),
+        RECOMMENDED, StrCat(field_name, ": '\\u1234'"));
+    RunValidTextFormatTest(
+        StrCat("StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapes", field_type),
+        RECOMMENDED, StrCat(field_name, ": '\\U00001234\\U00010437'"));
+    // String literals don't include line feeds.
+    ExpectParseFailure(StrCat("StringLiteralIncludesLF", field_type),
+                       REQUIRED,
+                       StrCat(field_name, ": 'first line\nsecond line'"));
+    // Unicode escapes don't include code points that lie beyond the planes
+    // (> 0x10ffff).
+    ExpectParseFailure(
+        StrCat("StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeTooLarge", field_type),
+        REQUIRED, StrCat(field_name, ": '\\U00110000'"));
+    // Unicode escapes don't include surrogates.
+    ExpectParseFailure(
+        StrCat("StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePair",
+                     field_type),
+        RECOMMENDED, StrCat(field_name, ": '\\ud801\\udc37'"));
+    ExpectParseFailure(
+        StrCat("StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogateFirstOnly",
+                     field_type),
+        RECOMMENDED, StrCat(field_name, ": '\\ud800'"));
+    ExpectParseFailure(
+        StrCat("StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogateSecondOnly",
+                     field_type),
+        RECOMMENDED, StrCat(field_name, ": '\\udc00'"));
+    ExpectParseFailure(
+        StrCat("StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogateFirstOnly",
+                     field_type),
+        RECOMMENDED, StrCat(field_name, ": '\\U0000d800'"));
+    ExpectParseFailure(
+        StrCat("StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogateSecondOnly",
+                     field_type),
+        RECOMMENDED, StrCat(field_name, ": '\\U0000dc00'"));
+    ExpectParseFailure(
+        StrCat("StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePair", field_type),
+        RECOMMENDED, StrCat(field_name, ": '\\U0000d801\\U00000dc37'"));
+    ExpectParseFailure(
+        StrCat("StringLiteralUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairLongShort",
+                     field_type),
+        RECOMMENDED, StrCat(field_name, ": '\\U0000d801\\udc37'"));
+    ExpectParseFailure(
+        StrCat("StringLiteralUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairShortLong",
+                     field_type),
+        RECOMMENDED, StrCat(field_name, ": '\\ud801\\U0000dc37'"));
+
+    // The following method depend on the type of field, as strings have extra
+    // validation.
+    const auto test_method =
+        field_type == "String"
+            ? &TextFormatConformanceTestSuite::ExpectParseFailure
+            : &TextFormatConformanceTestSuite::RunValidTextFormatTest;
+
+    // String fields reject invalid UTF-8 byte sequences; bytes fields don't.
+    (this->*test_method)(StrCat(field_type, "FieldBadUTF8Octal"),
+                         REQUIRED, StrCat(field_name, ": '\\300'"));
+    (this->*test_method)(StrCat(field_type, "FieldBadUTF8Hex"), REQUIRED,
+                         StrCat(field_name, ": '\\xc0'"));
+  }
+
   // Group fields
   RunValidTextFormatTestProto2("GroupFieldNoColon", REQUIRED,
                                "Data { group_int32: 1 }");
diff --git a/conformance/text_format_failure_list_cpp.txt b/conformance/text_format_failure_list_cpp.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a25f04f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/conformance/text_format_failure_list_cpp.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogateFirstOnlyBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogateFirstOnlyString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogateSecondOnlyBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogateSecondOnlyString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogateFirstOnlyBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogateFirstOnlyString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogateSecondOnlyBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogateSecondOnlyString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairLongShortBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairLongShortString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairShortLongBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairShortLongString
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringFieldBadUTF8Hex
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringFieldBadUTF8Octal
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeTooLargeBytes
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeTooLargeString
diff --git a/conformance/text_format_failure_list_java.txt b/conformance/text_format_failure_list_java.txt
index 81433b4..8f74bdf 100644
--- a/conformance/text_format_failure_list_java.txt
+++ b/conformance/text_format_failure_list_java.txt
@@ -4,3 +4,18 @@
 Recommended.Proto3.ProtobufInput.ScalarUnknownFields_Drop.TextFormatOutput
 Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.AnyField.ProtobufOutput
 Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.AnyField.TextFormatOutput
+
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapesBytes.ProtobufOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapesBytes.TextFormatOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapesString.ProtobufOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapesString.TextFormatOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeBytes.ProtobufOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeBytes.TextFormatOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeString.ProtobufOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeString.TextFormatOutput
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringFieldBadUTF8Hex
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringFieldBadUTF8Octal
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralBasicEscapesBytes.ProtobufOutput
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralBasicEscapesBytes.TextFormatOutput
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralBasicEscapesString.ProtobufOutput
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralBasicEscapesString.TextFormatOutput
diff --git a/conformance/text_format_failure_list_python.txt b/conformance/text_format_failure_list_python.txt
index b2db95e..6bf7c1a 100644
--- a/conformance/text_format_failure_list_python.txt
+++ b/conformance/text_format_failure_list_python.txt
@@ -3,3 +3,32 @@
 # TODO: These should be fixed.
 Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.FloatFieldMaxValue.ProtobufOutput
 Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.FloatFieldMaxValue.TextFormatOutput
+
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogateFirstOnlyBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogateFirstOnlyString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogateSecondOnlyBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogateSecondOnlyString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapesBytes.ProtobufOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapesBytes.TextFormatOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapesString.ProtobufOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapesString.TextFormatOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeBytes.ProtobufOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeBytes.TextFormatOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeString.ProtobufOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeString.TextFormatOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogateFirstOnlyBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogateFirstOnlyString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogateSecondOnlyBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogateSecondOnlyString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairLongShortBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairLongShortString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairShortLongBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairShortLongString
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralBasicEscapesBytes.ProtobufOutput
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralBasicEscapesBytes.TextFormatOutput
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralBasicEscapesString.ProtobufOutput
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralBasicEscapesString.TextFormatOutput
diff --git a/conformance/text_format_failure_list_python_cpp.txt b/conformance/text_format_failure_list_python_cpp.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91fc2ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/conformance/text_format_failure_list_python_cpp.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogateFirstOnlyBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogateFirstOnlyString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogateSecondOnlyBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapeSurrogateSecondOnlyString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapesBytes.ProtobufOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapesBytes.TextFormatOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapesString.ProtobufOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralLongUnicodeEscapesString.TextFormatOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeBytes.ProtobufOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeBytes.TextFormatOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeString.ProtobufOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeString.TextFormatOutput
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogateFirstOnlyBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogateFirstOnlyString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogateSecondOnlyBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralShortUnicodeEscapeSurrogateSecondOnlyString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairLongShortBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairLongShortString
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairShortLongBytes
+Recommended.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralUnicodeEscapeSurrogatePairShortLongString
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralBasicEscapesBytes.ProtobufOutput
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralBasicEscapesBytes.TextFormatOutput
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralBasicEscapesString.ProtobufOutput
+Required.Proto3.TextFormatInput.StringLiteralBasicEscapesString.TextFormatOutput
diff --git a/docs/options.md b/docs/options.md
index fd1e813..f64b9ea 100644
--- a/docs/options.md
+++ b/docs/options.md
@@ -248,3 +248,7 @@
 1. Wire wire_package
    * Website: https://square.github.io/wire/
    * Extensions: 1087
+
+1. Confluent Schema Registry
+   * Website: https://github.com/confluentinc/schema-registry
+   * Extensions: 1088
diff --git a/docs/third_party.md b/docs/third_party.md
index b9c66c0..7799e30 100644
--- a/docs/third_party.md
+++ b/docs/third_party.md
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@
 * PHP: https://github.com/chobie/php-protocolbuffers
 * PHP: http://drslump.github.com/Protobuf-PHP
 * Prolog: http://www.swi-prolog.org/pldoc/package/protobufs.html
+* Purescript: https://github.com/xc-jp/purescript-protobuf
 * Python: https://github.com/google/protobuf (Google-official implementation)
 * Python: https://github.com/eigenein/protobuf
 * Python: https://github.com/danielgtaylor/python-betterproto
diff --git a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/AbstractProtobufList.java b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/AbstractProtobufList.java
index 3220f64..e792d7d 100644
--- a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/AbstractProtobufList.java
+++ b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/AbstractProtobufList.java
@@ -142,7 +142,12 @@
   @Override
   public boolean remove(Object o) {
     ensureIsMutable();
-    return super.remove(o);
+    int index = indexOf(o);
+    if (index == -1) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    remove(index);
+    return true;
   }
 
   @Override
diff --git a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/BooleanArrayList.java b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/BooleanArrayList.java
index f023baa..451fce1 100644
--- a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/BooleanArrayList.java
+++ b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/BooleanArrayList.java
@@ -268,20 +268,6 @@
   }
 
   @Override
-  public boolean remove(Object o) {
-    ensureIsMutable();
-    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-      if (o.equals(array[i])) {
-        System.arraycopy(array, i + 1, array, i, size - i - 1);
-        size--;
-        modCount++;
-        return true;
-      }
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  @Override
   public Boolean remove(int index) {
     ensureIsMutable();
     ensureIndexInRange(index);
diff --git a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/DoubleArrayList.java b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/DoubleArrayList.java
index 12824ab..4085653 100644
--- a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/DoubleArrayList.java
+++ b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/DoubleArrayList.java
@@ -268,20 +268,6 @@
   }
 
   @Override
-  public boolean remove(Object o) {
-    ensureIsMutable();
-    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-      if (o.equals(array[i])) {
-        System.arraycopy(array, i + 1, array, i, size - i - 1);
-        size--;
-        modCount++;
-        return true;
-      }
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  @Override
   public Double remove(int index) {
     ensureIsMutable();
     ensureIndexInRange(index);
diff --git a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/FloatArrayList.java b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/FloatArrayList.java
index 9589816..e6feba8 100644
--- a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/FloatArrayList.java
+++ b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/FloatArrayList.java
@@ -267,20 +267,6 @@
   }
 
   @Override
-  public boolean remove(Object o) {
-    ensureIsMutable();
-    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-      if (o.equals(array[i])) {
-        System.arraycopy(array, i + 1, array, i, size - i - 1);
-        size--;
-        modCount++;
-        return true;
-      }
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  @Override
   public Float remove(int index) {
     ensureIsMutable();
     ensureIndexInRange(index);
diff --git a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/IntArrayList.java b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/IntArrayList.java
index e9c3b1a..9daeebe 100644
--- a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/IntArrayList.java
+++ b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/IntArrayList.java
@@ -267,20 +267,6 @@
   }
 
   @Override
-  public boolean remove(Object o) {
-    ensureIsMutable();
-    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-      if (o.equals(array[i])) {
-        System.arraycopy(array, i + 1, array, i, size - i - 1);
-        size--;
-        modCount++;
-        return true;
-      }
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  @Override
   public Integer remove(int index) {
     ensureIsMutable();
     ensureIndexInRange(index);
diff --git a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/Internal.java b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/Internal.java
index 0826351..90643b8 100644
--- a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/Internal.java
+++ b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/Internal.java
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@
 
 package com.google.protobuf;
 
-import java.io.IOException;
 import java.lang.reflect.Method;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.nio.charset.Charset;
diff --git a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/LongArrayList.java b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/LongArrayList.java
index 04f4475..bda43a4 100644
--- a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/LongArrayList.java
+++ b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/LongArrayList.java
@@ -267,20 +267,6 @@
   }
 
   @Override
-  public boolean remove(Object o) {
-    ensureIsMutable();
-    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-      if (o.equals(array[i])) {
-        System.arraycopy(array, i + 1, array, i, size - i - 1);
-        size--;
-        modCount++;
-        return true;
-      }
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  @Override
   public Long remove(int index) {
     ensureIsMutable();
     ensureIndexInRange(index);
diff --git a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/MessageSchema.java b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/MessageSchema.java
index 28879d7..33c8e91 100644
--- a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/MessageSchema.java
+++ b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/MessageSchema.java
@@ -2572,7 +2572,7 @@
 
       int presenceMaskAndOffset = 0;
       int presenceMask = 0;
-      if (!proto3 && fieldType <= 17) {
+      if (fieldType <= 17) {
         presenceMaskAndOffset = buffer[pos + 2];
         final int presenceFieldOffset = presenceMaskAndOffset & OFFSET_MASK;
         if (presenceFieldOffset != currentPresenceFieldOffset) {
diff --git a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/Protobuf.java b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/Protobuf.java
index adaa7fa..0affac5 100644
--- a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/Protobuf.java
+++ b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/Protobuf.java
@@ -76,11 +76,8 @@
     schemaFor(message).makeImmutable(message);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Checks if all required fields are set. TODO(xiaofeng): Make this package private when the tests
-   * are moved to protobuf package.
-   */
-  public <T> boolean isInitialized(T message) {
+  /** Checks if all required fields are set. */
+  <T> boolean isInitialized(T message) {
     return schemaFor(message).isInitialized(message);
   }
 
diff --git a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/RopeByteString.java b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/RopeByteString.java
index 54d4180..cc6e044 100644
--- a/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/RopeByteString.java
+++ b/java/core/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/RopeByteString.java
@@ -845,7 +845,10 @@
         throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
       }
       int bytesRead = readSkipInternal(b, offset, length);
-      if (bytesRead == 0) {
+      if (bytesRead == 0 && (length > 0 || availableInternal() == 0)) {
+        // Modeling ByteArrayInputStream.read(byte[], int, int) behavior noted above:
+        // It's ok to read 0 bytes on purpose (length == 0) from a stream that isn't at EOF.
+        // It's not ok to try to read bytes (even 0 bytes) from a stream that is at EOF.
         return -1;
       } else {
         return bytesRead;
@@ -905,8 +908,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public int available() throws IOException {
-      int bytesRead = currentPieceOffsetInRope + currentPieceIndex;
-      return RopeByteString.this.size() - bytesRead;
+      return availableInternal();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -955,5 +957,11 @@
         }
       }
     }
+
+    /** Computes the number of bytes still available to read. */
+    private int availableInternal() {
+      int bytesRead = currentPieceOffsetInRope + currentPieceIndex;
+      return RopeByteString.this.size() - bytesRead;
+    }
   }
 }
diff --git a/java/core/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/LiteralByteStringTest.java b/java/core/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/LiteralByteStringTest.java
index 9f64b6b..4177a47 100644
--- a/java/core/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/LiteralByteStringTest.java
+++ b/java/core/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/LiteralByteStringTest.java
@@ -514,6 +514,20 @@
     assertEquals(classUnderTest + " InputStream must now be exhausted", -1, input.read());
   }
 
+  public void testNewInput_readZeroBytes() throws IOException {
+    InputStream input = stringUnderTest.newInput();
+    assertEquals(
+        classUnderTest + " InputStream.read() returns 0 when told to read 0 bytes and not at EOF",
+        0,
+        input.read(new byte[0]));
+
+    input.skip(input.available());
+    assertEquals(
+        classUnderTest + " InputStream.read() returns -1 when told to read 0 bytes at EOF",
+        -1,
+        input.read(new byte[0]));
+  }
+
   public void testNewInput_skip() throws IOException {
     InputStream input = stringUnderTest.newInput();
     int stringSize = stringUnderTest.size();
diff --git a/java/lite/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/Proto2MessageLiteInfoFactory.java b/java/lite/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/Proto2MessageLiteInfoFactory.java
index 57e933f..a17dda5 100644
--- a/java/lite/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/Proto2MessageLiteInfoFactory.java
+++ b/java/lite/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/Proto2MessageLiteInfoFactory.java
@@ -174,8 +174,9 @@
           "fieldRequiredSint6487_",
           "fieldRequiredGroup88_",
         };
-    // To update this after a proto change, run protoc on proto2_message_lite.proto and copy over
-    // the content of the generated buildMessageInfo() method here.
+    // To update this after a proto change, run blaze build on proto2_message_lite.proto and copy
+    // over the String info from the proto2_message_lite_proto-lite-src.jar file in the
+    // blaze-genfiles directory.
     java.lang.String info =
         "\u0001U\u0001\u0002\u0001XU\u0000 \u0015\u0001\u1000\u0000\u0002\u1001\u0001\u0003"
             + "\u1002\u0002\u0004\u1003\u0003\u0005\u1004\u0004\u0006\u1005\u0005\u0007\u1006\u0006\b\u1007\u0007"
diff --git a/js/binary/constants.js b/js/binary/constants.js
index f8b13a8..d2e62e5 100644
--- a/js/binary/constants.js
+++ b/js/binary/constants.js
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 /**
  * @fileoverview This file contains constants and typedefs used by
  * jspb.BinaryReader and BinaryWriter.
+ * @suppress {missingRequire} TODO(b/152540451): this shouldn't be needed
  *
  * @author [email protected] (Austin Appleby)
  */
diff --git a/js/binary/decoder.js b/js/binary/decoder.js
index 257c283..fb40ec9 100644
--- a/js/binary/decoder.js
+++ b/js/binary/decoder.js
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
  * intact, you _must_ read them using one of the Hash64 methods, which return
  * an 8-character string.
  *
+ * @suppress {missingRequire} TODO(b/152540451): this shouldn't be needed
  * @author [email protected] (Austin Appleby)
  */
 
diff --git a/js/binary/reader.js b/js/binary/reader.js
index 2af1a4a..6fdbd6f 100644
--- a/js/binary/reader.js
+++ b/js/binary/reader.js
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
  * using the typed jspb code generator, but if you bypass that you'll need
  * to keep things in sync by hand.
  *
+ * @suppress {missingRequire} TODO(b/152540451): this shouldn't be needed
  * @author [email protected] (Austin Appleby)
  */
 
diff --git a/js/binary/utils.js b/js/binary/utils.js
index 203eec1..6cd15e3 100644
--- a/js/binary/utils.js
+++ b/js/binary/utils.js
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
  * @fileoverview This file contains helper code used by jspb.BinaryReader
  * and BinaryWriter.
  *
+ * @suppress {missingRequire} TODO(b/152540451): this shouldn't be needed
  * @author [email protected] (Austin Appleby)
  */
 
diff --git a/js/binary/writer.js b/js/binary/writer.js
index ab9a815..1e2beee 100644
--- a/js/binary/writer.js
+++ b/js/binary/writer.js
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
  * Major caveat 3 - This class uses typed arrays and must not be used on older
  * browsers that do not support them.
  *
+ * @suppress {missingRequire} TODO(b/152540451): this shouldn't be needed
  * @author [email protected] (Austin Appleby)
  */
 
diff --git a/js/map.js b/js/map.js
index 589a293..61f0f3b 100644
--- a/js/map.js
+++ b/js/map.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+
 // Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
 // Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
 // https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
@@ -28,6 +29,10 @@
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 
+/**
+ * @fileoverview
+ * @suppress {missingRequire} TODO(b/152540451): this shouldn't be needed
+ */
 goog.provide('jspb.Map');
 
 goog.require('goog.asserts');
diff --git a/js/message.js b/js/message.js
index f190894..905329f 100644
--- a/js/message.js
+++ b/js/message.js
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 /**
  * @fileoverview Definition of jspb.Message.
  *
+ * @suppress {missingRequire} TODO(b/152540451): this shouldn't be needed
  * @author [email protected] (Mark Rawling)
  */
 
diff --git a/php/ext/google/protobuf/array.c b/php/ext/google/protobuf/array.c
index 4615ed3..0fa9bf0 100644
--- a/php/ext/google/protobuf/array.c
+++ b/php/ext/google/protobuf/array.c
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 #include "arena.h"
 #include "convert.h"
 #include "def.h"
+#include "message.h"
 #include "php-upb.h"
 #include "protobuf.h"
 
@@ -94,6 +95,26 @@
   zend_object_std_dtor(&intern->std);
 }
 
+/**
+ * RepeatedField_compare_objects()
+ *
+ * Object handler for comparing two repeated field objects. Called whenever PHP
+ * code does:
+ *
+ *   $rf1 == $rf2
+ */
+static int RepeatedField_compare_objects(zval *rf1, zval *rf2) {
+  RepeatedField* intern1 = (RepeatedField*)Z_OBJ_P(rf1);
+  RepeatedField* intern2 = (RepeatedField*)Z_OBJ_P(rf2);
+  upb_fieldtype_t type = intern1->type;
+  const upb_msgdef *m = intern1->desc ? intern1->desc->msgdef : NULL;
+
+  if (type != intern2->type) return 1;
+  if (intern1->desc != intern2->desc) return 1;
+
+  return ArrayEq(intern1->array, intern2->array, type, m) ? 0 : 1;
+}
+
 static HashTable *RepeatedField_GetProperties(PROTO_VAL *object) {
   return NULL;  // We do not have a properties table.
 }
@@ -177,6 +198,27 @@
   }
 }
 
+bool ArrayEq(const upb_array *a1, const upb_array *a2, upb_fieldtype_t type,
+             const upb_msgdef *m) {
+  size_t i;
+  size_t n;
+
+  if ((a1 == NULL) != (a2 == NULL)) return false;
+  if (a1 == NULL) return true;
+
+  n = upb_array_size(a1);
+  if (n != upb_array_size(a2)) return false;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    upb_msgval val1 = upb_array_get(a1, i);
+    upb_msgval val2 = upb_array_get(a2, i);
+    if (!ValueEq(val1, val2, type, m)) return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+
 // RepeatedField PHP methods ///////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
 /**
@@ -594,6 +636,7 @@
   h = &RepeatedField_object_handlers;
   memcpy(h, &std_object_handlers, sizeof(zend_object_handlers));
   h->dtor_obj = RepeatedField_destructor;
+  h->compare_objects = RepeatedField_compare_objects;
   h->get_properties = RepeatedField_GetProperties;
   h->get_property_ptr_ptr = RepeatedField_GetPropertyPtrPtr;
 
diff --git a/php/ext/google/protobuf/array.h b/php/ext/google/protobuf/array.h
index 5cf517c..921e0bf 100644
--- a/php/ext/google/protobuf/array.h
+++ b/php/ext/google/protobuf/array.h
@@ -58,4 +58,9 @@
 void RepeatedField_GetPhpWrapper(zval *val, upb_array *arr,
                                  const upb_fielddef *f, zval *arena);
 
+// Returns true if the given arrays are equal. Both arrays must be of this
+// |type| and, if the type is |UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE|, must have the same |m|.
+bool ArrayEq(const upb_array *a1, const upb_array *a2, upb_fieldtype_t type,
+             const upb_msgdef *m);
+
 #endif  // PHP_PROTOBUF_ARRAY_H_
diff --git a/php/ext/google/protobuf/map.c b/php/ext/google/protobuf/map.c
index f29c18c..426d56a 100644
--- a/php/ext/google/protobuf/map.c
+++ b/php/ext/google/protobuf/map.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 
 #include "arena.h"
 #include "convert.h"
+#include "message.h"
 #include "php-upb.h"
 #include "protobuf.h"
 
@@ -90,6 +91,28 @@
   zend_object_std_dtor(&intern->std);
 }
 
+/**
+ * MapField_compare_objects()
+ *
+ * Object handler for comparing two repeated field objects. Called whenever PHP
+ * code does:
+ *
+ *   $map1 == $map2
+ */
+static int MapField_compare_objects(zval *map1, zval *map2) {
+  MapField* intern1 = (MapField*)Z_OBJ_P(map1);
+  MapField* intern2 = (MapField*)Z_OBJ_P(map2);
+  const upb_msgdef *m = intern1->desc ? intern1->desc->msgdef : NULL;
+  upb_fieldtype_t key_type = intern1->key_type;
+  upb_fieldtype_t val_type = intern1->val_type;
+
+  if (key_type != intern2->key_type) return 1;
+  if (val_type != intern2->val_type) return 1;
+  if (intern1->desc != intern2->desc) return 1;
+
+  return MapEq(intern1->map, intern2->map, key_type, val_type, m) ? 0 : 1;
+}
+
 static zval *Map_GetPropertyPtrPtr(PROTO_VAL *object, PROTO_STR *member,
                                    int type, void **cache_slot) {
   return NULL;  // We don't offer direct references to our properties.
@@ -185,6 +208,27 @@
   }
 }
 
+bool MapEq(const upb_map *m1, const upb_map *m2, upb_fieldtype_t key_type,
+           upb_fieldtype_t val_type, const upb_msgdef *m) {
+  size_t iter = UPB_MAP_BEGIN;
+
+  if ((m1 == NULL) != (m2 == NULL)) return false;
+  if (m1 == NULL) return true;
+  if (upb_map_size(m1) != upb_map_size(m2)) return false;
+
+  while (upb_mapiter_next(m1, &iter)) {
+    upb_msgval key = upb_mapiter_key(m1, iter);
+    upb_msgval val1 = upb_mapiter_value(m1, iter);
+    upb_msgval val2;
+
+    if (!upb_map_get(m2, key, &val2)) return false;
+    if (!ValueEq(val1, val2, val_type, m)) return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+
 // MapField PHP methods ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
 /**
@@ -578,6 +622,7 @@
   h = &MapField_object_handlers;
   memcpy(h, &std_object_handlers, sizeof(zend_object_handlers));
   h->dtor_obj = MapField_destructor;
+  h->compare_objects = MapField_compare_objects;
   h->get_properties = Map_GetProperties;
   h->get_property_ptr_ptr = Map_GetPropertyPtrPtr;
 
diff --git a/php/ext/google/protobuf/map.h b/php/ext/google/protobuf/map.h
index 9b3c9c1..6eb0620 100644
--- a/php/ext/google/protobuf/map.h
+++ b/php/ext/google/protobuf/map.h
@@ -57,4 +57,7 @@
 void MapField_GetPhpWrapper(zval *val, upb_map *arr, const upb_fielddef *f,
                             zval *arena);
 
+bool MapEq(const upb_map *m1, const upb_map *m2, upb_fieldtype_t key_type,
+           upb_fieldtype_t val_type, const upb_msgdef *m);
+
 #endif  // PHP_PROTOBUF_MAP_H_
diff --git a/php/ext/google/protobuf/message.c b/php/ext/google/protobuf/message.c
index 63d2b08..b2a0306 100644
--- a/php/ext/google/protobuf/message.c
+++ b/php/ext/google/protobuf/message.c
@@ -108,6 +108,97 @@
   return f;
 }
 
+static bool MessageEq(const upb_msg *m1, const upb_msg *m2, const upb_msgdef *m);
+
+/**
+ * ValueEq()()
+ */
+bool ValueEq(upb_msgval val1, upb_msgval val2, upb_fieldtype_t type,
+             const upb_msgdef *m) {
+  switch (type) {
+    case UPB_TYPE_BOOL:
+      return val1.bool_val == val2.bool_val;
+    case UPB_TYPE_INT32:
+    case UPB_TYPE_UINT32:
+    case UPB_TYPE_ENUM:
+      return val1.int32_val == val2.int32_val;
+    case UPB_TYPE_INT64:
+    case UPB_TYPE_UINT64:
+      return val1.int64_val == val2.int64_val;
+    case UPB_TYPE_FLOAT:
+      return val1.float_val == val2.float_val;
+    case UPB_TYPE_DOUBLE:
+      return val1.double_val == val2.double_val;
+    case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
+    case UPB_TYPE_BYTES:
+      return val1.str_val.size == val2.str_val.size &&
+          memcmp(val1.str_val.data, val2.str_val.data, val1.str_val.size) == 0;
+    case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE:
+      return MessageEq(val1.msg_val, val2.msg_val, m);
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * MessageEq()
+ */
+static bool MessageEq(const upb_msg *m1, const upb_msg *m2, const upb_msgdef *m) {
+  upb_msg_field_iter i;
+
+  for(upb_msg_field_begin(&i, m);
+      !upb_msg_field_done(&i);
+      upb_msg_field_next(&i)) {
+    const upb_fielddef *f = upb_msg_iter_field(&i);
+    upb_msgval val1 = upb_msg_get(m1, f);
+    upb_msgval val2 = upb_msg_get(m2, f);
+    upb_fieldtype_t type = upb_fielddef_type(f);
+    const upb_msgdef *sub_m = upb_fielddef_msgsubdef(f);
+
+    if (upb_fielddef_haspresence(f)) {
+      if (upb_msg_has(m1, f) != upb_msg_has(m2, f)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (!upb_msg_has(m1, f)) continue;
+    }
+
+    if (upb_fielddef_ismap(f)) {
+      const upb_fielddef *key_f = upb_msgdef_itof(sub_m, 1);
+      const upb_fielddef *val_f = upb_msgdef_itof(sub_m, 2);
+      upb_fieldtype_t key_type = upb_fielddef_type(key_f);
+      upb_fieldtype_t val_type = upb_fielddef_type(val_f);
+      const upb_msgdef *val_m = upb_fielddef_msgsubdef(val_f);
+      if (!MapEq(val1.map_val, val2.map_val, key_type, val_type, val_m)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    } else if (upb_fielddef_isseq(f)) {
+      if (!ArrayEq(val1.array_val, val2.array_val, type, sub_m)) return false;
+    } else {
+      if (!ValueEq(val1, val2, type, sub_m)) return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Message_compare_objects()
+ *
+ * Object handler for comparing two message objects. Called whenever PHP code
+ * does:
+ *
+ *   $m1 == $m2
+ */
+static int Message_compare_objects(zval *m1, zval *m2) {
+  Message* intern1 = (Message*)Z_OBJ_P(m1);
+  Message* intern2 = (Message*)Z_OBJ_P(m2);
+  const upb_msgdef *m = intern1->desc->msgdef;
+
+  if (intern2->desc->msgdef != m) return 1;
+
+  return MessageEq(intern1->msg, intern2->msg, m) ? 0 : 1;
+}
+
 /**
  * Message_has_property()
  *
@@ -935,6 +1026,7 @@
 
   memcpy(h, &std_object_handlers, sizeof(zend_object_handlers));
   h->dtor_obj = Message_dtor;
+  h->compare_objects = Message_compare_objects;
   h->read_property = Message_read_property;
   h->write_property = Message_write_property;
   h->has_property = Message_has_property;
diff --git a/php/ext/google/protobuf/message.h b/php/ext/google/protobuf/message.h
index 5083976..0e6fb5a 100644
--- a/php/ext/google/protobuf/message.h
+++ b/php/ext/google/protobuf/message.h
@@ -56,4 +56,7 @@
 void Message_GetPhpWrapper(zval *val, const Descriptor *desc, upb_msg *msg,
                            zval *arena);
 
+bool ValueEq(upb_msgval val1, upb_msgval val2, upb_fieldtype_t type,
+             const upb_msgdef *m);
+
 #endif  // PHP_PROTOBUF_MESSAGE_H_
diff --git a/php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.c b/php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.c
index 6ce85f1..d1fc366 100644
--- a/php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.c
+++ b/php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.c
@@ -407,6 +407,7 @@
   }
 }
 
+UPB_FORCEINLINE
 static const char *decode_varint32(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr,
                                    const char *limit, uint32_t *val) {
   uint64_t u64;
diff --git a/php/tests/ArrayTest.php b/php/tests/ArrayTest.php
index 2cb4b39..d167331 100644
--- a/php/tests/ArrayTest.php
+++ b/php/tests/ArrayTest.php
@@ -590,4 +590,35 @@
         $end = memory_get_usage();
         $this->assertLessThan($start, $end);
     }
+
+    #########################################################
+    # Test equality
+    #########################################################
+
+    public function testEquality()
+    {
+        $arr = new RepeatedField(GPBType::INT32);
+        $arr2 = new RepeatedField(GPBType::INT32);
+
+        $this->assertTrue($arr == $arr2);
+
+        $arr[] = 0;
+        $arr[] = 1;
+        $arr[] = 2;
+
+        $this->assertFalse($arr == $arr2);
+
+        $arr2[] = 0;
+        $arr2[] = 1;
+        $arr2[] = 2;
+
+        $this->assertTrue($arr == $arr2);
+
+        // Arrays of different types always compare false.
+        $this->assertFalse(new RepeatedField(GPBType::INT32) ==
+                           new RepeatedField(GPBType::INT64));
+        $this->assertFalse(
+            new RepeatedField(GPBType::MESSAGE, TestMessage::class) ==
+            new RepeatedField(GPBType::MESSAGE, Sub::class));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/php/tests/GeneratedClassTest.php b/php/tests/GeneratedClassTest.php
index f49c4e9..90c1069 100644
--- a/php/tests/GeneratedClassTest.php
+++ b/php/tests/GeneratedClassTest.php
@@ -1530,6 +1530,148 @@
     }
 
     #########################################################
+    # Test equality
+    #########################################################
+
+    public function testShallowEquality()
+    {
+        $m1 = new TestMessage([
+            'optional_int32' => -42,
+            'optional_int64' => -43,
+            'optional_uint32' => 42,
+            'optional_uint64' => 43,
+            'optional_sint32' => -44,
+            'optional_sint64' => -45,
+            'optional_fixed32' => 46,
+            'optional_fixed64' => 47,
+            'optional_sfixed32' => -46,
+            'optional_sfixed64' => -47,
+            'optional_float' => 1.5,
+            'optional_double' => 1.6,
+            'optional_bool' => true,
+            'optional_string' => 'a',
+            'optional_bytes' => 'bbbb',
+            'optional_enum' => TestEnum::ONE,
+            ]);
+        $data = $m1->serializeToString();
+        $m2 = new TestMessage();
+        $m2->mergeFromString($data);
+        $this->assertTrue($m1 == $m2);
+
+        $m1->setOptionalInt32(1234);
+        $this->assertTrue($m1 != $m2);
+    }
+
+    public function testDeepEquality()
+    {
+        $m1 = new TestMessage([
+            'optional_int32' => -42,
+            'optional_int64' => -43,
+            'optional_uint32' => 42,
+            'optional_uint64' => 43,
+            'optional_sint32' => -44,
+            'optional_sint64' => -45,
+            'optional_fixed32' => 46,
+            'optional_fixed64' => 47,
+            'optional_sfixed32' => -46,
+            'optional_sfixed64' => -47,
+            'optional_float' => 1.5,
+            'optional_double' => 1.6,
+            'optional_bool' => true,
+            'optional_string' => 'a',
+            'optional_bytes' => 'bbbb',
+            'optional_enum' => TestEnum::ONE,
+            'optional_message' => new Sub([
+                'a' => 33
+            ]),
+            'repeated_int32' => [-42, -52],
+            'repeated_int64' => [-43, -53],
+            'repeated_uint32' => [42, 52],
+            'repeated_uint64' => [43, 53],
+            'repeated_sint32' => [-44, -54],
+            'repeated_sint64' => [-45, -55],
+            'repeated_fixed32' => [46, 56],
+            'repeated_fixed64' => [47, 57],
+            'repeated_sfixed32' => [-46, -56],
+            'repeated_sfixed64' => [-47, -57],
+            'repeated_float' => [1.5, 2.5],
+            'repeated_double' => [1.6, 2.6],
+            'repeated_bool' => [true, false],
+            'repeated_string' => ['a', 'c'],
+            'repeated_bytes' => ['bbbb', 'dddd'],
+            'repeated_enum' => [TestEnum::ZERO, TestEnum::ONE],
+            'repeated_message' => [new Sub(['a' => 34]),
+                                   new Sub(['a' => 35])],
+            'map_int32_int32' => [-62 => -62],
+            'map_int64_int64' => [-63 => -63],
+            'map_uint32_uint32' => [62 => 62],
+            'map_uint64_uint64' => [63 => 63],
+            'map_sint32_sint32' => [-64 => -64],
+            'map_sint64_sint64' => [-65 => -65],
+            'map_fixed32_fixed32' => [66 => 66],
+            'map_fixed64_fixed64' => [67 => 67],
+            'map_sfixed32_sfixed32' => [-68 => -68],
+            'map_sfixed64_sfixed64' => [-69 => -69],
+            'map_int32_float' => [1 => 3.5],
+            'map_int32_double' => [1 => 3.6],
+            'map_bool_bool' => [true => true],
+            'map_string_string' => ['e' => 'e'],
+            'map_int32_bytes' => [1 => 'ffff'],
+            'map_int32_enum' => [1 => TestEnum::ONE],
+            'map_int32_message' => [1 => new Sub(['a' => 36])],
+        ]);
+        $data = $m1->serializeToString();
+
+        $m2 = new TestMessage();
+        $m2->mergeFromString($data);
+        $this->assertTrue($m1 == $m2);
+
+        # Nested sub-message is checked.
+        $m2 = new TestMessage();
+        $m2->mergeFromString($data);
+        $m2->getOptionalMessage()->setA(1234);
+        $this->assertTrue($m1 != $m2);
+
+        # Repeated field element is checked.
+        $m2 = new TestMessage();
+        $m2->mergeFromString($data);
+        $m2->getRepeatedInt32()[0] = 1234;
+        $this->assertTrue($m1 != $m2);
+
+        # Repeated field length is checked.
+        $m2 = new TestMessage();
+        $m2->mergeFromString($data);
+        $m2->getRepeatedInt32()[] = 1234;
+        $this->assertTrue($m1 != $m2);
+
+        # SubMessage inside repeated field is checked.
+        $m2 = new TestMessage();
+        $m2->mergeFromString($data);
+        $m2->getRepeatedMessage()[0]->setA(1234);
+        $this->assertTrue($m1 != $m2);
+
+        # Map value is checked.
+        $m2 = new TestMessage();
+        $m2->mergeFromString($data);
+        $m2->getMapInt32Int32()[-62] = 1234;
+        $this->assertTrue($m1 != $m2);
+
+        # Map size is checked.
+        $m2 = new TestMessage();
+        $m2->mergeFromString($data);
+        $m2->getMapInt32Int32()[1234] = 1234;
+        $this->assertTrue($m1 != $m2);
+
+        # SubMessage inside map field is checked.
+        $m2 = new TestMessage();
+        $m2->mergeFromString($data);
+        $m2->getMapInt32Message()[1]->setA(1234);
+        $this->assertTrue($m1 != $m2);
+
+        # TODO: what about unknown fields?
+    }
+
+    #########################################################
     # Test no segfault when error happens
     #########################################################
 
diff --git a/php/tests/MapFieldTest.php b/php/tests/MapFieldTest.php
index 577be68..4ed4b09 100644
--- a/php/tests/MapFieldTest.php
+++ b/php/tests/MapFieldTest.php
@@ -480,6 +480,35 @@
     }
 
     #########################################################
+    # Test equality
+    #########################################################
+
+    public function testEquality()
+    {
+        $map = new MapField(GPBType::INT32, GPBType::INT32);
+        $map2 = new MapField(GPBType::INT32, GPBType::INT32);
+
+        $this->assertTrue($map == $map2);
+
+        $map[1] = 2;
+
+        $this->assertFalse($map == $map2);
+
+        $map2[1] = 2;
+
+        $this->assertTrue($map == $map2);
+
+        // Arrays of different types always compare false.
+        $this->assertFalse(new MapField(GPBType::INT32, GPBType::INT32) ==
+                           new MapField(GPBType::INT32, GPBType::INT64));
+        $this->assertFalse(new MapField(GPBType::INT32, GPBType::INT32) ==
+                           new MapField(GPBType::INT64, GPBType::INT32));
+        $this->assertFalse(
+            new MapField(GPBType::INT32, GPBType::MESSAGE, TestMessage::class) ==
+            new MapField(GPBType::INT32, GPBType::MESSAGE, Sub::class));
+    }
+
+    #########################################################
     # Test memory leak
     #########################################################
 
diff --git a/protobuf_deps.bzl b/protobuf_deps.bzl
index a160332..a950085 100644
--- a/protobuf_deps.bzl
+++ b/protobuf_deps.bzl
@@ -51,9 +51,9 @@
     if not native.existing_rule("rules_proto"):
         http_archive(
             name = "rules_proto",
-            sha256 = "602e7161d9195e50246177e7c55b2f39950a9cf7366f74ed5f22fd45750cd208",
-            strip_prefix = "rules_proto-97d8af4dc474595af3900dd85cb3a29ad28cc313",
-            urls = ["https://github.com/bazelbuild/rules_proto/archive/97d8af4dc474595af3900dd85cb3a29ad28cc313.tar.gz"],
+            sha256 = "aa1ee19226f707d44bee44c720915199c20c84a23318bb0597ed4e5c873ccbd5",
+            strip_prefix = "rules_proto-40298556293ae502c66579620a7ce867d5f57311",
+            urls = ["https://github.com/bazelbuild/rules_proto/archive/40298556293ae502c66579620a7ce867d5f57311.tar.gz"],
         )
 
     if not native.existing_rule("rules_python"):
diff --git a/python/google/protobuf/internal/containers.py b/python/google/protobuf/internal/containers.py
index ecd28ee..c35b00d 100644
--- a/python/google/protobuf/internal/containers.py
+++ b/python/google/protobuf/internal/containers.py
@@ -629,7 +629,8 @@
     return repr(self._values)
 
   def MergeFrom(self, other):
-    for key in other:
+    # pylint: disable=protected-access
+    for key in other._values:
       # According to documentation: "When parsing from the wire or when merging,
       # if there are duplicate map keys the last key seen is used".
       if key in self:
diff --git a/python/google/protobuf/internal/message_test.py b/python/google/protobuf/internal/message_test.py
index a4d62a8..feff228 100755
--- a/python/google/protobuf/internal/message_test.py
+++ b/python/google/protobuf/internal/message_test.py
@@ -2107,6 +2107,11 @@
     self.assertEqual(msg.map_int32_foreign_message[222].d, 20)
     self.assertNotEqual(msg.map_int32_foreign_message[222].c, 123)
 
+    # Merge a dict to map field is not accepted
+    with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+      m1.map_int32_all_types.MergeFrom(
+          {1: unittest_proto3_arena_pb2.TestAllTypes()})
+
   def testMergeFromBadType(self):
     msg = map_unittest_pb2.TestMap()
     with self.assertRaisesRegexp(
diff --git a/python/google/protobuf/pyext/map_container.cc b/python/google/protobuf/pyext/map_container.cc
index 86b8720..a0ee16f 100644
--- a/python/google/protobuf/pyext/map_container.cc
+++ b/python/google/protobuf/pyext/map_container.cc
@@ -339,6 +339,11 @@
 
 PyObject* MapReflectionFriend::MergeFrom(PyObject* _self, PyObject* arg) {
   MapContainer* self = GetMap(_self);
+  if (!PyObject_TypeCheck(arg, ScalarMapContainer_Type) &&
+      !PyObject_TypeCheck(arg, MessageMapContainer_Type)) {
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AttributeError, "Not a map field");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
   MapContainer* other_map = GetMap(arg);
   Message* message = self->GetMutableMessage();
   const Message* other_message = other_map->parent->message;
diff --git a/python/protobuf_distutils/README.md b/python/protobuf_distutils/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2989b2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/protobuf_distutils/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# Python setuptools extension
+
+This is an extension for Python setuptools which uses an installed protobuf
+compiler (`protoc`) to generate Python sources.
+
+## Installing
+
+To use this extension, it needs to be installed so it can be imported by other
+projects' setup.py.
+
+```shell
+$ python setup.py build
+$ python -m pip install .
+```
+
+(If you want to test changes to the extension, you can use `python setup.py
+develop`.)
+
+## Usage
+
+### Example setup.py configuration
+
+```python
+from setuptools import setup
+setup(
+    # ...
+    name='example_project',
+
+    # Require this package, but only for setup (not installation):
+    setup_requires=['protobuf_distutils'],
+
+    options={
+        # See below for details.
+        'generate_py_protobufs': {
+            'source_dir':        'path/to/protos',
+            'extra_proto_paths': ['path/to/other/project/protos'],
+            'output_dir':        'path/to/project/sources',  # default '.'
+            'proto_files':       ['relative/path/to/just_this_file.proto'],
+            'protoc':            'path/to/protoc.exe',
+        },
+    },
+)
+```
+
+### Example build invocation
+
+These steps will generate protobuf sources so they are included when building
+and installing `example_project` (see above):
+
+```shell
+$ python setup.py generate_py_protobufs
+$ python setup.py build
+$ python -m pip install .
+```
+
+## Options
+
+- `source_dir`:
+
+  This is the directory holding .proto files to be processed.
+
+  The default behavior is to generate sources for all .proto files found under
+  `source_dir`, recursively. This behavior can be controlled with options below.
+
+- `proto_root_path`:
+
+  This is the root path for resolving imports in source .proto files.
+
+  The default is the shortest prefix of `source_dir` among `[source_dir] +
+  self.extra_proto_paths`.
+
+- `extra_proto_paths`:
+
+  Specifies additional paths that should be used to find imports, in
+  addition to `source_dir`.
+
+  This option can be used to specify the path to other protobuf sources,
+  which are imported by files under `source_dir`.  No Python code will
+  be generated for .proto files under `extra_proto_paths`.
+
+- `output_dir`:
+
+  Specifies where generated code should be placed.
+
+  Typically, this should be the root package that generated Python modules
+  should be below.
+
+  The generated files will be placed under `output_dir` according to the
+  relative source paths under `proto_root_path`. For example, the source file
+  `${proto_root_path}/subdir/message.proto` will be generated as the Python
+  module `${output_dir}/subdir/message_pb2.py`.
+
+- `proto_files`:
+
+  A list of strings, specific .proto file paths for generating code, instead of
+  searching for all .proto files under `source_path`.
+
+  These paths are relative to `source_dir`. For example, to generate code
+  for just `${source_dir}/subdir/message.proto`, specify
+  `['subdir/message.proto']`.
+
+- `protoc`:
+
+  By default, the protoc binary (the Protobuf compiler) is found by
+  searching the environment path. To use a specific protoc binary, its
+  path can be specified.
diff --git a/python/setup.py b/python/setup.py
index d29ff22..39eb18d 100755
--- a/python/setup.py
+++ b/python/setup.py
@@ -284,6 +284,7 @@
       packages=find_packages(
           exclude=[
               'import_test_package',
+              'protobuf_distutils',
           ],
       ),
       test_suite='google.protobuf.internal',
@@ -292,7 +293,6 @@
           'build_py': build_py,
           'test_conformance': test_conformance,
       },
-      setup_requires = ['wheel'],
       install_requires=install_requires,
       ext_modules=ext_module_list,
   )
diff --git a/src/Makefile.am b/src/Makefile.am
index b8b1479..855dd89 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.am
+++ b/src/Makefile.am
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@
   google/protobuf/stubs/bytestream.h                             \
   google/protobuf/stubs/casts.h                                  \
   google/protobuf/stubs/common.h                                 \
-  google/protobuf/stubs/fastmem.h                                \
   google/protobuf/stubs/hash.h                                   \
   google/protobuf/stubs/logging.h                                \
   google/protobuf/stubs/macros.h                                 \
@@ -104,7 +103,6 @@
   google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h                       \
   google/protobuf/has_bits.h                                     \
   google/protobuf/implicit_weak_message.h                        \
-  google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h                         \
   google/protobuf/io/io_win32.h                                \
   google/protobuf/map_entry.h                                    \
   google/protobuf/map_entry_lite.h                               \
@@ -202,6 +200,7 @@
   google/protobuf/stubs/time.h                                 \
   google/protobuf/any_lite.cc                                  \
   google/protobuf/arena.cc                                     \
+  google/protobuf/arenastring.cc                               \
   google/protobuf/extension_set.cc                             \
   google/protobuf/generated_enum_util.cc                       \
   google/protobuf/generated_message_util.cc                    \
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/any.cc b/src/google/protobuf/any.cc
index ebe9ba7..d22d64d 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/any.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/any.cc
@@ -51,9 +51,8 @@
       &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyString(),
       GetTypeUrl(message.GetDescriptor()->full_name(), type_url_prefix),
       nullptr);
-  message.SerializeToString(value_->Mutable(
-      &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(),
-      nullptr));
+  message.SerializeToString(
+      value_->Mutable(ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, nullptr));
 }
 
 bool AnyMetadata::UnpackTo(Message* message) const {
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/any.pb.cc b/src/google/protobuf/any.pb.cc
index 3170748..79acf7b 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/any.pb.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/any.pb.cc
@@ -112,12 +112,12 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   type_url_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_type_url().empty()) {
-    type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_type_url(),
+    type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_type_url(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   value_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_value().empty()) {
-    value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_value(),
+    value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_value(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(copy_constructor:google.protobuf.Any)
@@ -162,8 +162,8 @@
   // Prevent compiler warnings about cached_has_bits being unused
   (void) cached_has_bits;
 
-  type_url_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
-  value_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  type_url_.ClearToEmpty();
+  value_.ClearToEmpty();
   _internal_metadata_.Clear<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>();
 }
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/any.pb.h b/src/google/protobuf/any.pb.h
index ec18f3a..7c73256 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/any.pb.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/any.pb.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/arenastring.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/metadata_lite.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/message.h>
@@ -272,7 +271,7 @@
 
 // string type_url = 1;
 inline void Any::clear_type_url() {
-  type_url_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  type_url_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Any::type_url() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Any.type_url)
@@ -291,31 +290,30 @@
 }
 inline void Any::_internal_set_type_url(const std::string& value) {
   
-  type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Any::set_type_url(std::string&& value) {
   
   type_url_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Any.type_url)
 }
 inline void Any::set_type_url(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Any.type_url)
 }
 inline void Any::set_type_url(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Any.type_url)
 }
 inline std::string* Any::_internal_mutable_type_url() {
   
-  return type_url_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return type_url_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Any::release_type_url() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Any.type_url)
@@ -334,7 +332,7 @@
 
 // bytes value = 2;
 inline void Any::clear_value() {
-  value_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  value_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Any::value() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Any.value)
@@ -353,31 +351,30 @@
 }
 inline void Any::_internal_set_value(const std::string& value) {
   
-  value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Any::set_value(std::string&& value) {
   
   value_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Any.value)
 }
 inline void Any::set_value(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Any.value)
 }
 inline void Any::set_value(const void* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Any.value)
 }
 inline std::string* Any::_internal_mutable_value() {
   
-  return value_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return value_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Any::release_value() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Any.value)
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/any_lite.cc b/src/google/protobuf/any_lite.cc
index 206b01f..7501969 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/any_lite.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/any_lite.cc
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@
                                    StringPiece type_name) {
   type_url_->Set(&::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyString(),
                  GetTypeUrl(type_name, type_url_prefix), nullptr);
-  message.SerializeToString(value_->Mutable(
-      &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), nullptr));
+  message.SerializeToString(
+      value_->Mutable(ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, nullptr));
 }
 
 bool AnyMetadata::InternalUnpackTo(StringPiece type_name,
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/api.pb.cc b/src/google/protobuf/api.pb.cc
index f8e20a1..17c8e33 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/api.pb.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/api.pb.cc
@@ -204,12 +204,12 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_name().empty()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   version_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_version().empty()) {
-    version_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_version(),
+    version_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_version(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   if (from._internal_has_source_context()) {
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@
   methods_.Clear();
   options_.Clear();
   mixins_.Clear();
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
-  version_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
+  version_.ClearToEmpty();
   if (GetArena() == nullptr && source_context_ != nullptr) {
     delete source_context_;
   }
@@ -614,17 +614,17 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_name().empty()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   request_type_url_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_request_type_url().empty()) {
-    request_type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_request_type_url(),
+    request_type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_request_type_url(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   response_type_url_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_response_type_url().empty()) {
-    response_type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_response_type_url(),
+    response_type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_response_type_url(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   ::memcpy(&request_streaming_, &from.request_streaming_,
@@ -678,9 +678,9 @@
   (void) cached_has_bits;
 
   options_.Clear();
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
-  request_type_url_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
-  response_type_url_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
+  request_type_url_.ClearToEmpty();
+  response_type_url_.ClearToEmpty();
   ::memset(&request_streaming_, 0, static_cast<size_t>(
       reinterpret_cast<char*>(&syntax_) -
       reinterpret_cast<char*>(&request_streaming_)) + sizeof(syntax_));
@@ -1008,12 +1008,12 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_name().empty()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   root_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_root().empty()) {
-    root_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_root(),
+    root_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_root(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(copy_constructor:google.protobuf.Mixin)
@@ -1058,8 +1058,8 @@
   // Prevent compiler warnings about cached_has_bits being unused
   (void) cached_has_bits;
 
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
-  root_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
+  root_.ClearToEmpty();
   _internal_metadata_.Clear<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>();
 }
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/api.pb.h b/src/google/protobuf/api.pb.h
index f37ea8c..b47f1df 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/api.pb.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/api.pb.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/arenastring.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/metadata_lite.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/message.h>
@@ -732,7 +731,7 @@
 
 // string name = 1;
 inline void Api::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Api::name() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Api.name)
@@ -751,31 +750,30 @@
 }
 inline void Api::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Api::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Api.name)
 }
 inline void Api::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Api.name)
 }
 inline void Api::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Api.name)
 }
 inline std::string* Api::_internal_mutable_name() {
   
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Api::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Api.name)
@@ -869,7 +867,7 @@
 
 // string version = 4;
 inline void Api::clear_version() {
-  version_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  version_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Api::version() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Api.version)
@@ -888,31 +886,30 @@
 }
 inline void Api::_internal_set_version(const std::string& value) {
   
-  version_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  version_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Api::set_version(std::string&& value) {
   
   version_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Api.version)
 }
 inline void Api::set_version(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  version_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  version_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Api.version)
 }
 inline void Api::set_version(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  version_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  version_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Api.version)
 }
 inline std::string* Api::_internal_mutable_version() {
   
-  return version_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return version_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Api::release_version() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Api.version)
@@ -1071,7 +1068,7 @@
 
 // string name = 1;
 inline void Method::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Method::name() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Method.name)
@@ -1090,31 +1087,30 @@
 }
 inline void Method::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Method::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Method.name)
 }
 inline void Method::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Method.name)
 }
 inline void Method::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Method.name)
 }
 inline std::string* Method::_internal_mutable_name() {
   
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Method::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Method.name)
@@ -1133,7 +1129,7 @@
 
 // string request_type_url = 2;
 inline void Method::clear_request_type_url() {
-  request_type_url_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  request_type_url_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Method::request_type_url() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Method.request_type_url)
@@ -1152,31 +1148,30 @@
 }
 inline void Method::_internal_set_request_type_url(const std::string& value) {
   
-  request_type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  request_type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Method::set_request_type_url(std::string&& value) {
   
   request_type_url_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Method.request_type_url)
 }
 inline void Method::set_request_type_url(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  request_type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  request_type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Method.request_type_url)
 }
 inline void Method::set_request_type_url(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  request_type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  request_type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Method.request_type_url)
 }
 inline std::string* Method::_internal_mutable_request_type_url() {
   
-  return request_type_url_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return request_type_url_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Method::release_request_type_url() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Method.request_type_url)
@@ -1215,7 +1210,7 @@
 
 // string response_type_url = 4;
 inline void Method::clear_response_type_url() {
-  response_type_url_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  response_type_url_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Method::response_type_url() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Method.response_type_url)
@@ -1234,31 +1229,30 @@
 }
 inline void Method::_internal_set_response_type_url(const std::string& value) {
   
-  response_type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  response_type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Method::set_response_type_url(std::string&& value) {
   
   response_type_url_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Method.response_type_url)
 }
 inline void Method::set_response_type_url(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  response_type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  response_type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Method.response_type_url)
 }
 inline void Method::set_response_type_url(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  response_type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  response_type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Method.response_type_url)
 }
 inline std::string* Method::_internal_mutable_response_type_url() {
   
-  return response_type_url_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return response_type_url_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Method::release_response_type_url() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Method.response_type_url)
@@ -1357,7 +1351,7 @@
 
 // string name = 1;
 inline void Mixin::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Mixin::name() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Mixin.name)
@@ -1376,31 +1370,30 @@
 }
 inline void Mixin::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Mixin::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Mixin.name)
 }
 inline void Mixin::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Mixin.name)
 }
 inline void Mixin::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Mixin.name)
 }
 inline std::string* Mixin::_internal_mutable_name() {
   
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Mixin::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Mixin.name)
@@ -1419,7 +1412,7 @@
 
 // string root = 2;
 inline void Mixin::clear_root() {
-  root_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  root_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Mixin::root() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Mixin.root)
@@ -1438,31 +1431,30 @@
 }
 inline void Mixin::_internal_set_root(const std::string& value) {
   
-  root_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  root_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Mixin::set_root(std::string&& value) {
   
   root_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Mixin.root)
 }
 inline void Mixin::set_root(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  root_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  root_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Mixin.root)
 }
 inline void Mixin::set_root(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  root_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  root_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Mixin.root)
 }
 inline std::string* Mixin::_internal_mutable_root() {
   
-  return root_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return root_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Mixin::release_root() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Mixin.root)
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/arena.cc b/src/google/protobuf/arena.cc
index 13e11b5..fce59b2 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/arena.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/arena.cc
@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@
 namespace protobuf {
 namespace internal {
 
+const size_t ArenaImpl::kBlockHeaderSize;
+const size_t ArenaImpl::kSerialArenaSize;
+const size_t ArenaImpl::kOptionsSize;
+
 
 std::atomic<LifecycleId> ArenaImpl::lifecycle_id_generator_;
 #if defined(GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_NO_THREADLOCAL)
@@ -67,43 +71,143 @@
                                                                          NULL};
 #endif
 
-void ArenaImpl::Init() {
-  lifecycle_id_ =
-      lifecycle_id_generator_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+void ArenaFree(void* object, size_t size) {
+#if defined(__GXX_DELETE_WITH_SIZE__) || defined(__cpp_sized_deallocation)
+  ::operator delete(object, size);
+#else
+  (void)size;
+  ::operator delete(object);
+#endif
+}
+
+ArenaImpl::ArenaImpl(const ArenaOptions& options) {
+  ArenaMetricsCollector* collector = nullptr;
+  bool record_allocs = false;
+  if (options.make_metrics_collector != nullptr) {
+    collector = (*options.make_metrics_collector)();
+    record_allocs = (collector && collector->RecordAllocs());
+  }
+
+  // Get memory where we can store non-default options if needed.
+  // Use supplied initial_block if it is large enough.
+  size_t min_block_size = kOptionsSize + kBlockHeaderSize + kSerialArenaSize;
+  char* mem = options.initial_block;
+  size_t mem_size = options.initial_block_size;
+  GOOGLE_DCHECK_EQ(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(mem) & 7, 0);
+  if (mem == nullptr || mem_size < min_block_size) {
+    // Supplied initial block is not big enough.
+    mem_size = std::max(min_block_size, options.start_block_size);
+    mem = reinterpret_cast<char*>((*options.block_alloc)(mem_size));
+  }
+
+  // Create the special block.
+  const bool special = true;
+  const bool user_owned = (mem == options.initial_block);
+  auto block = new (mem) Block(mem_size, nullptr, special, user_owned);
+
+  // Options occupy the beginning of the initial block.
+  options_ = new (block->Pointer(block->pos())) Options;
+#ifdef ADDRESS_SANITIZER
+  ASAN_UNPOISON_MEMORY_REGION(options_, kOptionsSize);
+#endif  // ADDRESS_SANITIZER
+  options_->start_block_size = options.start_block_size;
+  options_->max_block_size = options.max_block_size;
+  options_->block_alloc = options.block_alloc;
+  options_->block_dealloc = options.block_dealloc;
+  options_->metrics_collector = collector;
+  block->set_pos(block->pos() + kOptionsSize);
+
+  Init(record_allocs);
+  SetInitialBlock(block);
+}
+
+void ArenaImpl::Init(bool record_allocs) {
+  // We store "record_allocs" in the low bit of lifecycle_id_.
+  auto id = lifecycle_id_generator_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  lifecycle_id_ = (id << 1) | (record_allocs ? 1 : 0);
   hint_.store(nullptr, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   threads_.store(nullptr, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  space_allocated_.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+}
 
-  if (initial_block_) {
-    // Thread which calls Init() owns the first block. This allows the
-    // single-threaded case to allocate on the first block without having to
-    // perform atomic operations.
-    new (initial_block_) Block(options_.initial_block_size, NULL);
-    SerialArena* serial =
-        SerialArena::New(initial_block_, &thread_cache(), this);
-    serial->set_next(NULL);
-    threads_.store(serial, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-    space_allocated_.store(options_.initial_block_size,
-                           std::memory_order_relaxed);
-    CacheSerialArena(serial);
-  } else {
-    space_allocated_.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  }
+void ArenaImpl::SetInitialBlock(Block* block) {
+  // Calling thread owns the first block. This allows the single-threaded case
+  // to allocate on the first block without having to perform atomic operations.
+  SerialArena* serial = SerialArena::New(block, &thread_cache(), this);
+  serial->set_next(NULL);
+  threads_.store(serial, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  space_allocated_.store(block->size(), std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  CacheSerialArena(serial);
 }
 
 ArenaImpl::~ArenaImpl() {
   // Have to do this in a first pass, because some of the destructors might
   // refer to memory in other blocks.
   CleanupList();
-  FreeBlocks();
+
+  ArenaMetricsCollector* collector = nullptr;
+  auto deallocator = &ArenaFree;
+  if (options_) {
+    collector = options_->metrics_collector;
+    deallocator = options_->block_dealloc;
+  }
+
+  PerBlock([deallocator](Block* b) {
+#ifdef ADDRESS_SANITIZER
+    // This memory was provided by the underlying allocator as unpoisoned, so
+    // return it in an unpoisoned state.
+    ASAN_UNPOISON_MEMORY_REGION(b->Pointer(0), b->size());
+#endif  // ADDRESS_SANITIZER
+    if (!b->user_owned()) {
+      (*deallocator)(b, b->size());
+    }
+  });
+
+  if (collector) {
+    collector->OnDestroy(SpaceAllocated());
+  }
 }
 
 uint64 ArenaImpl::Reset() {
+  if (options_ && options_->metrics_collector) {
+    options_->metrics_collector->OnReset(SpaceAllocated());
+  }
+
   // Have to do this in a first pass, because some of the destructors might
   // refer to memory in other blocks.
   CleanupList();
-  uint64 space_allocated = FreeBlocks();
-  Init();
 
+  // Discard all blocks except the special block (if present).
+  uint64 space_allocated = 0;
+  Block* special_block = nullptr;
+  auto deallocator = (options_ ? options_->block_dealloc : &ArenaFree);
+  PerBlock([&space_allocated, &special_block, deallocator](Block* b) {
+    space_allocated += b->size();
+#ifdef ADDRESS_SANITIZER
+    // This memory was provided by the underlying allocator as unpoisoned, so
+    // return it in an unpoisoned state.
+    ASAN_UNPOISON_MEMORY_REGION(b->Pointer(0), b->size());
+#endif  // ADDRESS_SANITIZER
+    if (!b->special()) {
+      (*deallocator)(b, b->size());
+    } else {
+      // Prepare special block for reuse.
+      // Note: if options_ is present, it occupies the beginning of the
+      // block and therefore pos is advanced past it.
+      GOOGLE_DCHECK(special_block == nullptr);
+      special_block = b;
+    }
+  });
+
+  Init(record_allocs());
+  if (special_block != nullptr) {
+    // next() should still be nullptr since we are using a stack discipline, but
+    // clear it anyway to reduce fragility.
+    GOOGLE_DCHECK_EQ(special_block->next(), nullptr);
+    special_block->clear_next();
+    special_block->set_pos(kBlockHeaderSize + (options_ ? kOptionsSize : 0));
+    SetInitialBlock(special_block);
+  }
   return space_allocated;
 }
 
@@ -111,23 +215,21 @@
   size_t size;
   if (last_block) {
     // Double the current block size, up to a limit.
-    size = std::min(2 * last_block->size(), options_.max_block_size);
+    auto max_size = options_ ? options_->max_block_size : kDefaultMaxBlockSize;
+    size = std::min(2 * last_block->size(), max_size);
   } else {
-    size = options_.start_block_size;
+    size = options_ ? options_->start_block_size : kDefaultStartBlockSize;
   }
   // Verify that min_bytes + kBlockHeaderSize won't overflow.
   GOOGLE_CHECK_LE(min_bytes, std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - kBlockHeaderSize);
   size = std::max(size, kBlockHeaderSize + min_bytes);
 
-  void* mem = options_.block_alloc(size);
-  Block* b = new (mem) Block(size, last_block);
+  void* mem = options_ ? (*options_->block_alloc)(size) : ::operator new(size);
+  Block* b = new (mem) Block(size, last_block, false, false);
   space_allocated_.fetch_add(size, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   return b;
 }
 
-ArenaImpl::Block::Block(size_t size, Block* next)
-    : next_(next), pos_(kBlockHeaderSize), size_(size) {}
-
 PROTOBUF_NOINLINE
 void ArenaImpl::SerialArena::AddCleanupFallback(void* elem,
                                                 void (*cleanup)(void*)) {
@@ -207,6 +309,10 @@
   for (; serial; serial = serial->next()) {
     space_used += serial->SpaceUsed();
   }
+  // Remove the overhead of Options structure, if any.
+  if (options_) {
+    space_used -= kOptionsSize;
+  }
   return space_used;
 }
 
@@ -222,53 +328,6 @@
   return space_used;
 }
 
-uint64 ArenaImpl::FreeBlocks() {
-  uint64 space_allocated = 0;
-  // By omitting an Acquire barrier we ensure that any user code that doesn't
-  // properly synchronize Reset() or the destructor will throw a TSAN warning.
-  SerialArena* serial = threads_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-
-  while (serial) {
-    // This is inside a block we are freeing, so we need to read it now.
-    SerialArena* next = serial->next();
-    space_allocated += ArenaImpl::SerialArena::Free(serial, initial_block_,
-                                                    options_.block_dealloc);
-    // serial is dead now.
-    serial = next;
-  }
-
-  return space_allocated;
-}
-
-uint64 ArenaImpl::SerialArena::Free(ArenaImpl::SerialArena* serial,
-                                    Block* initial_block,
-                                    void (*block_dealloc)(void*, size_t)) {
-  uint64 space_allocated = 0;
-
-  // We have to be careful in this function, since we will be freeing the Block
-  // that contains this SerialArena.  Be careful about accessing |serial|.
-
-  for (Block* b = serial->head_; b;) {
-    // This is inside the block we are freeing, so we need to read it now.
-    Block* next_block = b->next();
-    space_allocated += (b->size());
-
-#ifdef ADDRESS_SANITIZER
-    // This memory was provided by the underlying allocator as unpoisoned, so
-    // return it in an unpoisoned state.
-    ASAN_UNPOISON_MEMORY_REGION(b->Pointer(0), b->size());
-#endif  // ADDRESS_SANITIZER
-
-    if (b != initial_block) {
-      block_dealloc(b, b->size());
-    }
-
-    b = next_block;
-  }
-
-  return space_allocated;
-}
-
 void ArenaImpl::CleanupList() {
   // By omitting an Acquire barrier we ensure that any user code that doesn't
   // properly synchronize Reset() or the destructor will throw a TSAN warning.
@@ -307,11 +366,10 @@
 
 ArenaImpl::SerialArena* ArenaImpl::SerialArena::New(Block* b, void* owner,
                                                     ArenaImpl* arena) {
-  GOOGLE_DCHECK_EQ(b->pos(), kBlockHeaderSize);  // Should be a fresh block
-  GOOGLE_DCHECK_LE(kBlockHeaderSize + kSerialArenaSize, b->size());
-  SerialArena* serial =
-      reinterpret_cast<SerialArena*>(b->Pointer(kBlockHeaderSize));
-  b->set_pos(kBlockHeaderSize + kSerialArenaSize);
+  auto pos = b->pos();
+  GOOGLE_DCHECK_LE(pos + kSerialArenaSize, b->size());
+  SerialArena* serial = reinterpret_cast<SerialArena*>(b->Pointer(pos));
+  b->set_pos(pos + kSerialArenaSize);
   serial->arena_ = arena;
   serial->owner_ = owner;
   serial->head_ = b;
@@ -350,6 +408,8 @@
   return serial;
 }
 
+ArenaMetricsCollector::~ArenaMetricsCollector() {}
+
 }  // namespace internal
 
 PROTOBUF_FUNC_ALIGN(32)
@@ -357,25 +417,5 @@
   return impl_.AllocateAligned(n);
 }
 
-void Arena::CallDestructorHooks() {
-  uint64 space_allocated = impl_.SpaceAllocated();
-  // Call the reset hook
-  if (on_arena_reset_ != NULL) {
-    on_arena_reset_(this, hooks_cookie_, space_allocated);
-  }
-
-  // Call the destruction hook
-  if (on_arena_destruction_ != NULL) {
-    on_arena_destruction_(this, hooks_cookie_, space_allocated);
-  }
-}
-
-void Arena::OnArenaAllocation(const std::type_info* allocated_type,
-                              size_t n) const {
-  if (on_arena_allocation_ != NULL) {
-    on_arena_allocation_(allocated_type, n, hooks_cookie_);
-  }
-}
-
 }  // namespace protobuf
 }  // namespace google
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/arena.h b/src/google/protobuf/arena.h
index 038553c..7c5c7d0 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/arena.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/arena.h
@@ -102,15 +102,6 @@
 void arena_delete_object(void* object) {
   delete reinterpret_cast<T*>(object);
 }
-inline void arena_free(void* object, size_t size) {
-#if defined(__GXX_DELETE_WITH_SIZE__) || defined(__cpp_sized_deallocation)
-  ::operator delete(object, size);
-#else
-  (void)size;
-  ::operator delete(object);
-#endif
-}
-
 }  // namespace internal
 
 // ArenaOptions provides optional additional parameters to arena construction
@@ -152,43 +143,27 @@
         initial_block(NULL),
         initial_block_size(0),
         block_alloc(&::operator new),
-        block_dealloc(&internal::arena_free),
-        on_arena_init(NULL),
-        on_arena_reset(NULL),
-        on_arena_destruction(NULL),
-        on_arena_allocation(NULL) {}
+        block_dealloc(&internal::ArenaFree),
+        make_metrics_collector(nullptr) {}
 
  private:
-  // Hooks for adding external functionality such as user-specific metrics
-  // collection, specific debugging abilities, etc.
-  // Init hook (if set) will always be called at Arena init time. Init hook may
-  // return a pointer to a cookie to be stored in the arena. Reset and
-  // destruction hooks will then be called with the same cookie pointer. This
-  // allows us to save an external object per arena instance and use it on the
-  // other hooks (Note: If init hook returns NULL, the other hooks will NOT be
-  // called on this arena instance).
-  // on_arena_reset and on_arena_destruction also receive the space used in the
-  // arena just before the reset.
-  void* (*on_arena_init)(Arena* arena);
-  void (*on_arena_reset)(Arena* arena, void* cookie, uint64 space_used);
-  void (*on_arena_destruction)(Arena* arena, void* cookie, uint64 space_used);
-
-  // type_info is promised to be static - its lifetime extends to
-  // match program's lifetime (It is given by typeid operator).
-  // Note: typeid(void) will be passed as allocated_type every time we
-  // intentionally want to avoid monitoring an allocation. (i.e. internal
-  // allocations for managing the arena)
-  void (*on_arena_allocation)(const std::type_info* allocated_type,
-                              uint64 alloc_size, void* cookie);
+  // If make_metrics_collector is not nullptr, it will be called at Arena init
+  // time. It may return a pointer to a collector instance that will be notified
+  // of interesting events related to the arena.
+  internal::ArenaMetricsCollector* (*make_metrics_collector)();
 
   // Constants define default starting block size and max block size for
   // arena allocator behavior -- see descriptions above.
-  static const size_t kDefaultStartBlockSize = 256;
-  static const size_t kDefaultMaxBlockSize = 8192;
+  static const size_t kDefaultStartBlockSize =
+      internal::ArenaImpl::kDefaultStartBlockSize;
+  static const size_t kDefaultMaxBlockSize =
+      internal::ArenaImpl::kDefaultMaxBlockSize;
 
   friend void arena_metrics::EnableArenaMetrics(ArenaOptions*);
+
   friend class Arena;
   friend class ArenaOptionsTestFriend;
+  friend class internal::ArenaImpl;
 };
 
 // Support for non-RTTI environments. (The metrics hooks API uses type
@@ -246,11 +221,20 @@
 // should not rely on this protocol.
 class PROTOBUF_EXPORT PROTOBUF_ALIGNAS(8) Arena final {
  public:
-  // Arena constructor taking custom options. See ArenaOptions below for
+  // Default constructor with sensible default options, tuned for average
+  // use-cases.
+  inline Arena() : impl_() {}
+
+  // Construct an arena with default options, except for the supplied
+  // initial block. It is more efficient to use this constructor
+  // instead of passing ArenaOptions if the only configuration needed
+  // by the caller is supplying an initial block.
+  inline Arena(char* initial_block, size_t initial_block_size)
+      : impl_(initial_block, initial_block_size) {}
+
+  // Arena constructor taking custom options. See ArenaOptions above for
   // descriptions of the options available.
-  explicit Arena(const ArenaOptions& options) : impl_(options) {
-    Init(options);
-  }
+  explicit Arena(const ArenaOptions& options) : impl_(options) {}
 
   // Block overhead.  Use this as a guide for how much to over-allocate the
   // initial block if you want an allocation of size N to fit inside it.
@@ -261,27 +245,10 @@
   static const size_t kBlockOverhead = internal::ArenaImpl::kBlockHeaderSize +
                                        internal::ArenaImpl::kSerialArenaSize;
 
-  // Default constructor with sensible default options, tuned for average
-  // use-cases.
-  Arena() : impl_(ArenaOptions()) { Init(ArenaOptions()); }
+  inline ~Arena() {}
 
-  ~Arena() {
-    if (hooks_cookie_) {
-      CallDestructorHooks();
-    }
-  }
-
-  void Init(const ArenaOptions& options) {
-    on_arena_allocation_ = options.on_arena_allocation;
-    on_arena_reset_ = options.on_arena_reset;
-    on_arena_destruction_ = options.on_arena_destruction;
-    // Call the initialization hook
-    if (options.on_arena_init != NULL) {
-      hooks_cookie_ = options.on_arena_init(this);
-    } else {
-      hooks_cookie_ = NULL;
-    }
-  }
+  // TODO(protobuf-team): Fix callers to use constructor and delete this method.
+  void Init(const ArenaOptions&) {}
 
   // API to create proto2 message objects on the arena. If the arena passed in
   // is NULL, then a heap allocated object is returned. Type T must be a message
@@ -362,13 +329,7 @@
   // Any objects allocated on this arena are unusable after this call. It also
   // returns the total space used by the arena which is the sums of the sizes
   // of the allocated blocks. This method is not thread-safe.
-  PROTOBUF_NOINLINE uint64 Reset() {
-    // Call the reset hook
-    if (on_arena_reset_ != NULL) {
-      on_arena_reset_(this, hooks_cookie_, impl_.SpaceAllocated());
-    }
-    return impl_.Reset();
-  }
+  uint64 Reset() { return impl_.Reset(); }
 
   // Adds |object| to a list of heap-allocated objects to be freed with |delete|
   // when the arena is destroyed or reset.
@@ -515,22 +476,17 @@
     }
   }
 
-  void CallDestructorHooks();
-  void OnArenaAllocation(const std::type_info* allocated_type, size_t n) const;
   inline void AllocHook(const std::type_info* allocated_type, size_t n) const {
-    if (PROTOBUF_PREDICT_FALSE(hooks_cookie_ != NULL)) {
-      OnArenaAllocation(allocated_type, n);
-    }
+    impl_.RecordAlloc(allocated_type, n);
   }
 
-  // Allocate and also optionally call on_arena_allocation callback with the
-  // allocated type info when the hooks are in place in ArenaOptions and
-  // the cookie is not null.
+  // Allocate and also optionally call collector with the allocated type info
+  // when allocation recording is enabled.
   template <typename T>
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE void* AllocateInternal(bool skip_explicit_ownership) {
     static_assert(alignof(T) <= 8, "T is overaligned, see b/151247138");
     const size_t n = internal::AlignUpTo8(sizeof(T));
-    AllocHook(RTTI_TYPE_ID(T), n);
+    impl_.RecordAlloc(RTTI_TYPE_ID(T), n);
     // Monitor allocation if needed.
     if (skip_explicit_ownership) {
       return AllocateAlignedNoHook(n);
@@ -593,7 +549,7 @@
         << "Requested size is too large to fit into size_t.";
     const size_t n = internal::AlignUpTo8(sizeof(T) * num_elements);
     // Monitor allocation if needed.
-    AllocHook(RTTI_TYPE_ID(T), n);
+    impl_.RecordAlloc(RTTI_TYPE_ID(T), n);
     return static_cast<T*>(AllocateAlignedNoHook(n));
   }
 
@@ -687,7 +643,6 @@
 
   // For friends of arena.
   void* AllocateAligned(size_t n) {
-    AllocHook(NULL, n);
     return AllocateAlignedNoHook(internal::AlignUpTo8(n));
   }
   template<size_t Align>
@@ -706,15 +661,6 @@
 
   internal::ArenaImpl impl_;
 
-  void (*on_arena_allocation_)(const std::type_info* allocated_type,
-                               uint64 alloc_size, void* cookie);
-  void (*on_arena_reset_)(Arena* arena, void* cookie, uint64 space_used);
-  void (*on_arena_destruction_)(Arena* arena, void* cookie, uint64 space_used);
-
-  // The arena may save a cookie it receives from the external on_init hook
-  // and then use it when calling the on_reset and on_destruction hooks.
-  void* hooks_cookie_;
-
   template <typename Type>
   friend class internal::GenericTypeHandler;
   friend struct internal::ArenaStringPtr;  // For AllocateAligned.
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/arena_impl.h b/src/google/protobuf/arena_impl.h
index 2f8d343..56ef7e1 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/arena_impl.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/arena_impl.h
@@ -48,6 +48,9 @@
 
 namespace google {
 namespace protobuf {
+
+struct ArenaOptions;
+
 namespace internal {
 
 inline size_t AlignUpTo8(size_t n) {
@@ -57,6 +60,36 @@
 
 using LifecycleId = int64_t;
 
+void PROTOBUF_EXPORT ArenaFree(void* object, size_t size);
+
+// MetricsCollector collects stats for a particular arena.
+class PROTOBUF_EXPORT ArenaMetricsCollector {
+ public:
+  virtual ~ArenaMetricsCollector();
+
+  // Invoked when the arena is about to be destroyed. This method will
+  // typically finalize any metric collection and delete the collector.
+  // space_allocated is the space used by the arena.
+  virtual void OnDestroy(uint64 space_allocated) = 0;
+
+  // OnReset() is called when the associated arena is reset.
+  // space_allocated is the space used by the arena just before the reset.
+  virtual void OnReset(uint64 space_allocated) = 0;
+
+  // Does OnAlloc() need to be called?  If false, metric collection overhead
+  // will be reduced since we will not do extra work per allocation.
+  virtual bool RecordAllocs() = 0;
+
+  // OnAlloc is called when an allocation happens.
+  // type_info is promised to be static - its lifetime extends to
+  // match program's lifetime (It is given by typeid operator).
+  // Note: typeid(void) will be passed as allocated_type every time we
+  // intentionally want to avoid monitoring an allocation. (i.e. internal
+  // allocations for managing the arena)
+  virtual void OnAlloc(const std::type_info* allocated_type,
+                       uint64 alloc_size) = 0;
+};
+
 // This class provides the core Arena memory allocation library. Different
 // implementations only need to implement the public interface below.
 // Arena is not a template type as that would only be useful if all protos
@@ -65,37 +98,23 @@
 // use #ifdef the select the best implementation based on hardware / OS.
 class PROTOBUF_EXPORT ArenaImpl {
  public:
-  struct Options {
-    size_t start_block_size;
-    size_t max_block_size;
-    char* initial_block;
-    size_t initial_block_size;
-    void* (*block_alloc)(size_t);
-    void (*block_dealloc)(void*, size_t);
+  static const size_t kDefaultStartBlockSize = 256;
+  static const size_t kDefaultMaxBlockSize = 8192;
 
-    template <typename O>
-    explicit Options(const O& options)
-        : start_block_size(options.start_block_size),
-          max_block_size(options.max_block_size),
-          initial_block(options.initial_block),
-          initial_block_size(options.initial_block_size),
-          block_alloc(options.block_alloc),
-          block_dealloc(options.block_dealloc) {}
-  };
+  ArenaImpl() { Init(false); }
 
-  template <typename O>
-  explicit ArenaImpl(const O& options) : options_(options) {
-    if (options_.initial_block != NULL && options_.initial_block_size > 0) {
-      GOOGLE_CHECK_GE(options_.initial_block_size, sizeof(Block))
-          << ": Initial block size too small for header.";
-      initial_block_ = reinterpret_cast<Block*>(options_.initial_block);
-    } else {
-      initial_block_ = NULL;
+  ArenaImpl(char* mem, size_t size) {
+    GOOGLE_DCHECK_EQ(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(mem) & 7, 0u);
+    Init(false);
+
+    // Ignore initial block if it is too small.
+    if (mem != nullptr && size >= kBlockHeaderSize + kSerialArenaSize) {
+      SetInitialBlock(new (mem) Block(size, nullptr, true, true));
     }
-
-    Init();
   }
 
+  explicit ArenaImpl(const ArenaOptions& options);
+
   // Destructor deletes all owned heap allocated objects, and destructs objects
   // that have non-trivial destructors, except for proto2 message objects whose
   // destructors can be skipped. Also, frees all blocks except the initial block
@@ -134,6 +153,13 @@
   // Add object pointer and cleanup function pointer to the list.
   void AddCleanup(void* elem, void (*cleanup)(void*));
 
+  inline void RecordAlloc(const std::type_info* allocated_type,
+                          size_t n) const {
+    if (PROTOBUF_PREDICT_FALSE(record_allocs())) {
+      options_->metrics_collector->OnAlloc(allocated_type, n);
+    }
+  }
+
  private:
   friend class ArenaBenchmark;
 
@@ -170,11 +196,6 @@
     // Creates a new SerialArena inside Block* and returns it.
     static SerialArena* New(Block* b, void* owner, ArenaImpl* arena);
 
-    // Destroys this SerialArena, freeing all blocks with the given dealloc
-    // function, except any block equal to |initial_block|.
-    static uint64 Free(SerialArena* serial, Block* initial_block,
-                       void (*block_dealloc)(void*, size_t));
-
     void CleanupList();
     uint64 SpaceUsed() const;
 
@@ -224,6 +245,7 @@
       return ret;
     }
 
+    Block* head() const { return head_; }
     void* owner() const { return owner_; }
     SerialArena* next() const { return next_; }
     void set_next(SerialArena* next) { next_ = next; }
@@ -254,25 +276,58 @@
   // describes the common header for all blocks.
   class PROTOBUF_EXPORT Block {
    public:
-    Block(size_t size, Block* next);
+    Block(size_t size, Block* next, bool special, bool user_owned)
+        : next_and_bits_(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(next) | (special ? 1 : 0) |
+                         (user_owned ? 2 : 0)),
+          pos_(kBlockHeaderSize),
+          size_(size) {
+      GOOGLE_DCHECK_EQ(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(next) & 3, 0u);
+    }
 
     char* Pointer(size_t n) {
       GOOGLE_DCHECK(n <= size_);
       return reinterpret_cast<char*>(this) + n;
     }
 
-    Block* next() const { return next_; }
+    // One of the blocks may be special. This is either a user-supplied
+    // initial block, or a block we created at startup to hold Options info.
+    // A special block is not deleted by Reset.
+    bool special() const { return (next_and_bits_ & 1) != 0; }
+
+    // Whether or not this current block is owned by the user.
+    // Only special blocks can be user_owned.
+    bool user_owned() const { return (next_and_bits_ & 2) != 0; }
+
+    Block* next() const {
+      const uintptr_t bottom_bits = 3;
+      return reinterpret_cast<Block*>(next_and_bits_ & ~bottom_bits);
+    }
+
+    void clear_next() {
+      next_and_bits_ &= 3;  // Set next to nullptr, preserve bottom bits.
+    }
+
     size_t pos() const { return pos_; }
     size_t size() const { return size_; }
     void set_pos(size_t pos) { pos_ = pos; }
 
    private:
-    Block* next_;  // Next block for this thread.
+    // Holds pointer to next block for this thread + special/user_owned bits.
+    uintptr_t next_and_bits_;
+
     size_t pos_;
     size_t size_;
     // data follows
   };
 
+  struct Options {
+    size_t start_block_size;
+    size_t max_block_size;
+    void* (*block_alloc)(size_t);
+    void (*block_dealloc)(void*, size_t);
+    ArenaMetricsCollector* metrics_collector;
+  };
+
   struct ThreadCache {
 #if defined(GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_NO_THREADLOCAL)
     // If we are using the ThreadLocalStorage class to store the ThreadCache,
@@ -301,11 +356,30 @@
   static ThreadCache& thread_cache() { return thread_cache_; }
 #endif
 
-  void Init();
+  void Init(bool record_allocs);
+  void SetInitialBlock(Block* block); // Can be called right after Init()
 
-  // Free all blocks and return the total space used which is the sums of sizes
-  // of the all the allocated blocks.
-  uint64 FreeBlocks();
+  // Return true iff allocations should be recorded in a metrics collector.
+  inline bool record_allocs() const { return lifecycle_id_ & 1; }
+
+  // Invoke fn(b) for every Block* b.
+  template <typename Functor>
+  void PerBlock(Functor fn) {
+    // By omitting an Acquire barrier we ensure that any user code that doesn't
+    // properly synchronize Reset() or the destructor will throw a TSAN warning.
+    SerialArena* serial = threads_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    while (serial) {
+      // fn() may delete blocks and arenas, so fetch next pointers before fn();
+      SerialArena* cur = serial;
+      serial = serial->next();
+      for (Block* block = cur->head(); block != nullptr;) {
+        Block* b = block;
+        block = b->next();
+        fn(b);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   // Delete or Destruct all objects owned by the arena.
   void CleanupList();
 
@@ -324,9 +398,6 @@
   std::atomic<SerialArena*> hint_;  // Fast thread-local block access
   std::atomic<size_t> space_allocated_;  // Total size of all allocated blocks.
 
-  Block* initial_block_;  // If non-NULL, points to the block that came from
-                          // user data.
-
   Block* NewBlock(Block* last_block, size_t min_bytes);
 
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE bool GetSerialArenaFast(SerialArena** arena) {
@@ -356,9 +427,12 @@
     return false;
   }
   SerialArena* GetSerialArenaFallback(void* me);
-  LifecycleId lifecycle_id_;  // Unique for each arena. Changes on Reset().
 
-  Options options_;
+  // Unique for each arena. Changes on Reset().
+  // Least-significant-bit is 1 iff allocations should be recorded.
+  LifecycleId lifecycle_id_;
+
+  Options* options_ = nullptr;
 
   GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(ArenaImpl);
   // All protos have pointers back to the arena hence Arena must have
@@ -373,6 +447,8 @@
       (sizeof(Block) + 7) & static_cast<size_t>(-8);
   static const size_t kSerialArenaSize =
       (sizeof(SerialArena) + 7) & static_cast<size_t>(-8);
+  static const size_t kOptionsSize =
+      (sizeof(Options) + 7) & static_cast<size_t>(-8);
   static_assert(kBlockHeaderSize % 8 == 0,
                 "kBlockHeaderSize must be a multiple of 8.");
   static_assert(kSerialArenaSize % 8 == 0,
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/arena_unittest.cc b/src/google/protobuf/arena_unittest.cc
index 8919027..4695281 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/arena_unittest.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/arena_unittest.cc
@@ -272,28 +272,36 @@
 }
 
 TEST(ArenaTest, InitialBlockTooSmall) {
-  // Construct a small (64 byte) initial block of memory to be used by the
-  // arena allocator; then, allocate an object which will not fit in the
-  // initial block.
-  std::vector<char> arena_block(96);
-  ArenaOptions options;
-  options.initial_block = &arena_block[0];
-  options.initial_block_size = arena_block.size();
-  Arena arena(options);
+  // Construct a small blocks of memory to be used by the arena allocator; then,
+  // allocate an object which will not fit in the initial block.
+  for (int size = 0; size <= Arena::kBlockOverhead + 32; size++) {
+    std::vector<char> arena_block(size);
+    ArenaOptions options;
+    options.initial_block = arena_block.data();
+    options.initial_block_size = arena_block.size();
 
-  char* p = Arena::CreateArray<char>(&arena, 96);
-  uintptr_t allocation = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p);
+    // Try sometimes with non-default block sizes so that we exercise paths
+    // with and without ArenaImpl::Options.
+    if ((size % 2) != 0) {
+      options.start_block_size += 8;
+    }
 
-  // Ensure that the arena allocator did not return memory pointing into the
-  // initial block of memory.
-  uintptr_t arena_start = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&arena_block[0]);
-  uintptr_t arena_end = arena_start + arena_block.size();
-  EXPECT_FALSE(allocation >= arena_start && allocation < arena_end);
+    Arena arena(options);
 
-  // Write to the memory we allocated; this should (but is not guaranteed to)
-  // trigger a check for heap corruption if the object was allocated from the
-  // initially-provided block.
-  memset(p, '\0', 96);
+    char* p = Arena::CreateArray<char>(&arena, 96);
+    uintptr_t allocation = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p);
+
+    // Ensure that the arena allocator did not return memory pointing into the
+    // initial block of memory.
+    uintptr_t arena_start = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(arena_block.data());
+    uintptr_t arena_end = arena_start + arena_block.size();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(allocation >= arena_start && allocation < arena_end);
+
+    // Write to the memory we allocated; this should (but is not guaranteed to)
+    // trigger a check for heap corruption if the object was allocated from the
+    // initially-provided block.
+    memset(p, '\0', 96);
+  }
 }
 
 TEST(ArenaTest, Parsing) {
@@ -988,10 +996,7 @@
 TEST(ArenaTest, RepeatedFieldOnArena) {
   // Preallocate an initial arena block to avoid mallocs during hooked region.
   std::vector<char> arena_block(1024 * 1024);
-  ArenaOptions options;
-  options.initial_block = &arena_block[0];
-  options.initial_block_size = arena_block.size();
-  Arena arena(options);
+  Arena arena(arena_block.data(), arena_block.size());
 
   {
     internal::NoHeapChecker no_heap;
@@ -1189,10 +1194,7 @@
 uint64 Align8(uint64 n) { return (n + 7) & -8; }
 
 TEST(ArenaTest, SpaceAllocated_and_Used) {
-  ArenaOptions options;
-  options.start_block_size = 256;
-  options.max_block_size = 8192;
-  Arena arena_1(options);
+  Arena arena_1;
   EXPECT_EQ(0, arena_1.SpaceAllocated());
   EXPECT_EQ(0, arena_1.SpaceUsed());
   EXPECT_EQ(0, arena_1.Reset());
@@ -1204,6 +1206,9 @@
 
   // Test with initial block.
   std::vector<char> arena_block(1024);
+  ArenaOptions options;
+  options.start_block_size = 256;
+  options.max_block_size = 8192;
   options.initial_block = &arena_block[0];
   options.initial_block_size = arena_block.size();
   Arena arena_2(options);
@@ -1214,19 +1219,25 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(1024, arena_2.SpaceAllocated());
   EXPECT_EQ(Align8(55), arena_2.SpaceUsed());
   EXPECT_EQ(1024, arena_2.Reset());
+}
 
-  // Reset options to test doubling policy explicitly.
-  options.initial_block = NULL;
-  options.initial_block_size = 0;
-  Arena arena_3(options);
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, arena_3.SpaceUsed());
-  Arena::CreateArray<char>(&arena_3, 160);
-  EXPECT_EQ(256, arena_3.SpaceAllocated());
-  EXPECT_EQ(Align8(160), arena_3.SpaceUsed());
-  Arena::CreateArray<char>(&arena_3, 70);
-  EXPECT_EQ(256 + 512, arena_3.SpaceAllocated());
-  EXPECT_EQ(Align8(160) + Align8(70), arena_3.SpaceUsed());
-  EXPECT_EQ(256 + 512, arena_3.Reset());
+TEST(ArenaTest, BlockSizeDoubling) {
+  Arena arena;
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, arena.SpaceUsed());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, arena.SpaceAllocated());
+
+  // Allocate something to get initial block size.
+  Arena::CreateArray<char>(&arena, 1);
+  auto first_block_size = arena.SpaceAllocated();
+
+  // Keep allocating until space used increases.
+  while (arena.SpaceAllocated() == first_block_size) {
+    Arena::CreateArray<char>(&arena, 1);
+  }
+  ASSERT_GT(arena.SpaceAllocated(), first_block_size);
+  auto second_block_size = (arena.SpaceAllocated() - first_block_size);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(second_block_size, 2*first_block_size);
 }
 
 TEST(ArenaTest, Alignment) {
@@ -1304,81 +1315,93 @@
   }
 }
 
-// A helper utility class to only contain static hook functions, some
-// counters to be used to verify the counters have been called and a cookie
-// value to be verified.
-class ArenaHooksTestUtil {
+namespace {
+uint32 hooks_num_init = 0;
+uint32 hooks_num_allocations = 0;
+uint32 hooks_num_reset = 0;
+uint32 hooks_num_destruct = 0;
+
+void ClearHookCounts() {
+  hooks_num_init = 0;
+  hooks_num_allocations = 0;
+  hooks_num_reset = 0;
+  hooks_num_destruct = 0;
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+// A helper utility class that handles arena callbacks.
+class ArenaOptionsTestFriend : public internal::ArenaMetricsCollector {
  public:
-  static void* on_init(Arena* arena) {
-    ++num_init;
-    int* cookie = new int(kCookieValue);
-    return static_cast<void*>(cookie);
+  static internal::ArenaMetricsCollector* NewWithAllocs() {
+    return new ArenaOptionsTestFriend(true);
   }
 
-  static void on_allocation(const std::type_info* /*unused*/, uint64 alloc_size,
-                            void* cookie) {
-    ++num_allocations;
-    int cookie_value = *static_cast<int*>(cookie);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kCookieValue, cookie_value);
+  static internal::ArenaMetricsCollector* NewWithoutAllocs() {
+    return new ArenaOptionsTestFriend(false);
   }
 
-  static void on_reset(Arena* arena, void* cookie, uint64 space_used) {
-    ++num_reset;
-    int cookie_value = *static_cast<int*>(cookie);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kCookieValue, cookie_value);
+  static void Enable(ArenaOptions* options) {
+    ClearHookCounts();
+    options->make_metrics_collector = &ArenaOptionsTestFriend::NewWithAllocs;
   }
 
-  static void on_destruction(Arena* arena, void* cookie, uint64 space_used) {
-    ++num_destruct;
-    int cookie_value = *static_cast<int*>(cookie);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kCookieValue, cookie_value);
-    delete static_cast<int*>(cookie);
+  static void EnableWithoutAllocs(ArenaOptions* options) {
+    ClearHookCounts();
+    options->make_metrics_collector = &ArenaOptionsTestFriend::NewWithoutAllocs;
   }
 
-  static const int kCookieValue = 999;
-  static uint32 num_init;
-  static uint32 num_allocations;
-  static uint32 num_reset;
-  static uint32 num_destruct;
-};
-uint32 ArenaHooksTestUtil::num_init = 0;
-uint32 ArenaHooksTestUtil::num_allocations = 0;
-uint32 ArenaHooksTestUtil::num_reset = 0;
-uint32 ArenaHooksTestUtil::num_destruct = 0;
-const int ArenaHooksTestUtil::kCookieValue;
-
-class ArenaOptionsTestFriend {
- public:
-  static void Set(ArenaOptions* options) {
-    options->on_arena_init = ArenaHooksTestUtil::on_init;
-    options->on_arena_allocation = ArenaHooksTestUtil::on_allocation;
-    options->on_arena_reset = ArenaHooksTestUtil::on_reset;
-    options->on_arena_destruction = ArenaHooksTestUtil::on_destruction;
+  explicit ArenaOptionsTestFriend(bool record_allocs)
+      : record_allocs_(record_allocs) {
+    ++hooks_num_init;
   }
+  void OnDestroy(uint64 space_allocated) override {
+    ++hooks_num_destruct;
+    delete this;
+  }
+  void OnReset(uint64 space_allocated) override { ++hooks_num_reset; }
+  bool RecordAllocs() override { return record_allocs_; }
+  void OnAlloc(const std::type_info* allocated_type,
+               uint64 alloc_size) override {
+    ++hooks_num_allocations;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  bool record_allocs_;
 };
 
-// Test the hooks are correctly called and that the cookie is passed.
+// Test the hooks are correctly called.
 TEST(ArenaTest, ArenaHooksSanity) {
   ArenaOptions options;
-  ArenaOptionsTestFriend::Set(&options);
+  ArenaOptionsTestFriend::Enable(&options);
 
   // Scope for defining the arena
   {
     Arena arena(options);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, ArenaHooksTestUtil::num_init);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, ArenaHooksTestUtil::num_allocations);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, hooks_num_init);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, hooks_num_allocations);
     Arena::Create<uint64>(&arena);
     if (std::is_trivially_destructible<uint64>::value) {
-      EXPECT_EQ(1, ArenaHooksTestUtil::num_allocations);
+      EXPECT_EQ(1, hooks_num_allocations);
     } else {
-      EXPECT_EQ(2, ArenaHooksTestUtil::num_allocations);
+      EXPECT_EQ(2, hooks_num_allocations);
     }
     arena.Reset();
     arena.Reset();
-    EXPECT_EQ(2, ArenaHooksTestUtil::num_reset);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2, hooks_num_reset);
   }
-  EXPECT_EQ(3, ArenaHooksTestUtil::num_reset);
-  EXPECT_EQ(1, ArenaHooksTestUtil::num_destruct);
+  EXPECT_EQ(2, hooks_num_reset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, hooks_num_destruct);
+}
+
+// Test that allocation hooks are not called when we don't need them.
+TEST(ArenaTest, ArenaHooksWhenAllocationsNotNeeded) {
+  ArenaOptions options;
+  ArenaOptionsTestFriend::EnableWithoutAllocs(&options);
+
+  Arena arena(options);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, hooks_num_allocations);
+  Arena::Create<uint64>(&arena);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, hooks_num_allocations);
 }
 
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/arenastring.cc b/src/google/protobuf/arenastring.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5f48c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/arenastring.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
+// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#include <google/protobuf/arenastring.h>
+
+#include <google/protobuf/stubs/logging.h>
+#include <google/protobuf/stubs/common.h>
+#include <google/protobuf/parse_context.h>
+#include <google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.h>
+#include <google/protobuf/message_lite.h>
+#include <google/protobuf/stubs/mutex.h>
+#include <google/protobuf/stubs/strutil.h>
+#include <google/protobuf/stubs/stl_util.h>
+
+// clang-format off
+#include <google/protobuf/port_def.inc>
+// clang-format on
+
+namespace google {
+namespace protobuf {
+namespace internal {
+
+const std::string& LazyString::Init() const {
+  static WrappedMutex mu{GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_LINKER_INITIALIZED};
+  mu.Lock();
+  const std::string* res = inited_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+  if (res == nullptr) {
+    auto init_value = init_value_;
+    res = ::new (static_cast<void*>(string_buf_))
+        std::string(init_value.ptr, init_value.size);
+    inited_.store(res, std::memory_order_release);
+  }
+  mu.Unlock();
+  return *res;
+}
+
+
+void ArenaStringPtr::Set(const std::string* default_value,
+                         ConstStringParam value, ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  if (IsDefault(default_value)) {
+    tagged_ptr_.Set(Arena::Create<std::string>(arena, value));
+  } else {
+    UnsafeMutablePointer()->assign(value.data(), value.length());
+  }
+}
+
+void ArenaStringPtr::Set(const std::string* default_value, std::string&& value,
+                         ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  if (IsDefault(default_value)) {
+    if (arena == nullptr) {
+      tagged_ptr_.Set(new std::string(std::move(value)));
+    } else {
+      tagged_ptr_.Set(Arena::Create<std::string>(arena, std::move(value)));
+    }
+  } else if (IsDonatedString()) {
+    std::string* current = tagged_ptr_.Get();
+    auto* s = new (current) std::string(std::move(value));
+    arena->OwnDestructor(s);
+    tagged_ptr_.Set(s);
+  } else /* !IsDonatedString() */ {
+    *UnsafeMutablePointer() = std::move(value);
+  }
+}
+
+void ArenaStringPtr::Set(EmptyDefault, ConstStringParam value,
+                         ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  Set(&GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, arena);
+}
+
+void ArenaStringPtr::Set(EmptyDefault, std::string&& value,
+                         ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  Set(&GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), std::move(value), arena);
+}
+
+void ArenaStringPtr::Set(NonEmptyDefault, ConstStringParam value,
+                         ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  Set(nullptr, value, arena);
+}
+
+void ArenaStringPtr::Set(NonEmptyDefault, std::string&& value,
+                         ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  Set(nullptr, std::move(value), arena);
+}
+
+std::string* ArenaStringPtr::Mutable(EmptyDefault, ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  if (!IsDonatedString() && !IsDefault(&GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited())) {
+    return UnsafeMutablePointer();
+  } else {
+    return MutableSlow(arena);
+  }
+}
+
+std::string* ArenaStringPtr::Mutable(const LazyString& default_value,
+                                     ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  if (!IsDonatedString() && !IsDefault(nullptr)) {
+    return UnsafeMutablePointer();
+  } else {
+    return MutableSlow(arena, default_value);
+  }
+}
+
+std::string* ArenaStringPtr::MutableNoCopy(const std::string* default_value,
+                                           ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  if (!IsDonatedString() && !IsDefault(default_value)) {
+    return UnsafeMutablePointer();
+  } else {
+    GOOGLE_DCHECK(IsDefault(default_value));
+    // Allocate empty. The contents are not relevant.
+    std::string* new_string = Arena::Create<std::string>(arena);
+    tagged_ptr_.Set(new_string);
+    return new_string;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename... Lazy>
+std::string* ArenaStringPtr::MutableSlow(::google::protobuf::Arena* arena,
+                                         const Lazy&... lazy_default) {
+  const std::string* const default_value =
+      sizeof...(Lazy) == 0 ? &GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited() : nullptr;
+  GOOGLE_DCHECK(IsDefault(default_value));
+  std::string* new_string =
+      Arena::Create<std::string>(arena, lazy_default.get()...);
+  tagged_ptr_.Set(new_string);
+  return new_string;
+}
+
+std::string* ArenaStringPtr::Release(const std::string* default_value,
+                                     ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  if (IsDefault(default_value)) {
+    return nullptr;
+  } else {
+    return ReleaseNonDefault(default_value, arena);
+  }
+}
+
+std::string* ArenaStringPtr::ReleaseNonDefault(const std::string* default_value,
+                                               ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  GOOGLE_DCHECK(!IsDefault(default_value));
+
+  if (!IsDonatedString()) {
+    std::string* released;
+    if (arena != nullptr) {
+      released = new std::string;
+      released->swap(*UnsafeMutablePointer());
+    } else {
+      released = UnsafeMutablePointer();
+    }
+    tagged_ptr_.Set(const_cast<std::string*>(default_value));
+    return released;
+  } else /* IsDonatedString() */ {
+    GOOGLE_DCHECK(arena != nullptr);
+    std::string* released = new std::string(Get());
+    tagged_ptr_.Set(const_cast<std::string*>(default_value));
+    return released;
+  }
+}
+
+void ArenaStringPtr::SetAllocated(const std::string* default_value,
+                                  std::string* value, ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  // Release what we have first.
+  if (arena == nullptr && !IsDefault(default_value)) {
+    delete UnsafeMutablePointer();
+  }
+  if (value == nullptr) {
+    tagged_ptr_.Set(const_cast<std::string*>(default_value));
+  } else {
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+    tagged_ptr_.Set(value);
+    if (arena != nullptr) {
+      arena->Own(value);
+    }
+#else
+    // On debug builds, copy the string so the address differs.  delete will
+    // fail if value was a stack-allocated temporary/etc., which would have
+    // failed when arena ran its cleanup list.
+    std::string* new_value = Arena::Create<std::string>(arena, *value);
+    delete value;
+    tagged_ptr_.Set(new_value);
+#endif
+  }
+}
+
+void ArenaStringPtr::Destroy(const std::string* default_value,
+                             ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  if (arena == nullptr) {
+    GOOGLE_DCHECK(!IsDonatedString());
+    if (!IsDefault(default_value)) {
+      delete UnsafeMutablePointer();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void ArenaStringPtr::Destroy(EmptyDefault, ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  Destroy(&GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), arena);
+}
+
+void ArenaStringPtr::Destroy(NonEmptyDefault, ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  Destroy(nullptr, arena);
+}
+
+void ArenaStringPtr::ClearToEmpty() {
+  if (IsDefault(&GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited())) {
+    // Already set to default -- do nothing.
+  } else {
+    // Unconditionally mask away the tag.
+    //
+    // UpdateDonatedString uses assign when capacity is larger than the new
+    // value, which is trivially true in the donated string case.
+    // const_cast<std::string*>(PtrValue<std::string>())->clear();
+    tagged_ptr_.Get()->clear();
+  }
+}
+
+void ArenaStringPtr::ClearToDefault(const LazyString& default_value,
+                                    ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) {
+  (void)arena;
+  if (IsDefault(nullptr)) {
+    // Already set to default -- do nothing.
+  } else if (!IsDonatedString()) {
+    UnsafeMutablePointer()->assign(default_value.get());
+  }
+}
+
+
+}  // namespace internal
+}  // namespace protobuf
+}  // namespace google
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/arenastring.h b/src/google/protobuf/arenastring.h
index b87be8e..e23459f 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/arenastring.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/arenastring.h
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@
 
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/logging.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/common.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/stubs/fastmem.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/arena.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/port.h>
 
@@ -48,23 +47,57 @@
 #endif
 
 
-// This is the implementation of arena string fields written for the open-source
-// release. The ArenaStringPtr struct below is an internal implementation class
-// and *should not be used* by user code. It is used to collect string
-// operations together into one place and abstract away the underlying
-// string-field pointer representation, so that (for example) an alternate
-// implementation that knew more about ::std::string's internals could integrate
-// more closely with the arena allocator.
-
 namespace google {
 namespace protobuf {
 namespace internal {
 
+// Lazy string instance to support string fields with non-empty default.
+// These are initialized on the first call to .get().
+class PROTOBUF_EXPORT LazyString {
+ public:
+  // We explicitly make LazyString an aggregate so that MSVC can do constant
+  // initialization on it without marking it `constexpr`.
+  // We do not want to use `constexpr` because it makes it harder to have extern
+  // storage for it and causes library bloat.
+  struct InitValue {
+    const char* ptr;
+    size_t size;
+  };
+  // We keep a union of the initialization value and the std::string to save on
+  // space. We don't need the string array after Init() is done.
+  union {
+    mutable InitValue init_value_;
+    alignas(std::string) mutable char string_buf_[sizeof(std::string)];
+  };
+  mutable std::atomic<const std::string*> inited_;
+
+  const std::string& get() const {
+    // This check generates less code than a call-once invocation.
+    auto* res = inited_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    if (PROTOBUF_PREDICT_FALSE(res == nullptr)) return Init();
+    return *res;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // Initialize the string in `string_buf_`, update `inited_` and return it.
+  // We return it here to avoid having to read it again in the inlined code.
+  const std::string& Init() const;
+};
+
 template <typename T>
 class TaggedPtr {
  public:
+  void SetTagged(T* p) {
+    Set(p);
+    ptr_ |= 1;
+  }
   void Set(T* p) { ptr_ = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p); }
-  T* Get() const { return reinterpret_cast<T*>(ptr_); }
+  T* Get() const { return reinterpret_cast<T*>(ptr_ & -2); }
+  bool IsTagged() const { return ptr_ & 1; }
+
+  // Returned value is only safe to dereference if IsTagged() == false.
+  // It is safe to compare.
+  T* UnsafeGet() const { return reinterpret_cast<T*>(ptr_); }
 
   bool IsNull() { return ptr_ == 0; }
 
@@ -72,237 +105,266 @@
   uintptr_t ptr_;
 };
 
-struct PROTOBUF_EXPORT ArenaStringPtr {
-  inline void Set(const ::std::string* default_value,
-                  const ::std::string& value, Arena* arena) {
-    if (ptr_ == default_value) {
-      CreateInstance(arena, &value);
-    } else {
-      *ptr_ = value;
-    }
-  }
+static_assert(std::is_trivial<TaggedPtr<std::string>>::value,
+              "TaggedPtr must be trivial");
 
-  inline void SetLite(const ::std::string* default_value,
-                      const ::std::string& value, Arena* arena) {
-    Set(default_value, value, arena);
-  }
+// This class encapsulates a pointer to a std::string with or without a donated
+// buffer, tagged by bottom bit. It is a high-level wrapper that almost directly
+// corresponds to the interface required by string fields in generated
+// code. It replaces the old std::string* pointer in such cases.
+//
+// The object has different but similar code paths for when the default value is
+// the empty string and when it is a non-empty string.
+// The empty string is handled different throughout the library and there is a
+// single global instance of it we can share.
+//
+// For fields with an empty string default value, there are three distinct
+// states:
+//
+// - Pointer set to 'String' tag (LSB is 0), equal to
+//   &GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(): field is set to its default value. Points
+//   to a true std::string*, but we do not own that std::string* (it's a
+//   globally shared instance).
+//
+// - Pointer set to 'String' tag (LSB is 0), but not equal to the global empty
+//   string: field points to a true std::string* instance that we own. This
+//   instance is either on the heap or on the arena (i.e. registered on
+//   free()/destructor-call list) as appropriate.
+//
+// - Pointer set to 'DonatedString' tag (LSB is 1): points to a std::string
+//   instance with a buffer on the arena (arena != NULL, always, in this case).
+//
+// For fields with a non-empty string default value, there are three distinct
+// states:
+//
+// - Pointer set to 'String' tag (LSB is 0), equal to `nullptr`:
+//   Field is in "default" mode and does not point to any actual instance.
+//   Methods that might need to create an instance of the object will pass a
+//   `const LazyString&` for it.
+//
+// - Pointer set to 'String' tag (LSB is 0), but not equal to `nullptr`:
+//   field points to a true std::string* instance that we own. This instance is
+//   either on the heap or on the arena (i.e. registered on
+//   free()/destructor-call list) as appropriate.
+//
+// - Pointer set to 'DonatedString' tag (LSB is 1): points to a std::string
+//   instance with a buffer on the arena (arena != NULL, always, in this case).
+//
+// Generated code and reflection code both ensure that ptr_ is never null for
+// fields with an empty default.
+// Because ArenaStringPtr is used in oneof unions, its constructor is a NOP and
+// so the field is always manually initialized via method calls.
+//
+// Side-note: why pass information about the default on every API call? Because
+// we don't want to hold it in a member variable, or else this would go into
+// every proto message instance. This would be a huge waste of space, since the
+// default instance pointer is typically a global (static class field). We want
+// the generated code to be as efficient as possible, and if we take
+// the default value information as a parameter that's in practice taken from a
+// static class field, and compare ptr_ to the default value, we end up with a
+// single "cmp %reg, GLOBAL" in the resulting machine code. (Note that this also
+// requires the String tag to be 0 so we can avoid the mask before comparing.)
+struct PROTOBUF_EXPORT ArenaStringPtr {
+  // No default constructor or destructor -- we have to be POD because we go
+  // into a union when used in a oneof. Message code calls UnsafeReset() to zero
+  // the pointer when necessary instead.
+
+  // Some methods below are overloaded on a `default_value` and on tags.
+  // The tagged overloads help reduce code size in the callers in generated
+  // code, while the `default_value` overloads are useful from reflection.
+  // By-value empty struct arguments are elided in the ABI.
+  struct EmptyDefault {};
+  struct NonEmptyDefault {};
+
+  void Set(const std::string* default_value, ConstStringParam value,
+           ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
+  void Set(const std::string* default_value, std::string&& value,
+           ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
+  void Set(EmptyDefault, ConstStringParam value, ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
+  void Set(EmptyDefault, std::string&& value, ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
+  void Set(NonEmptyDefault, ConstStringParam value, ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
+  void Set(NonEmptyDefault, std::string&& value, ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
 
   // Basic accessors.
-  inline const ::std::string& Get() const { return *ptr_; }
-
-  inline ::std::string* Mutable(const ::std::string* default_value,
-                                Arena* arena) {
-    if (ptr_ == default_value) {
-      CreateInstance(arena, default_value);
-    }
-    return ptr_;
+  const std::string& Get() const PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE {
+    // Unconditionally mask away the tag.
+    return *tagged_ptr_.Get();
+  }
+  const std::string* GetPointer() const PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE {
+    // Unconditionally mask away the tag.
+    return tagged_ptr_.Get();
   }
 
-  // Release returns a ::std::string* instance that is heap-allocated and is not
-  // Own()'d by any arena. If the field was not set, it returns NULL. The caller
-  // retains ownership. Clears this field back to NULL state. Used to implement
-  // release_<field>() methods on generated classes.
-  inline ::std::string* Release(const ::std::string* default_value,
-                                Arena* arena) {
-    if (ptr_ == default_value) {
-      return NULL;
-    }
-    return ReleaseNonDefault(default_value, arena);
-  }
+  // For fields with an empty default value.
+  std::string* Mutable(EmptyDefault, ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
+  // For fields with a non-empty default value.
+  std::string* Mutable(const LazyString& default_value, ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
 
-  // Similar to Release, but ptr_ cannot be the default_value.
-  inline ::std::string* ReleaseNonDefault(const ::std::string* default_value,
-                                          Arena* arena) {
-    GOOGLE_DCHECK(!IsDefault(default_value));
-    ::std::string* released = NULL;
-    if (arena != NULL) {
-      // ptr_ is owned by the arena.
-      released = new ::std::string;
-      released->swap(*ptr_);
-    } else {
-      released = ptr_;
-    }
-    ptr_ = const_cast< ::std::string*>(default_value);
-    return released;
-  }
+  // Release returns a std::string* instance that is heap-allocated and is not
+  // Own()'d by any arena. If the field is not set, this returns NULL. The
+  // caller retains ownership. Clears this field back to NULL state. Used to
+  // implement release_<field>() methods on generated classes.
+  std::string* Release(const std::string* default_value,
+                       ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
+  std::string* ReleaseNonDefault(const std::string* default_value,
+                                 ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
 
-  // UnsafeArenaRelease returns a ::std::string*, but it may be arena-owned
-  // (i.e.  have its destructor already registered) if arena != NULL. If the
-  // field was not set, this returns NULL. This method clears this field back to
-  // NULL state. Used to implement unsafe_arena_release_<field>() methods on
-  // generated classes.
-  inline ::std::string* UnsafeArenaRelease(const ::std::string* default_value,
-                                           Arena* /* arena */) {
-    if (ptr_ == default_value) {
-      return NULL;
-    }
-    ::std::string* released = ptr_;
-    ptr_ = const_cast< ::std::string*>(default_value);
-    return released;
-  }
-
-  // Takes a string that is heap-allocated, and takes ownership. The string's
-  // destructor is registered with the arena. Used to implement
+  // Takes a std::string that is heap-allocated, and takes ownership. The
+  // std::string's destructor is registered with the arena. Used to implement
   // set_allocated_<field> in generated classes.
-  inline void SetAllocated(const ::std::string* default_value,
-                           ::std::string* value, Arena* arena) {
-    if (arena == NULL && ptr_ != default_value) {
-      Destroy(default_value, arena);
-    }
-    if (value != NULL) {
-      ptr_ = value;
-      if (arena != NULL) {
-        arena->Own(value);
-      }
-    } else {
-      ptr_ = const_cast< ::std::string*>(default_value);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Takes a string that has lifetime equal to the arena's lifetime. The arena
-  // must be non-null. It is safe only to pass this method a value returned by
-  // UnsafeArenaRelease() on another field of a message in the same arena. Used
-  // to implement unsafe_arena_set_allocated_<field> in generated classes.
-  inline void UnsafeArenaSetAllocated(const ::std::string* default_value,
-                                      ::std::string* value,
-                                      Arena* /* arena */) {
-    if (value != NULL) {
-      ptr_ = value;
-    } else {
-      ptr_ = const_cast< ::std::string*>(default_value);
-    }
-  }
+  void SetAllocated(const std::string* default_value, std::string* value,
+                    ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
 
   // Swaps internal pointers. Arena-safety semantics: this is guarded by the
   // logic in Swap()/UnsafeArenaSwap() at the message level, so this method is
   // 'unsafe' if called directly.
-  PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE void Swap(ArenaStringPtr* other) {
-    std::swap(ptr_, other->ptr_);
-  }
-  PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE void Swap(ArenaStringPtr* other,
-                                   const ::std::string* default_value,
-                                   Arena* arena) {
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    // For debug builds, we swap the contents of the string, rather than the
-    // string instances themselves.  This invalidates previously taken const
-    // references that are (per our documentation) invalidated by calling Swap()
-    // on the message.
-    //
-    // If both strings are the default_value, swapping is uninteresting.
-    // Otherwise, we use ArenaStringPtr::Mutable() to access the string, to
-    // ensure that we do not try to mutate default_value itself.
-    if (IsDefault(default_value) && other->IsDefault(default_value)) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    ::std::string* this_ptr = Mutable(default_value, arena);
-    ::std::string* other_ptr = other->Mutable(default_value, arena);
-
-    this_ptr->swap(*other_ptr);
-#else
-    std::swap(ptr_, other->ptr_);
-    (void)default_value;
-    (void)arena;
-#endif
-  }
+  inline void Swap(ArenaStringPtr* other, const std::string* default_value,
+                   Arena* arena) PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE;
 
   // Frees storage (if not on an arena).
-  inline void Destroy(const ::std::string* default_value, Arena* arena) {
-    if (arena == NULL && ptr_ != default_value) {
-      delete ptr_;
-    }
-  }
+  void Destroy(const std::string* default_value, ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
+  void Destroy(EmptyDefault, ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
+  void Destroy(NonEmptyDefault, ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
 
-  // Clears content, but keeps allocated string if arena != NULL, to avoid the
-  // overhead of heap operations. After this returns, the content (as seen by
-  // the user) will always be the empty string. Assumes that |default_value|
-  // is an empty string.
-  inline void ClearToEmpty(const ::std::string* default_value,
-                           Arena* /* arena */) {
-    if (ptr_ == default_value) {
-      // Already set to default (which is empty) -- do nothing.
-    } else {
-      ptr_->clear();
-    }
-  }
+  // Clears content, but keeps allocated std::string, to avoid the overhead of
+  // heap operations. After this returns, the content (as seen by the user) will
+  // always be the empty std::string. Assumes that |default_value| is an empty
+  // std::string.
+  void ClearToEmpty();
 
-  // Clears content, assuming that the current value is not the empty string
-  // default.
-  inline void ClearNonDefaultToEmpty() { ptr_->clear(); }
+  // Clears content, assuming that the current value is not the empty
+  // string default.
+  void ClearNonDefaultToEmpty();
 
-  // Clears content, but keeps allocated string if arena != NULL, to avoid the
-  // overhead of heap operations. After this returns, the content (as seen by
-  // the user) will always be equal to |default_value|.
-  inline void ClearToDefault(const ::std::string* default_value,
-                             Arena* /* arena */) {
-    if (ptr_ == default_value) {
-      // Already set to default -- do nothing.
-    } else {
-      // Have another allocated string -- rather than throwing this away and
-      // resetting ptr_ to the canonical default string instance, we just reuse
-      // this instance.
-      *ptr_ = *default_value;
-    }
-  }
+  // Clears content, but keeps allocated std::string if arena != NULL, to avoid
+  // the overhead of heap operations. After this returns, the content (as seen
+  // by the user) will always be equal to |default_value|.
+  void ClearToDefault(const LazyString& default_value, ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
 
   // Called from generated code / reflection runtime only. Resets value to point
-  // to a default string pointer, with the semantics that this ArenaStringPtr
-  // does not own the pointed-to memory. Disregards initial value of ptr_ (so
-  // this is the *ONLY* safe method to call after construction or when
-  // reinitializing after becoming the active field in a oneof union).
-  inline void UnsafeSetDefault(const ::std::string* default_value) {
-    // Casting away 'const' is safe here: accessors ensure that ptr_ is only
-    // returned as a const if it is equal to default_value.
-    ptr_ = const_cast< ::std::string*>(default_value);
-  }
+  // to a default string pointer, with the semantics that this
+  // ArenaStringPtr does not own the pointed-to memory. Disregards initial value
+  // of ptr_ (so this is the *ONLY* safe method to call after construction or
+  // when reinitializing after becoming the active field in a oneof union).
+  inline void UnsafeSetDefault(const std::string* default_value);
+
+  // Returns a mutable pointer, but doesn't initialize the string to the
+  // default value.
+  std::string* MutableNoArenaNoDefault(const std::string* default_value);
+
+  // Get a mutable pointer with unspecified contents.
+  // Similar to `MutableNoArenaNoDefault`, but also handles the arena case.
+  // If the value was donated, the contents are discarded.
+  std::string* MutableNoCopy(const std::string* default_value,
+                             ::google::protobuf::Arena* arena);
 
   // Destroy the string. Assumes `arena == nullptr`.
-  inline void DestroyNoArena(const ::std::string* default_value) {
-    if (ptr_ != default_value) {
-      delete ptr_;
-    }
-  }
+  void DestroyNoArena(const std::string* default_value);
 
-  // Internal accessor used only at parse time to provide direct access to the
-  // raw pointer from the shared parse routine (in the non-arenas case). The
-  // parse routine does the string allocation in order to save code size in the
-  // generated parsing code.
-  inline ::std::string** UnsafeRawStringPointer() { return &ptr_; }
-
-  inline bool IsDefault(const ::std::string* default_value) const {
-    return ptr_ == default_value;
-  }
-
-  // Internal accessors!!!!
-  void UnsafeSetTaggedPointer(TaggedPtr< ::std::string> value) {
-    ptr_ = value.Get();
+  // Internal setter used only at parse time to directly set a donated string
+  // value.
+  void UnsafeSetTaggedPointer(TaggedPtr<std::string> value) {
+    tagged_ptr_ = value;
   }
   // Generated code only! An optimization, in certain cases the generated
-  // code is certain we can obtain a string with no default checks and
+  // code is certain we can obtain a std::string with no default checks and
   // tag tests.
-  ::std::string* UnsafeMutablePointer() { return ptr_; }
+  std::string* UnsafeMutablePointer() PROTOBUF_RETURNS_NONNULL;
+
+  inline bool IsDefault(const std::string* default_value) const {
+    // Relies on the fact that kPtrTagString == 0, so if IsString(), ptr_ is the
+    // actual std::string pointer (and if !IsString(), ptr_ will never be equal
+    // to any aligned |default_value| pointer). The key is that we want to avoid
+    // masking in the fastpath const-pointer Get() case for non-arena code.
+    return tagged_ptr_.UnsafeGet() == default_value;
+  }
 
  private:
-  ::std::string* ptr_;
+  TaggedPtr<std::string> tagged_ptr_;
 
-  PROTOBUF_NOINLINE
-  void CreateInstance(Arena* arena, const ::std::string* initial_value) {
-    GOOGLE_DCHECK(initial_value != NULL);
-    // uses "new ::std::string" when arena is nullptr
-    ptr_ = Arena::Create< ::std::string>(arena, *initial_value);
-  }
-  PROTOBUF_NOINLINE
-  void CreateInstanceNoArena(const ::std::string* initial_value) {
-    GOOGLE_DCHECK(initial_value != NULL);
-    ptr_ = new ::std::string(*initial_value);
-  }
+  bool IsDonatedString() const { return false; }
+
+  // Slow paths.
+
+  // MutableSlow requires that !IsString() || IsDefault
+  // Variadic to support 0 args for EmptyDefault and 1 arg for LazyString.
+  template <typename... Lazy>
+  std::string* MutableSlow(::google::protobuf::Arena* arena, const Lazy&... lazy_default);
+
 };
 
+inline void ArenaStringPtr::UnsafeSetDefault(const std::string* value) {
+  tagged_ptr_.Set(const_cast<std::string*>(value));
+}
+
+inline void ArenaStringPtr::Swap(ArenaStringPtr* other,
+                                 const std::string* default_value,
+                                 Arena* arena) {
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  // For debug builds, we swap the contents of the string, rather than the
+  // std::string instances themselves.  This invalidates previously taken const
+  // references that are (per our documentation) invalidated by calling Swap()
+  // on the message.
+  //
+  // If both strings are the default_value, swapping is uninteresting.
+  // Otherwise, we use ArenaStringPtr::Mutable() to access the std::string, to
+  // ensure that we do not try to mutate default_value itself.
+  if (IsDefault(default_value) && other->IsDefault(default_value)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (default_value == nullptr) {
+    // If we have non-empty default, then `default_value` is null and we can't
+    // call Mutable the same way. Just do the regular swap.
+    std::swap(tagged_ptr_, other->tagged_ptr_);
+  } else {
+    std::string* this_ptr = Mutable(EmptyDefault{}, arena);
+    std::string* other_ptr = other->Mutable(EmptyDefault{}, arena);
+
+    this_ptr->swap(*other_ptr);
+  }
+#else
+  std::swap(tagged_ptr_, other->tagged_ptr_);
+#endif
+}
+
+inline void ArenaStringPtr::ClearNonDefaultToEmpty() {
+  // Unconditionally mask away the tag.
+  tagged_ptr_.Get()->clear();
+}
+
+inline std::string* ArenaStringPtr::MutableNoArenaNoDefault(
+    const std::string* default_value) {
+  // VERY IMPORTANT for performance and code size: this will reduce to a member
+  // variable load, a pointer check (against |default_value|, in practice a
+  // static global) and a branch to the slowpath (which calls operator new and
+  // the ctor). DO NOT add any tagged-pointer operations here.
+  if (IsDefault(default_value)) {
+    std::string* new_string = new std::string();
+    tagged_ptr_.Set(new_string);
+    return new_string;
+  } else {
+    return UnsafeMutablePointer();
+  }
+}
+
+inline void ArenaStringPtr::DestroyNoArena(const std::string* default_value) {
+  if (!IsDefault(default_value)) {
+    delete UnsafeMutablePointer();
+  }
+}
+
+inline std::string* ArenaStringPtr::UnsafeMutablePointer() {
+  GOOGLE_DCHECK(!tagged_ptr_.IsTagged());
+  GOOGLE_DCHECK(tagged_ptr_.UnsafeGet() != nullptr);
+  return tagged_ptr_.UnsafeGet();
+}
+
+
 }  // namespace internal
 }  // namespace protobuf
 }  // namespace google
 
-
 #include <google/protobuf/port_undef.inc>
 
 #endif  // GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_ARENASTRING_H__
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/arenastring_unittest.cc b/src/google/protobuf/arenastring_unittest.cc
index c5da447..07e7c65 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/arenastring_unittest.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/arenastring_unittest.cc
@@ -28,8 +28,6 @@
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 
-// Based on mvels@'s frankenstring.
-
 #include <google/protobuf/arenastring.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
@@ -42,6 +40,7 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/common.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl.h>
+#include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/strutil.h>
 
@@ -53,82 +52,119 @@
 
 static std::string WrapString(const char* value) { return value; }
 
+using EmptyDefault = ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault;
+
+const internal::LazyString nonempty_default{{{"default", 7}}, {nullptr}};
+
 // Test ArenaStringPtr with arena == NULL.
 TEST(ArenaStringPtrTest, ArenaStringPtrOnHeap) {
   ArenaStringPtr field;
-  std::string default_value = "default";
-  field.UnsafeSetDefault(&default_value);
-  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("default"), field.Get());
-  field.Set(&default_value, WrapString("Test short"), NULL);
+  const std::string* empty_default = &internal::GetEmptyString();
+  field.UnsafeSetDefault(empty_default);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(""), field.Get());
+  field.Set(empty_default, WrapString("Test short"), NULL);
   EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Test short"), field.Get());
-  field.Set(&default_value, WrapString("Test long long long long value"), NULL);
+  field.Set(empty_default, WrapString("Test long long long long value"), NULL);
   EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Test long long long long value"), field.Get());
-  field.Set(&default_value, std::string(""), NULL);
-  field.Destroy(&default_value, NULL);
+  field.Set(empty_default, std::string(""), NULL);
+  field.Destroy(empty_default, NULL);
 
   ArenaStringPtr field2;
-  field2.UnsafeSetDefault(&default_value);
-  std::string* mut = field2.Mutable(&default_value, NULL);
-  EXPECT_EQ(mut, field2.Mutable(&default_value, NULL));
+  field2.UnsafeSetDefault(empty_default);
+  std::string* mut = field2.Mutable(EmptyDefault{}, NULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(mut, field2.Mutable(EmptyDefault{}, NULL));
   EXPECT_EQ(mut, &field2.Get());
-  EXPECT_NE(&default_value, mut);
-  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("default"), *mut);
+  EXPECT_NE(empty_default, mut);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(""), *mut);
   *mut = "Test long long long long value";  // ensure string allocates storage
   EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Test long long long long value"), field2.Get());
-  field2.Destroy(&default_value, NULL);
+  field2.Destroy(empty_default, NULL);
+
+  ArenaStringPtr field3;
+  field3.UnsafeSetDefault(nullptr);
+  mut = field3.Mutable(nonempty_default, NULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(mut, field3.Mutable(nonempty_default, NULL));
+  EXPECT_EQ(mut, &field3.Get());
+  EXPECT_NE(nullptr, mut);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("default"), *mut);
+  *mut = "Test long long long long value";  // ensure string allocates storage
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Test long long long long value"), field3.Get());
+  field3.Destroy(nullptr, NULL);
 }
 
 TEST(ArenaStringPtrTest, ArenaStringPtrOnArena) {
   Arena arena;
   ArenaStringPtr field;
-  std::string default_value = "default";
-  field.UnsafeSetDefault(&default_value);
-  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("default"), field.Get());
-  field.Set(&default_value, WrapString("Test short"), &arena);
+  const std::string* empty_default = &internal::GetEmptyString();
+  field.UnsafeSetDefault(empty_default);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(""), field.Get());
+  field.Set(empty_default, WrapString("Test short"), &arena);
   EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Test short"), field.Get());
-  field.Set(&default_value, WrapString("Test long long long long value"),
+  field.Set(empty_default, WrapString("Test long long long long value"),
             &arena);
   EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Test long long long long value"), field.Get());
-  field.Set(&default_value, std::string(""), &arena);
-  field.Destroy(&default_value, &arena);
+  field.Set(empty_default, std::string(""), &arena);
+  field.Destroy(empty_default, &arena);
 
   ArenaStringPtr field2;
-  field2.UnsafeSetDefault(&default_value);
-  std::string* mut = field2.Mutable(&default_value, &arena);
-  EXPECT_EQ(mut, field2.Mutable(&default_value, &arena));
+  field2.UnsafeSetDefault(empty_default);
+  std::string* mut = field2.Mutable(EmptyDefault{}, &arena);
+  EXPECT_EQ(mut, field2.Mutable(EmptyDefault{}, &arena));
   EXPECT_EQ(mut, &field2.Get());
-  EXPECT_NE(&default_value, mut);
-  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("default"), *mut);
+  EXPECT_NE(empty_default, mut);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(""), *mut);
   *mut = "Test long long long long value";  // ensure string allocates storage
   EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Test long long long long value"), field2.Get());
-  field2.Destroy(&default_value, &arena);
+  field2.Destroy(empty_default, &arena);
+
+  ArenaStringPtr field3;
+  field3.UnsafeSetDefault(nullptr);
+  mut = field3.Mutable(nonempty_default, &arena);
+  EXPECT_EQ(mut, field3.Mutable(nonempty_default, &arena));
+  EXPECT_EQ(mut, &field3.Get());
+  EXPECT_NE(nullptr, mut);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("default"), *mut);
+  *mut = "Test long long long long value";  // ensure string allocates storage
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Test long long long long value"), field3.Get());
+  field3.Destroy(nullptr, &arena);
 }
 
 TEST(ArenaStringPtrTest, ArenaStringPtrOnArenaNoSSO) {
   Arena arena;
   ArenaStringPtr field;
-  std::string default_value = "default";
-  field.UnsafeSetDefault(&default_value);
-  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("default"), field.Get());
+  const std::string* empty_default = &internal::GetEmptyString();
+  field.UnsafeSetDefault(empty_default);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(""), field.Get());
 
   // Avoid triggering the SSO optimization by setting the string to something
   // larger than the internal buffer.
-  field.Set(&default_value, WrapString("Test long long long long value"),
+  field.Set(empty_default, WrapString("Test long long long long value"),
             &arena);
   EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Test long long long long value"), field.Get());
-  field.Set(&default_value, std::string(""), &arena);
-  field.Destroy(&default_value, &arena);
+  field.Set(empty_default, std::string(""), &arena);
+  field.Destroy(empty_default, &arena);
 
   ArenaStringPtr field2;
-  field2.UnsafeSetDefault(&default_value);
-  std::string* mut = field2.Mutable(&default_value, &arena);
-  EXPECT_EQ(mut, field2.Mutable(&default_value, &arena));
+  field2.UnsafeSetDefault(empty_default);
+  std::string* mut = field2.Mutable(EmptyDefault{}, &arena);
+  EXPECT_EQ(mut, field2.Mutable(EmptyDefault{}, &arena));
   EXPECT_EQ(mut, &field2.Get());
-  EXPECT_NE(&default_value, mut);
-  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("default"), *mut);
+  EXPECT_NE(empty_default, mut);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(""), *mut);
   *mut = "Test long long long long value";  // ensure string allocates storage
   EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Test long long long long value"), field2.Get());
-  field2.Destroy(&default_value, &arena);
+  field2.Destroy(empty_default, &arena);
+
+  ArenaStringPtr field3;
+  field3.UnsafeSetDefault(nullptr);
+  mut = field3.Mutable(nonempty_default, &arena);
+  EXPECT_EQ(mut, field3.Mutable(nonempty_default, &arena));
+  EXPECT_EQ(mut, &field3.Get());
+  EXPECT_NE(nullptr, mut);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("default"), *mut);
+  *mut = "Test long long long long value";  // ensure string allocates storage
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Test long long long long value"), field3.Get());
+  field3.Destroy(nullptr, &arena);
 }
 
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/command_line_interface.cc b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/command_line_interface.cc
index 905981c..1cbc4b7 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/command_line_interface.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/command_line_interface.cc
@@ -1224,6 +1224,7 @@
   return false;
 }
 
+
 bool CommandLineInterface::VerifyInputFilesInDescriptors(
     DescriptorDatabase* database) {
   for (const auto& input_file : input_files_) {
@@ -1242,6 +1243,7 @@
                 << std::endl;
       return false;
     }
+
   }
   return true;
 }
@@ -1292,6 +1294,7 @@
       break;
     }
 
+
     // Enforce --direct_dependencies
     if (direct_dependencies_explicitly_set_) {
       bool indirect_imports = false;
@@ -1338,6 +1341,7 @@
   disallow_services_ = false;
   direct_dependencies_explicitly_set_ = false;
   allow_proto3_optional_ = false;
+  deterministic_output_ = false;
 }
 
 bool CommandLineInterface::MakeProtoProtoPathRelative(
@@ -1573,6 +1577,11 @@
               << std::endl;
     return PARSE_ARGUMENT_FAIL;
   }
+  if (mode_ != MODE_ENCODE && deterministic_output_) {
+    std::cerr << "Can only use --deterministic_output with --encode."
+              << std::endl;
+    return PARSE_ARGUMENT_FAIL;
+  }
   if (!dependency_out_name_.empty() && input_files_.size() > 1) {
     std::cerr
         << "Can only process one input file when using --dependency_out=FILE."
@@ -1641,7 +1650,8 @@
       *name == "--include_imports" || *name == "--include_source_info" ||
       *name == "--version" || *name == "--decode_raw" ||
       *name == "--print_free_field_numbers" ||
-      *name == "--experimental_allow_proto3_optional") {
+      *name == "--experimental_allow_proto3_optional" ||
+      *name == "--deterministic_output") {
     // HACK:  These are the only flags that don't take a value.
     //   They probably should not be hard-coded like this but for now it's
     //   not worth doing better.
@@ -1848,6 +1858,7 @@
   } else if (name == "--disallow_services") {
     disallow_services_ = true;
 
+
   } else if (name == "--experimental_allow_proto3_optional") {
     allow_proto3_optional_ = true;
 
@@ -1881,6 +1892,9 @@
 
     codec_type_ = value;
 
+  } else if (name == "--deterministic_output") {
+    deterministic_output_ = true;
+
   } else if (name == "--error_format") {
     if (value == "gcc") {
       error_format_ = ERROR_FORMAT_GCC;
@@ -2023,6 +2037,12 @@
          "must\n"
          "                              be defined in PROTO_FILES or their "
          "imports.\n"
+         "  --deterministic_output      When using --encode, ensure map fields "
+         "are\n"
+         "                              deterministically ordered. Note that"
+         "this order is not\n"
+         "                              canonical, and changes across builds"
+         "or releases of protoc.\n"
          "  --decode=MESSAGE_TYPE       Read a binary message of the given "
          "type from\n"
          "                              standard input and write it in text "
@@ -2435,7 +2455,9 @@
 
   if (mode_ == MODE_ENCODE) {
     // Output is binary.
-    if (!message->SerializePartialToZeroCopyStream(&out)) {
+    io::CodedOutputStream coded_out(&out);
+    coded_out.SetSerializationDeterministic(deterministic_output_);
+    if (!message->SerializePartialToCodedStream(&coded_out)) {
       std::cerr << "output: I/O error." << std::endl;
       return false;
     }
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/command_line_interface.h b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/command_line_interface.h
index b89d4e4..12ba653 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/command_line_interface.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/command_line_interface.h
@@ -451,6 +451,9 @@
   // Was the --experimental_allow_proto3_optional flag used?
   bool allow_proto3_optional_ = false;
 
+  // When using --encode, this will be passed to SetSerializationDeterministic.
+  bool deterministic_output_ = false;
+
   GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(CommandLineInterface);
 };
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/command_line_interface_unittest.cc b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/command_line_interface_unittest.cc
index 5d91042..f5d88e5 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/command_line_interface_unittest.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/command_line_interface_unittest.cc
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #endif
 #include <memory>
+#include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/stringprintf.h>
@@ -59,10 +60,10 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/descriptor.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/testing/googletest.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <google/protobuf/stubs/strutil.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/substitute.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/io/io_win32.h>
 
-#include <google/protobuf/stubs/strutil.h>
 
 namespace google {
 namespace protobuf {
@@ -1387,6 +1388,7 @@
   ExpectGenerated("test_generator", "", "foo.proto", "Foo");
 }
 
+
 TEST_F(CommandLineInterfaceTest, DirectDependencies_Missing_EmptyList) {
   CreateTempFile("foo.proto",
                  "syntax = \"proto2\";\n"
@@ -2567,7 +2569,10 @@
   bool Run(const std::string& command, bool specify_proto_files = true) {
     std::vector<std::string> args;
     args.push_back("protoc");
-    SplitStringUsing(command, " ", &args);
+    for (StringPiece split_piece :
+         Split(command, " ", true)) {
+      args.push_back(std::string(split_piece));
+    }
     if (specify_proto_files) {
       switch (GetParam()) {
         case PROTO_PATH:
@@ -2726,6 +2731,32 @@
       "net/proto2/internal/no_such_file.proto: No such file or directory\n");
 }
 
+TEST_P(EncodeDecodeTest, EncodeDeterministicOutput) {
+  RedirectStdinFromFile(TestUtil::GetTestDataPath(
+      "net/proto2/internal/"
+      "testdata/text_format_unittest_data_oneof_implemented.txt"));
+  std::string args;
+  if (GetParam() != DESCRIPTOR_SET_IN) {
+    args.append(
+        TestUtil::MaybeTranslatePath("net/proto2/internal/unittest.proto"));
+  }
+  EXPECT_TRUE(Run(
+      args + " --encode=protobuf_unittest.TestAllTypes --deterministic_output"));
+  ExpectStdoutMatchesBinaryFile(TestUtil::GetTestDataPath(
+      "net/proto2/internal/testdata/golden_message_oneof_implemented"));
+  ExpectStderrMatchesText("");
+}
+
+TEST_P(EncodeDecodeTest, DecodeDeterministicOutput) {
+  RedirectStdinFromFile(TestUtil::GetTestDataPath(
+      "net/proto2/internal/testdata/golden_message_oneof_implemented"));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(
+      Run(TestUtil::MaybeTranslatePath("net/proto2/internal/unittest.proto") +
+          " --decode=protobuf_unittest.TestAllTypes --deterministic_output"));
+  ExpectStderrMatchesText(
+      "Can only use --deterministic_output with --encode.\n");
+}
+
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(FileDescriptorSetSource, EncodeDecodeTest,
                          testing::Values(PROTO_PATH, DESCRIPTOR_SET_IN));
 }  // anonymous namespace
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_field.h b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_field.h
index aef9aaf..5b2f276 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_field.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_field.h
@@ -178,11 +178,6 @@
   // are placed in the message's ByteSize() method.
   virtual void GenerateByteSize(io::Printer* printer) const = 0;
 
-  // Any tags about field layout decisions (such as inlining) to embed in the
-  // offset.
-  virtual uint32 CalculateFieldTag() const { return 0; }
-  virtual bool IsInlined() const { return false; }
-
   void SetHasBitIndex(int32 has_bit_index);
 
  protected:
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_file.cc b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_file.cc
index c27b464..1e3d2da 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_file.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_file.cc
@@ -1198,7 +1198,6 @@
       decls[Namespace(d, options_)].AddEnum(d);
   }
 
-
   {
     NamespaceOpener ns(format);
     for (const auto& pair : decls) {
@@ -1281,7 +1280,6 @@
   IncludeFile("net/proto2/public/arenastring.h", printer);
   IncludeFile("net/proto2/public/generated_message_table_driven.h", printer);
   IncludeFile("net/proto2/public/generated_message_util.h", printer);
-  IncludeFile("net/proto2/public/inlined_string_field.h", printer);
   IncludeFile("net/proto2/public/metadata_lite.h", printer);
 
   if (HasDescriptorMethods(file_, options_)) {
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_helpers.cc b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_helpers.cc
index 76986d0..f73ed61 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_helpers.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_helpers.cc
@@ -787,25 +787,6 @@
   return function_name;
 }
 
-bool IsStringInlined(const FieldDescriptor* descriptor,
-                     const Options& options) {
-  if (options.opensource_runtime) return false;
-
-  // TODO(ckennelly): Handle inlining for any.proto.
-  if (IsAnyMessage(descriptor->containing_type(), options)) return false;
-  if (descriptor->containing_type()->options().map_entry()) return false;
-
-  // We rely on has bits to distinguish field presence for release_$name$.  When
-  // there is no hasbit, we cannot use the address of the string instance when
-  // the field has been inlined.
-  if (!HasHasbit(descriptor)) return false;
-
-  if (options.access_info_map) {
-    if (descriptor->is_required()) return true;
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
 static bool HasLazyFields(const Descriptor* descriptor,
                           const Options& options) {
   for (int field_idx = 0; field_idx < descriptor->field_count(); field_idx++) {
@@ -1471,8 +1452,7 @@
         GetOptimizeFor(field->file(), options_) != FileOptions::LITE_RUNTIME &&
         // For now only use arena string for strings with empty defaults.
         field->default_value_string().empty() &&
-        !IsStringInlined(field, options_) && !field->real_containing_oneof() &&
-        ctype == FieldOptions::STRING) {
+        !field->real_containing_oneof() && ctype == FieldOptions::STRING) {
       GenerateArenaString(field);
     } else {
       std::string name;
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_helpers.h b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_helpers.h
index 4ee19b8..a036bbc 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_helpers.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_helpers.h
@@ -318,8 +318,6 @@
   return false;
 }
 
-bool IsStringInlined(const FieldDescriptor* descriptor, const Options& options);
-
 // For a string field, returns the effective ctype.  If the actual ctype is
 // not supported, returns the default of STRING.
 FieldOptions::CType EffectiveStringCType(const FieldDescriptor* field,
@@ -410,14 +408,6 @@
          descriptor->full_name() == "google.protobuf.bridge.MessageSet";
 }
 
-inline bool IsProto2MessageSetFile(const FileDescriptor* file,
-                                   const Options& options) {
-  return !options.opensource_runtime &&
-         options.enforce_mode != EnforceOptimizeMode::kLiteRuntime &&
-         !options.lite_implicit_weak_fields &&
-         file->name() == "net/proto2/bridge/proto/message_set.proto";
-}
-
 inline bool IsMapEntryMessage(const Descriptor* descriptor) {
   return descriptor->options().map_entry();
 }
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_message.cc b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_message.cc
index 19bf425..c6ab9ac 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_message.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_message.cc
@@ -1695,9 +1695,6 @@
   int type = field->type();
   if (type == FieldDescriptor::TYPE_STRING ||
       type == FieldDescriptor::TYPE_BYTES) {
-    if (generator.IsInlined()) {
-      type = internal::FieldMetadata::kInlinedType;
-    }
     // string field
     if (IsCord(field, options)) {
       type = internal::FieldMetadata::kCordType;
@@ -2107,14 +2104,9 @@
     }
 
     processing_type = static_cast<unsigned>(field->type());
-    const FieldGenerator& generator = field_generators_.get(field);
     if (field->type() == FieldDescriptor::TYPE_STRING) {
       switch (EffectiveStringCType(field, options_)) {
         case FieldOptions::STRING:
-          if (generator.IsInlined()) {
-            processing_type = internal::TYPE_STRING_INLINED;
-            break;
-          }
           break;
         case FieldOptions::CORD:
           processing_type = internal::TYPE_STRING_CORD;
@@ -2126,10 +2118,6 @@
     } else if (field->type() == FieldDescriptor::TYPE_BYTES) {
       switch (EffectiveStringCType(field, options_)) {
         case FieldOptions::STRING:
-          if (generator.IsInlined()) {
-            processing_type = internal::TYPE_BYTES_INLINED;
-            break;
-          }
           break;
         case FieldOptions::CORD:
           processing_type = internal::TYPE_BYTES_CORD;
@@ -2313,11 +2301,6 @@
       format("PROTOBUF_FIELD_OFFSET($classtype$, $1$_)", FieldName(field));
     }
 
-    uint32 tag = field_generators_.get(field).CalculateFieldTag();
-    if (tag != 0) {
-      format(" | $1$", tag);
-    }
-
     if (!IsFieldUsed(field, options_)) {
       format(" | 0x80000000u, // unused\n");
     } else {
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_string_field.cc b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_string_field.cc
index 9acc447..beed6e5 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_string_field.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_string_field.cc
@@ -55,12 +55,31 @@
       StrCat(descriptor->default_value_string().length());
   std::string default_variable_string = MakeDefaultName(descriptor);
   (*variables)["default_variable_name"] = default_variable_string;
-  (*variables)["default_variable"] =
+
+  if (!descriptor->default_value_string().empty()) {
+    (*variables)["lazy_variable"] =
+        QualifiedClassName(descriptor->containing_type(), options) +
+        "::" + default_variable_string;
+  }
+
+  (*variables)["default_string"] =
+      descriptor->default_value_string().empty()
+          ? "::" + (*variables)["proto_ns"] +
+                "::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()"
+          : (*variables)["lazy_variable"] + ".get()";
+  (*variables)["init_value"] =
       descriptor->default_value_string().empty()
           ? "&::" + (*variables)["proto_ns"] +
                 "::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()"
-          : "&" + QualifiedClassName(descriptor->containing_type(), options) +
-                "::" + default_variable_string + ".get()";
+          : "nullptr";
+  (*variables)["default_value_tag"] =
+      "::" + (*variables)["proto_ns"] + "::internal::ArenaStringPtr::" +
+      (descriptor->default_value_string().empty() ? "Empty" : "NonEmpty") +
+      "Default{}";
+  (*variables)["default_variable_or_tag"] =
+      (*variables)[descriptor->default_value_string().empty()
+                       ? "default_value_tag"
+                       : "lazy_variable"];
   (*variables)["pointer_type"] =
       descriptor->type() == FieldDescriptor::TYPE_BYTES ? "void" : "char";
   (*variables)["null_check"] = (*variables)["DCHK"] + "(value != nullptr);\n";
@@ -75,9 +94,6 @@
   } else {
     (*variables)["string_piece"] = "::StringPiece";
   }
-
-  (*variables)["lite"] =
-      HasDescriptorMethods(descriptor->file(), options) ? "" : "Lite";
 }
 
 }  // namespace
@@ -86,9 +102,7 @@
 
 StringFieldGenerator::StringFieldGenerator(const FieldDescriptor* descriptor,
                                            const Options& options)
-    : FieldGenerator(descriptor, options),
-      lite_(!HasDescriptorMethods(descriptor->file(), options)),
-      inlined_(IsStringInlined(descriptor, options)) {
+    : FieldGenerator(descriptor, options) {
   SetStringVariables(descriptor, &variables_, options);
 }
 
@@ -96,23 +110,15 @@
 
 void StringFieldGenerator::GeneratePrivateMembers(io::Printer* printer) const {
   Formatter format(printer, variables_);
-  if (inlined_) {
-    format("::$proto_ns$::internal::InlinedStringField $name$_;\n");
-  } else {
-    format("::$proto_ns$::internal::ArenaStringPtr $name$_;\n");
-  }
+  format("::$proto_ns$::internal::ArenaStringPtr $name$_;\n");
 }
 
 void StringFieldGenerator::GenerateStaticMembers(io::Printer* printer) const {
   Formatter format(printer, variables_);
   if (!descriptor_->default_value_string().empty()) {
-    // We make the default instance public, so it can be initialized by
-    // non-friend code.
     format(
-        "public:\n"
-        "static ::$proto_ns$::internal::ExplicitlyConstructed<std::string>"
-        " $default_variable_name$;\n"
-        "private:\n");
+        "static const ::$proto_ns$::internal::LazyString"
+        " $default_variable_name$;\n");
   }
 }
 
@@ -187,7 +193,13 @@
   format(
       "inline const std::string& $classname$::$name$() const {\n"
       "$annotate_accessor$"
-      "  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:$full_name$)\n"
+      "  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:$full_name$)\n");
+  if (!descriptor_->default_value_string().empty()) {
+    format(
+        "  if ($name$_.IsDefault(nullptr)) return "
+        "$default_variable_name$.get();\n");
+  }
+  format(
       "  return _internal_$name$();\n"
       "}\n"
       "inline void $classname$::set_$name$(const std::string& value) {\n"
@@ -206,21 +218,20 @@
       "inline void $classname$::_internal_set_$name$(const std::string& "
       "value) {\n"
       "  $set_hasbit$\n"
-      "  $name$_.Set$lite$($default_variable$, value, GetArena());\n"
+      "  $name$_.Set($default_value_tag$, value, GetArena());\n"
       "}\n"
       "inline void $classname$::set_$name$(std::string&& value) {\n"
       "$annotate_accessor$"
       "  $set_hasbit$\n"
-      "  $name$_.Set$lite$(\n"
-      "    $default_variable$, ::std::move(value), GetArena());\n"
+      "  $name$_.Set(\n"
+      "    $default_value_tag$, ::std::move(value), GetArena());\n"
       "  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:$full_name$)\n"
       "}\n"
       "inline void $classname$::set_$name$(const char* value) {\n"
       "$annotate_accessor$"
       "  $null_check$"
       "  $set_hasbit$\n"
-      "  $name$_.Set$lite$($default_variable$, $string_piece$(value),\n"
-      "              GetArena());\n"
+      "  $name$_.Set($default_value_tag$, $string_piece$(value), GetArena());\n"
       "  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:$full_name$)\n"
       "}\n");
   if (!options_.opensource_runtime) {
@@ -228,7 +239,7 @@
         "inline void $classname$::set_$name$(::StringPiece value) {\n"
         "$annotate_accessor$"
         "  $set_hasbit$\n"
-        "  $name$_.Set$lite$($default_variable$, value,GetArena());\n"
+        "  $name$_.Set($default_value_tag$, value,GetArena());\n"
         "  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_string_piece:$full_name$)\n"
         "}\n");
   }
@@ -238,13 +249,13 @@
       "    size_t size) {\n"
       "$annotate_accessor$"
       "  $set_hasbit$\n"
-      "  $name$_.Set$lite$($default_variable$, $string_piece$(\n"
+      "  $name$_.Set($default_value_tag$, $string_piece$(\n"
       "      reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());\n"
       "  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:$full_name$)\n"
       "}\n"
       "inline std::string* $classname$::_internal_mutable_$name$() {\n"
       "  $set_hasbit$\n"
-      "  return $name$_.Mutable($default_variable$, GetArena());\n"
+      "  return $name$_.Mutable($default_variable_or_tag$, GetArena());\n"
       "}\n"
       "inline std::string* $classname$::$release_name$() {\n"
       "$annotate_accessor$"
@@ -256,10 +267,9 @@
         "    return nullptr;\n"
         "  }\n"
         "  $clear_hasbit$\n"
-        "  return $name$_.ReleaseNonDefault("
-        "$default_variable$, GetArena());\n");
+        "  return $name$_.ReleaseNonDefault($init_value$, GetArena());\n");
   } else {
-    format("  return $name$_.Release($default_variable$, GetArena());\n");
+    format("  return $name$_.Release($init_value$, GetArena());\n");
   }
 
   format(
@@ -271,7 +281,7 @@
       "  } else {\n"
       "    $clear_hasbit$\n"
       "  }\n"
-      "  $name$_.SetAllocated($default_variable$, $name$,\n"
+      "  $name$_.SetAllocated($init_value$, $name$,\n"
       "      GetArena());\n"
       "  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_allocated:$full_name$)\n"
       "}\n");
@@ -281,23 +291,19 @@
     io::Printer* printer) const {
   Formatter format(printer, variables_);
   if (!descriptor_->default_value_string().empty()) {
-    // Initialized in GenerateDefaultInstanceAllocator.
     format(
-        "::$proto_ns$::internal::ExplicitlyConstructed<std::string> "
-        "$classname$::$default_variable_name$;\n");
+        "const ::$proto_ns$::internal::LazyString "
+        "$classname$::$default_variable_name$"
+        "{{{$default$, $default_length$}}, {nullptr}};\n");
   }
 }
 
 void StringFieldGenerator::GenerateClearingCode(io::Printer* printer) const {
   Formatter format(printer, variables_);
-  // Two-dimension specialization here: supporting arenas or not, and default
-  // value is the empty string or not. Complexity here ensures the minimal
-  // number of branches / amount of extraneous code at runtime (given that the
-  // below methods are inlined one-liners)!
   if (descriptor_->default_value_string().empty()) {
-    format("$name$_.ClearToEmpty($default_variable$, GetArena());\n");
+    format("$name$_.ClearToEmpty();\n");
   } else {
-    format("$name$_.ClearToDefault($default_variable$, GetArena());\n");
+    format("$name$_.ClearToDefault($lazy_variable$, GetArena());\n");
   }
 }
 
@@ -311,31 +317,19 @@
 
   // If we have a hasbit, then the Clear() method of the protocol buffer
   // will have checked that this field is set.  If so, we can avoid redundant
-  // checks against default_variable.
+  // checks against the default variable.
   const bool must_be_present = HasHasbit(descriptor_);
 
-  if (inlined_ && must_be_present) {
-    // Calling mutable_$name$() gives us a string reference and sets the has bit
-    // for $name$ (in proto2).  We may get here when the string field is inlined
-    // but the string's contents have not been changed by the user, so we cannot
-    // make an assertion about the contents of the string and could never make
-    // an assertion about the string instance.
-    //
-    // For non-inlined strings, we distinguish from non-default by comparing
-    // instances, rather than contents.
-    format("$DCHK$(!$name$_.IsDefault($default_variable$));\n");
-  }
-
   if (descriptor_->default_value_string().empty()) {
     if (must_be_present) {
       format("$name$_.ClearNonDefaultToEmpty();\n");
     } else {
-      format("$name$_.ClearToEmpty($default_variable$, GetArena());\n");
+      format("$name$_.ClearToEmpty();\n");
     }
   } else {
     // Clear to a non-empty default is more involved, as we try to use the
     // Arena if one is present and may need to reallocate the string.
-    format("$name$_.ClearToDefault($default_variable$, GetArena());\n");
+    format("$name$_.ClearToDefault($lazy_variable$, GetArena());\n ");
   }
 }
 
@@ -347,23 +341,12 @@
 
 void StringFieldGenerator::GenerateSwappingCode(io::Printer* printer) const {
   Formatter format(printer, variables_);
-  if (inlined_) {
-    format("$name$_.Swap(&other->$name$_);\n");
-  } else {
-    format("$name$_.Swap(&other->$name$_, $default_variable$, GetArena());\n");
-  }
+  format("$name$_.Swap(&other->$name$_, $init_value$, GetArena());\n");
 }
 
 void StringFieldGenerator::GenerateConstructorCode(io::Printer* printer) const {
   Formatter format(printer, variables_);
-  // TODO(ckennelly): Construct non-empty strings as part of the initializer
-  // list.
-  if (inlined_ && descriptor_->default_value_string().empty()) {
-    // Automatic initialization will construct the string.
-    return;
-  }
-
-  format("$name$_.UnsafeSetDefault($default_variable$);\n");
+  format("$name$_.UnsafeSetDefault($init_value$);\n");
 }
 
 void StringFieldGenerator::GenerateCopyConstructorCode(
@@ -381,7 +364,7 @@
 
   // TODO(gpike): improve this
   format(
-      "$name$_.Set$lite$($default_variable$, from._internal_$name$(),\n"
+      "$name$_.Set($default_value_tag$, from._internal_$name$(), \n"
       "  GetArena());\n");
 
   format.Outdent();
@@ -390,40 +373,7 @@
 
 void StringFieldGenerator::GenerateDestructorCode(io::Printer* printer) const {
   Formatter format(printer, variables_);
-  if (inlined_) {
-    // The destructor is automatically invoked.
-    return;
-  }
-
-  format("$name$_.DestroyNoArena($default_variable$);\n");
-}
-
-bool StringFieldGenerator::GenerateArenaDestructorCode(
-    io::Printer* printer) const {
-  Formatter format(printer, variables_);
-  if (!inlined_) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  format("_this->$name$_.DestroyNoArena($default_variable$);\n");
-  return true;
-}
-
-void StringFieldGenerator::GenerateDefaultInstanceAllocator(
-    io::Printer* printer) const {
-  Formatter format(printer, variables_);
-  if (!descriptor_->default_value_string().empty()) {
-    format(
-        "$ns$::$classname$::$default_variable_name$.DefaultConstruct();\n"
-        "*$ns$::$classname$::$default_variable_name$.get_mutable() = "
-        "std::string($default$, $default_length$);\n"
-        "::$proto_ns$::internal::OnShutdownDestroyString(\n"
-        "    $ns$::$classname$::$default_variable_name$.get_mutable());\n");
-  }
-}
-
-bool StringFieldGenerator::MergeFromCodedStreamNeedsArena() const {
-  return !lite_ && !inlined_ && !options_.opensource_runtime;
+  format("$name$_.DestroyNoArena($init_value$);\n");
 }
 
 void StringFieldGenerator::GenerateSerializeWithCachedSizesToArray(
@@ -449,17 +399,11 @@
       "    this->_internal_$name$());\n");
 }
 
-uint32 StringFieldGenerator::CalculateFieldTag() const {
-  return inlined_ ? 1 : 0;
-}
-
 // ===================================================================
 
 StringOneofFieldGenerator::StringOneofFieldGenerator(
     const FieldDescriptor* descriptor, const Options& options)
     : StringFieldGenerator(descriptor, options) {
-  inlined_ = false;
-
   SetCommonOneofFieldVariables(descriptor, &variables_);
   variables_["field_name"] = UnderscoresToCamelCase(descriptor->name(), true);
   variables_["oneof_index"] =
@@ -491,16 +435,16 @@
       "  if (_internal_has_$name$()) {\n"
       "    return $field_member$.Get();\n"
       "  }\n"
-      "  return *$default_variable$;\n"
+      "  return $default_string$;\n"
       "}\n"
       "inline void $classname$::_internal_set_$name$(const std::string& "
       "value) {\n"
       "  if (!_internal_has_$name$()) {\n"
       "    clear_$oneof_name$();\n"
       "    set_has_$name$();\n"
-      "    $field_member$.UnsafeSetDefault($default_variable$);\n"
+      "    $field_member$.UnsafeSetDefault($init_value$);\n"
       "  }\n"
-      "  $field_member$.Set$lite$($default_variable$, value, GetArena());\n"
+      "  $field_member$.Set($default_value_tag$, value, GetArena());\n"
       "}\n"
       "inline void $classname$::set_$name$(std::string&& value) {\n"
       "$annotate_accessor$"
@@ -508,10 +452,10 @@
       "  if (!_internal_has_$name$()) {\n"
       "    clear_$oneof_name$();\n"
       "    set_has_$name$();\n"
-      "    $field_member$.UnsafeSetDefault($default_variable$);\n"
+      "    $field_member$.UnsafeSetDefault($init_value$);\n"
       "  }\n"
-      "  $field_member$.Set$lite$(\n"
-      "    $default_variable$, ::std::move(value), GetArena());\n"
+      "  $field_member$.Set(\n"
+      "    $default_value_tag$, ::std::move(value), GetArena());\n"
       "  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:$full_name$)\n"
       "}\n"
       "inline void $classname$::set_$name$(const char* value) {\n"
@@ -520,9 +464,9 @@
       "  if (!_internal_has_$name$()) {\n"
       "    clear_$oneof_name$();\n"
       "    set_has_$name$();\n"
-      "    $field_member$.UnsafeSetDefault($default_variable$);\n"
+      "    $field_member$.UnsafeSetDefault($init_value$);\n"
       "  }\n"
-      "  $field_member$.Set$lite$($default_variable$,\n"
+      "  $field_member$.Set($default_value_tag$,\n"
       "      $string_piece$(value), GetArena());\n"
       "  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:$full_name$)\n"
       "}\n");
@@ -533,10 +477,9 @@
         "  if (!_internal_has_$name$()) {\n"
         "    clear_$oneof_name$();\n"
         "    set_has_$name$();\n"
-        "    $field_member$.UnsafeSetDefault($default_variable$);\n"
+        "    $field_member$.UnsafeSetDefault($init_value$);\n"
         "  }\n"
-        "  $field_member$.Set$lite$($default_variable$, value,\n"
-        "      GetArena());\n"
+        "  $field_member$.Set($default_value_tag$, value, GetArena());\n"
         "  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_string_piece:$full_name$)\n"
         "}\n");
   }
@@ -548,10 +491,10 @@
       "  if (!_internal_has_$name$()) {\n"
       "    clear_$oneof_name$();\n"
       "    set_has_$name$();\n"
-      "    $field_member$.UnsafeSetDefault($default_variable$);\n"
+      "    $field_member$.UnsafeSetDefault($init_value$);\n"
       "  }\n"
-      "  $field_member$.Set$lite$(\n"
-      "      $default_variable$, $string_piece$(\n"
+      "  $field_member$.Set(\n"
+      "      $default_value_tag$, $string_piece$(\n"
       "      reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size),\n"
       "      GetArena());\n"
       "  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:$full_name$)\n"
@@ -560,16 +503,17 @@
       "  if (!_internal_has_$name$()) {\n"
       "    clear_$oneof_name$();\n"
       "    set_has_$name$();\n"
-      "    $field_member$.UnsafeSetDefault($default_variable$);\n"
+      "    $field_member$.UnsafeSetDefault($init_value$);\n"
       "  }\n"
-      "  return $field_member$.Mutable($default_variable$, GetArena());\n"
+      "  return $field_member$.Mutable(\n"
+      "      $default_variable_or_tag$, GetArena());\n"
       "}\n"
       "inline std::string* $classname$::$release_name$() {\n"
       "$annotate_accessor$"
       "  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:$full_name$)\n"
       "  if (_internal_has_$name$()) {\n"
       "    clear_has_$oneof_name$();\n"
-      "    return $field_member$.Release($default_variable$, GetArena());\n"
+      "    return $field_member$.ReleaseNonDefault($init_value$, GetArena());\n"
       "  } else {\n"
       "    return nullptr;\n"
       "  }\n"
@@ -594,7 +538,7 @@
 void StringOneofFieldGenerator::GenerateClearingCode(
     io::Printer* printer) const {
   Formatter format(printer, variables_);
-  format("$field_member$.Destroy($default_variable$, GetArena());\n");
+  format("$field_member$.Destroy($default_value_tag$, GetArena());\n");
 }
 
 void StringOneofFieldGenerator::GenerateMessageClearingCode(
@@ -609,10 +553,7 @@
 
 void StringOneofFieldGenerator::GenerateConstructorCode(
     io::Printer* printer) const {
-  Formatter format(printer, variables_);
-  format(
-      "$ns$::_$classname$_default_instance_.$name$_.UnsafeSetDefault(\n"
-      "    $default_variable$);\n");
+  // Nothing required here.
 }
 
 // ===================================================================
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_string_field.h b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_string_field.h
index 0192b3d..91424d2 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_string_field.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/cpp/cpp_string_field.h
@@ -63,18 +63,8 @@
   void GenerateConstructorCode(io::Printer* printer) const;
   void GenerateCopyConstructorCode(io::Printer* printer) const;
   void GenerateDestructorCode(io::Printer* printer) const;
-  bool GenerateArenaDestructorCode(io::Printer* printer) const;
-  void GenerateDefaultInstanceAllocator(io::Printer* printer) const;
   void GenerateSerializeWithCachedSizesToArray(io::Printer* printer) const;
   void GenerateByteSize(io::Printer* printer) const;
-  uint32 CalculateFieldTag() const;
-  bool IsInlined() const { return inlined_; }
-
-  bool MergeFromCodedStreamNeedsArena() const;
-
- protected:
-  const bool lite_;
-  bool inlined_;
 
  private:
   GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(StringFieldGenerator);
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_enum_field.cc b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_enum_field.cc
index 7eb9c75..d96ac7d 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_enum_field.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_enum_field.cc
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
   // with v2.5.0/v2.6.1, and remove the @SuppressWarnings annotations.
   (*variables)["for_number"] = "valueOf";
 
-  if (SupportFieldPresence(descriptor)) {
+  if (HasHasbit(descriptor)) {
     // For singular messages and builders, one bit is used for the hasField bit.
     (*variables)["get_has_field_bit_message"] = GenerateGetBit(messageBitIndex);
     (*variables)["get_has_field_bit_builder"] = GenerateGetBit(builderBitIndex);
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
 ImmutableEnumFieldGenerator::~ImmutableEnumFieldGenerator() {}
 
 int ImmutableEnumFieldGenerator::GetNumBitsForMessage() const {
-  return SupportFieldPresence(descriptor_) ? 1 : 0;
+  return HasHasbit(descriptor_) ? 1 : 0;
 }
 
 int ImmutableEnumFieldGenerator::GetNumBitsForBuilder() const {
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_enum_field_lite.cc b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_enum_field_lite.cc
index 23aea9b..b0b3b78 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_enum_field_lite.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_enum_field_lite.cc
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
       descriptor->options().deprecated() ? "@java.lang.Deprecated " : "";
   (*variables)["required"] = descriptor->is_required() ? "true" : "false";
 
-  if (SupportFieldPresence(descriptor)) {
+  if (HasHasbit(descriptor)) {
     // For singular messages and builders, one bit is used for the hasField bit.
     (*variables)["get_has_field_bit_message"] = GenerateGetBit(messageBitIndex);
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
 ImmutableEnumFieldLiteGenerator::~ImmutableEnumFieldLiteGenerator() {}
 
 int ImmutableEnumFieldLiteGenerator::GetNumBitsForMessage() const {
-  return SupportFieldPresence(descriptor_) ? 1 : 0;
+  return HasHasbit(descriptor_) ? 1 : 0;
 }
 
 void ImmutableEnumFieldLiteGenerator::GenerateInterfaceMembers(
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_message.cc b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_message.cc
index 0192e4b..6623595 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_message.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_message.cc
@@ -1355,7 +1355,6 @@
   }
 }
 
-
 void ImmutableMessageGenerator::GenerateAnyMethods(io::Printer* printer) {
   printer->Print(
       "private static String getTypeUrl(\n"
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_primitive_field.cc b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_primitive_field.cc
index f0b3d09..f06e8fb 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_primitive_field.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_primitive_field.cc
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@
   }
   (*variables)["on_changed"] = "onChanged();";
 
-  if (SupportFieldPresence(descriptor)) {
+  if (HasHasbit(descriptor)) {
     // For singular messages and builders, one bit is used for the hasField bit.
     (*variables)["get_has_field_bit_message"] = GenerateGetBit(messageBitIndex);
     (*variables)["get_has_field_bit_builder"] = GenerateGetBit(builderBitIndex);
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@
 ImmutablePrimitiveFieldGenerator::~ImmutablePrimitiveFieldGenerator() {}
 
 int ImmutablePrimitiveFieldGenerator::GetNumBitsForMessage() const {
-  return SupportFieldPresence(descriptor_) ? 1 : 0;
+  return HasHasbit(descriptor_) ? 1 : 0;
 }
 
 int ImmutablePrimitiveFieldGenerator::GetNumBitsForBuilder() const {
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_primitive_field_lite.cc b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_primitive_field_lite.cc
index 53366b2..59dba76 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_primitive_field_lite.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_primitive_field_lite.cc
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
     (*variables)["fixed_size"] = StrCat(fixed_size);
   }
 
-  if (SupportFieldPresence(descriptor)) {
+  if (HasHasbit(descriptor)) {
     // For singular messages and builders, one bit is used for the hasField bit.
     (*variables)["get_has_field_bit_message"] = GenerateGetBit(messageBitIndex);
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
 ImmutablePrimitiveFieldLiteGenerator::~ImmutablePrimitiveFieldLiteGenerator() {}
 
 int ImmutablePrimitiveFieldLiteGenerator::GetNumBitsForMessage() const {
-  return SupportFieldPresence(descriptor_) ? 1 : 0;
+  return HasHasbit(descriptor_) ? 1 : 0;
 }
 
 void ImmutablePrimitiveFieldLiteGenerator::GenerateInterfaceMembers(
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_string_field.cc b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_string_field.cc
index 37e81b1..548f898 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_string_field.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_string_field.cc
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
       descriptor->options().deprecated() ? "@java.lang.Deprecated " : "";
   (*variables)["on_changed"] = "onChanged();";
 
-  if (SupportFieldPresence(descriptor)) {
+  if (HasHasbit(descriptor)) {
     // For singular messages and builders, one bit is used for the hasField bit.
     (*variables)["get_has_field_bit_message"] = GenerateGetBit(messageBitIndex);
     (*variables)["get_has_field_bit_builder"] = GenerateGetBit(builderBitIndex);
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
 ImmutableStringFieldGenerator::~ImmutableStringFieldGenerator() {}
 
 int ImmutableStringFieldGenerator::GetNumBitsForMessage() const {
-  return SupportFieldPresence(descriptor_) ? 1 : 0;
+  return HasHasbit(descriptor_) ? 1 : 0;
 }
 
 int ImmutableStringFieldGenerator::GetNumBitsForBuilder() const {
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_string_field_lite.cc b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_string_field_lite.cc
index 432a789..06a3c25 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_string_field_lite.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/java/java_string_field_lite.cc
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
       descriptor->options().deprecated() ? "@java.lang.Deprecated " : "";
   (*variables)["required"] = descriptor->is_required() ? "true" : "false";
 
-  if (SupportFieldPresence(descriptor)) {
+  if (HasHasbit(descriptor)) {
     // For singular messages and builders, one bit is used for the hasField bit.
     (*variables)["get_has_field_bit_message"] = GenerateGetBit(messageBitIndex);
 
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
 ImmutableStringFieldLiteGenerator::~ImmutableStringFieldLiteGenerator() {}
 
 int ImmutableStringFieldLiteGenerator::GetNumBitsForMessage() const {
-  return SupportFieldPresence(descriptor_) ? 1 : 0;
+  return HasHasbit(descriptor_) ? 1 : 0;
 }
 
 // A note about how strings are handled. In the SPEED and CODE_SIZE runtimes,
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/mock_code_generator.cc b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/mock_code_generator.cc
index b463622..3abb5c0 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/mock_code_generator.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/mock_code_generator.cc
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
 
   std::vector<std::string> insertion_list;
   if (!insertions.empty()) {
-    SplitStringUsing(insertions, ",", &insertion_list);
+    insertion_list = Split(insertions, ",", true);
   }
 
   EXPECT_EQ(lines.size(), 3 + insertion_list.size() * 2);
@@ -250,12 +250,10 @@
 
   bool insert_endlines = HasPrefixString(parameter, "insert_endlines=");
   if (insert_endlines || HasPrefixString(parameter, "insert=")) {
-    std::vector<std::string> insert_into;
-
-    SplitStringUsing(
+    std::vector<std::string> insert_into = Split(
         StripPrefixString(
             parameter, insert_endlines ? "insert_endlines=" : "insert="),
-        ",", &insert_into);
+        ",", true);
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < insert_into.size(); i++) {
       {
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/plugin.pb.cc b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/plugin.pb.cc
index 2b39bc4..a173a78 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/plugin.pb.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/plugin.pb.cc
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   suffix_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_suffix()) {
-    suffix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_suffix(),
+    suffix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_suffix(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   ::memcpy(&major_, &from.major_,
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   parameter_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_parameter()) {
-    parameter_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_parameter(),
+    parameter_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_parameter(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   if (from._internal_has_compiler_version()) {
@@ -946,17 +946,17 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_name()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   insertion_point_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_insertion_point()) {
-    insertion_point_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_insertion_point(),
+    insertion_point_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_insertion_point(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   content_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_content()) {
-    content_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_content(),
+    content_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_content(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   if (from._internal_has_generated_code_info()) {
@@ -1302,7 +1302,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   error_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_error()) {
-    error_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_error(),
+    error_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_error(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   supported_features_ = from.supported_features_;
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/plugin.pb.h b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/plugin.pb.h
index 09e3bbb..ee1308c 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/compiler/plugin.pb.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/compiler/plugin.pb.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/arenastring.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/metadata_lite.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/message.h>
@@ -1076,7 +1075,7 @@
   return _internal_has_suffix();
 }
 inline void Version::clear_suffix() {
-  suffix_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  suffix_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& Version::suffix() const {
@@ -1096,31 +1095,30 @@
 }
 inline void Version::_internal_set_suffix(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  suffix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  suffix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Version::set_suffix(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   suffix_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.compiler.Version.suffix)
 }
 inline void Version::set_suffix(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  suffix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  suffix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.compiler.Version.suffix)
 }
 inline void Version::set_suffix(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  suffix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  suffix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.compiler.Version.suffix)
 }
 inline std::string* Version::_internal_mutable_suffix() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return suffix_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return suffix_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Version::release_suffix() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.compiler.Version.suffix)
@@ -1228,7 +1226,7 @@
   return _internal_has_parameter();
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorRequest::clear_parameter() {
-  parameter_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  parameter_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& CodeGeneratorRequest::parameter() const {
@@ -1248,31 +1246,30 @@
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorRequest::_internal_set_parameter(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  parameter_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  parameter_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorRequest::set_parameter(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   parameter_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorRequest.parameter)
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorRequest::set_parameter(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  parameter_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  parameter_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorRequest.parameter)
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorRequest::set_parameter(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  parameter_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  parameter_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorRequest.parameter)
 }
 inline std::string* CodeGeneratorRequest::_internal_mutable_parameter() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return parameter_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return parameter_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* CodeGeneratorRequest::release_parameter() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorRequest.parameter)
@@ -1425,7 +1422,7 @@
   return _internal_has_name();
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse_File::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& CodeGeneratorResponse_File::name() const {
@@ -1445,31 +1442,30 @@
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse_File::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse_File::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.File.name)
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse_File::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.File.name)
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse_File::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.File.name)
 }
 inline std::string* CodeGeneratorResponse_File::_internal_mutable_name() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* CodeGeneratorResponse_File::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.File.name)
@@ -1499,7 +1495,7 @@
   return _internal_has_insertion_point();
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse_File::clear_insertion_point() {
-  insertion_point_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  insertion_point_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000002u;
 }
 inline const std::string& CodeGeneratorResponse_File::insertion_point() const {
@@ -1519,31 +1515,30 @@
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse_File::_internal_set_insertion_point(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  insertion_point_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  insertion_point_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse_File::set_insertion_point(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
   insertion_point_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.File.insertion_point)
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse_File::set_insertion_point(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  insertion_point_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  insertion_point_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.File.insertion_point)
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse_File::set_insertion_point(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  insertion_point_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  insertion_point_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.File.insertion_point)
 }
 inline std::string* CodeGeneratorResponse_File::_internal_mutable_insertion_point() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  return insertion_point_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return insertion_point_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* CodeGeneratorResponse_File::release_insertion_point() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.File.insertion_point)
@@ -1573,7 +1568,7 @@
   return _internal_has_content();
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse_File::clear_content() {
-  content_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  content_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000004u;
 }
 inline const std::string& CodeGeneratorResponse_File::content() const {
@@ -1593,31 +1588,30 @@
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse_File::_internal_set_content(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  content_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  content_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse_File::set_content(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
   content_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.File.content)
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse_File::set_content(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  content_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  content_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.File.content)
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse_File::set_content(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  content_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  content_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.File.content)
 }
 inline std::string* CodeGeneratorResponse_File::_internal_mutable_content() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  return content_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return content_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* CodeGeneratorResponse_File::release_content() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.File.content)
@@ -1730,7 +1724,7 @@
   return _internal_has_error();
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse::clear_error() {
-  error_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  error_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& CodeGeneratorResponse::error() const {
@@ -1750,31 +1744,30 @@
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse::_internal_set_error(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  error_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  error_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse::set_error(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   error_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.error)
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse::set_error(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  error_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  error_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.error)
 }
 inline void CodeGeneratorResponse::set_error(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  error_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  error_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.error)
 }
 inline std::string* CodeGeneratorResponse::_internal_mutable_error() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return error_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return error_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* CodeGeneratorResponse::release_error() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.compiler.CodeGeneratorResponse.error)
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.cc b/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.cc
index c3d9655..d1d0828 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.cc
@@ -4052,7 +4052,8 @@
       // Symbol seems to have been defined in a different file.
       AddError(full_name, proto, DescriptorPool::ErrorCollector::NAME,
                "\"" + full_name + "\" is already defined in file \"" +
-                   other_file->name() + "\".");
+                   (other_file == nullptr ? "null" : other_file->name()) +
+                   "\".");
     }
     return false;
   }
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.pb.cc b/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.pb.cc
index e3eba97..288ff06 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.pb.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.pb.cc
@@ -1605,17 +1605,17 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_name()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   package_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_package()) {
-    package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_package(),
+    package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_package(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   syntax_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_syntax()) {
-    syntax_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_syntax(),
+    syntax_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_syntax(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   if (from._internal_has_options()) {
@@ -2807,7 +2807,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_name()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   if (from._internal_has_options()) {
@@ -3588,27 +3588,27 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_name()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   extendee_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_extendee()) {
-    extendee_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_extendee(),
+    extendee_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_extendee(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   type_name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_type_name()) {
-    type_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_type_name(),
+    type_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_type_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   default_value_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_default_value()) {
-    default_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_default_value(),
+    default_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_default_value(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   json_name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_json_name()) {
-    json_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_json_name(),
+    json_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_json_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   if (from._internal_has_options()) {
@@ -4190,7 +4190,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_name()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   if (from._internal_has_options()) {
@@ -4728,7 +4728,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_name()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   if (from._internal_has_options()) {
@@ -5107,7 +5107,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_name()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   if (from._internal_has_options()) {
@@ -5421,7 +5421,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_name()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   if (from._internal_has_options()) {
@@ -5742,17 +5742,17 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_name()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   input_type_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_input_type()) {
-    input_type_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_input_type(),
+    input_type_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_input_type(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   output_type_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_output_type()) {
-    output_type_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_output_type(),
+    output_type_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_output_type(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   if (from._internal_has_options()) {
@@ -6215,52 +6215,52 @@
   _extensions_.MergeFrom(from._extensions_);
   java_package_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_java_package()) {
-    java_package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_java_package(),
+    java_package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_java_package(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   java_outer_classname_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_java_outer_classname()) {
-    java_outer_classname_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_java_outer_classname(),
+    java_outer_classname_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_java_outer_classname(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   go_package_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_go_package()) {
-    go_package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_go_package(),
+    go_package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_go_package(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   objc_class_prefix_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_objc_class_prefix()) {
-    objc_class_prefix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_objc_class_prefix(),
+    objc_class_prefix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_objc_class_prefix(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   csharp_namespace_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_csharp_namespace()) {
-    csharp_namespace_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_csharp_namespace(),
+    csharp_namespace_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_csharp_namespace(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   swift_prefix_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_swift_prefix()) {
-    swift_prefix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_swift_prefix(),
+    swift_prefix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_swift_prefix(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   php_class_prefix_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_php_class_prefix()) {
-    php_class_prefix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_php_class_prefix(),
+    php_class_prefix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_php_class_prefix(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   php_namespace_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_php_namespace()) {
-    php_namespace_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_php_namespace(),
+    php_namespace_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_php_namespace(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   php_metadata_namespace_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_php_metadata_namespace()) {
-    php_metadata_namespace_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_php_metadata_namespace(),
+    php_metadata_namespace_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_php_metadata_namespace(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   ruby_package_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_ruby_package()) {
-    ruby_package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_ruby_package(),
+    ruby_package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_ruby_package(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   ::memcpy(&java_multiple_files_, &from.java_multiple_files_,
@@ -9270,7 +9270,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_part_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_name_part()) {
-    name_part_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name_part(),
+    name_part_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name_part(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   is_extension_ = from.is_extension_;
@@ -9558,17 +9558,17 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   identifier_value_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_identifier_value()) {
-    identifier_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_identifier_value(),
+    identifier_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_identifier_value(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   string_value_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_string_value()) {
-    string_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_string_value(),
+    string_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_string_value(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   aggregate_value_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_aggregate_value()) {
-    aggregate_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_aggregate_value(),
+    aggregate_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_aggregate_value(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   ::memcpy(&positive_int_value_, &from.positive_int_value_,
@@ -9993,12 +9993,12 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   leading_comments_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_leading_comments()) {
-    leading_comments_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_leading_comments(),
+    leading_comments_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_leading_comments(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   trailing_comments_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_trailing_comments()) {
-    trailing_comments_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_trailing_comments(),
+    trailing_comments_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_trailing_comments(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(copy_constructor:google.protobuf.SourceCodeInfo.Location)
@@ -10585,7 +10585,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   source_file_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (from._internal_has_source_file()) {
-    source_file_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_source_file(),
+    source_file_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_source_file(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   ::memcpy(&begin_, &from.begin_,
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.pb.h b/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.pb.h
index feaae11..20c412a 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.pb.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/descriptor.pb.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/arenastring.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/metadata_lite.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/message.h>
@@ -6623,7 +6622,7 @@
   return _internal_has_name();
 }
 inline void FileDescriptorProto::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FileDescriptorProto::name() const {
@@ -6643,31 +6642,30 @@
 }
 inline void FileDescriptorProto::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FileDescriptorProto::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FileDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void FileDescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FileDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void FileDescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FileDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline std::string* FileDescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_name() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FileDescriptorProto::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FileDescriptorProto.name)
@@ -6697,7 +6695,7 @@
   return _internal_has_package();
 }
 inline void FileDescriptorProto::clear_package() {
-  package_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  package_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000002u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FileDescriptorProto::package() const {
@@ -6717,31 +6715,30 @@
 }
 inline void FileDescriptorProto::_internal_set_package(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FileDescriptorProto::set_package(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
   package_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FileDescriptorProto.package)
 }
 inline void FileDescriptorProto::set_package(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FileDescriptorProto.package)
 }
 inline void FileDescriptorProto::set_package(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FileDescriptorProto.package)
 }
 inline std::string* FileDescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_package() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  return package_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return package_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FileDescriptorProto::release_package() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FileDescriptorProto.package)
@@ -7261,7 +7258,7 @@
   return _internal_has_syntax();
 }
 inline void FileDescriptorProto::clear_syntax() {
-  syntax_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  syntax_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000004u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FileDescriptorProto::syntax() const {
@@ -7281,31 +7278,30 @@
 }
 inline void FileDescriptorProto::_internal_set_syntax(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  syntax_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  syntax_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FileDescriptorProto::set_syntax(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
   syntax_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FileDescriptorProto.syntax)
 }
 inline void FileDescriptorProto::set_syntax(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  syntax_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  syntax_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FileDescriptorProto.syntax)
 }
 inline void FileDescriptorProto::set_syntax(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  syntax_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  syntax_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FileDescriptorProto.syntax)
 }
 inline std::string* FileDescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_syntax() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  return syntax_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return syntax_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FileDescriptorProto::release_syntax() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FileDescriptorProto.syntax)
@@ -7542,7 +7538,7 @@
   return _internal_has_name();
 }
 inline void DescriptorProto::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& DescriptorProto::name() const {
@@ -7562,31 +7558,30 @@
 }
 inline void DescriptorProto::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void DescriptorProto::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.DescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void DescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.DescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void DescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.DescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline std::string* DescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_name() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* DescriptorProto::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.DescriptorProto.name)
@@ -8093,7 +8088,7 @@
   return _internal_has_name();
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FieldDescriptorProto::name() const {
@@ -8113,31 +8108,30 @@
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline std::string* FieldDescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_name() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FieldDescriptorProto::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.name)
@@ -8253,7 +8247,7 @@
   return _internal_has_type_name();
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::clear_type_name() {
-  type_name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  type_name_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000004u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FieldDescriptorProto::type_name() const {
@@ -8273,31 +8267,30 @@
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::_internal_set_type_name(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  type_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  type_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::set_type_name(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
   type_name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.type_name)
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::set_type_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  type_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  type_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.type_name)
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::set_type_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  type_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  type_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.type_name)
 }
 inline std::string* FieldDescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_type_name() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  return type_name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return type_name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FieldDescriptorProto::release_type_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.type_name)
@@ -8327,7 +8320,7 @@
   return _internal_has_extendee();
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::clear_extendee() {
-  extendee_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  extendee_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000002u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FieldDescriptorProto::extendee() const {
@@ -8347,31 +8340,30 @@
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::_internal_set_extendee(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  extendee_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  extendee_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::set_extendee(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
   extendee_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.extendee)
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::set_extendee(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  extendee_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  extendee_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.extendee)
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::set_extendee(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  extendee_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  extendee_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.extendee)
 }
 inline std::string* FieldDescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_extendee() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  return extendee_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return extendee_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FieldDescriptorProto::release_extendee() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.extendee)
@@ -8401,7 +8393,7 @@
   return _internal_has_default_value();
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::clear_default_value() {
-  default_value_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  default_value_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000008u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FieldDescriptorProto::default_value() const {
@@ -8421,31 +8413,30 @@
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::_internal_set_default_value(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000008u;
-  default_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  default_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::set_default_value(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000008u;
   default_value_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.default_value)
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::set_default_value(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000008u;
-  default_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  default_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.default_value)
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::set_default_value(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000008u;
-  default_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  default_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.default_value)
 }
 inline std::string* FieldDescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_default_value() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000008u;
-  return default_value_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return default_value_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FieldDescriptorProto::release_default_value() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.default_value)
@@ -8503,7 +8494,7 @@
   return _internal_has_json_name();
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::clear_json_name() {
-  json_name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  json_name_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000010u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FieldDescriptorProto::json_name() const {
@@ -8523,31 +8514,30 @@
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::_internal_set_json_name(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000010u;
-  json_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  json_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::set_json_name(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000010u;
   json_name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.json_name)
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::set_json_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000010u;
-  json_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  json_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.json_name)
 }
 inline void FieldDescriptorProto::set_json_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000010u;
-  json_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  json_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.json_name)
 }
 inline std::string* FieldDescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_json_name() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000010u;
-  return json_name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return json_name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FieldDescriptorProto::release_json_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FieldDescriptorProto.json_name)
@@ -8692,7 +8682,7 @@
   return _internal_has_name();
 }
 inline void OneofDescriptorProto::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& OneofDescriptorProto::name() const {
@@ -8712,31 +8702,30 @@
 }
 inline void OneofDescriptorProto::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void OneofDescriptorProto::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.OneofDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void OneofDescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.OneofDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void OneofDescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.OneofDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline std::string* OneofDescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_name() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* OneofDescriptorProto::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.OneofDescriptorProto.name)
@@ -8913,7 +8902,7 @@
   return _internal_has_name();
 }
 inline void EnumDescriptorProto::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& EnumDescriptorProto::name() const {
@@ -8933,31 +8922,30 @@
 }
 inline void EnumDescriptorProto::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void EnumDescriptorProto::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.EnumDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void EnumDescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.EnumDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void EnumDescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.EnumDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline std::string* EnumDescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_name() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* EnumDescriptorProto::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.EnumDescriptorProto.name)
@@ -9226,7 +9214,7 @@
   return _internal_has_name();
 }
 inline void EnumValueDescriptorProto::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& EnumValueDescriptorProto::name() const {
@@ -9246,31 +9234,30 @@
 }
 inline void EnumValueDescriptorProto::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void EnumValueDescriptorProto::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.EnumValueDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void EnumValueDescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.EnumValueDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void EnumValueDescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.EnumValueDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline std::string* EnumValueDescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_name() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* EnumValueDescriptorProto::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.EnumValueDescriptorProto.name)
@@ -9415,7 +9402,7 @@
   return _internal_has_name();
 }
 inline void ServiceDescriptorProto::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& ServiceDescriptorProto::name() const {
@@ -9435,31 +9422,30 @@
 }
 inline void ServiceDescriptorProto::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void ServiceDescriptorProto::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.ServiceDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void ServiceDescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.ServiceDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void ServiceDescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.ServiceDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline std::string* ServiceDescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_name() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* ServiceDescriptorProto::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.ServiceDescriptorProto.name)
@@ -9615,7 +9601,7 @@
   return _internal_has_name();
 }
 inline void MethodDescriptorProto::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& MethodDescriptorProto::name() const {
@@ -9635,31 +9621,30 @@
 }
 inline void MethodDescriptorProto::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void MethodDescriptorProto::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.MethodDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void MethodDescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.MethodDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline void MethodDescriptorProto::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.MethodDescriptorProto.name)
 }
 inline std::string* MethodDescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_name() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* MethodDescriptorProto::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.MethodDescriptorProto.name)
@@ -9689,7 +9674,7 @@
   return _internal_has_input_type();
 }
 inline void MethodDescriptorProto::clear_input_type() {
-  input_type_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  input_type_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000002u;
 }
 inline const std::string& MethodDescriptorProto::input_type() const {
@@ -9709,31 +9694,30 @@
 }
 inline void MethodDescriptorProto::_internal_set_input_type(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  input_type_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  input_type_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void MethodDescriptorProto::set_input_type(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
   input_type_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.MethodDescriptorProto.input_type)
 }
 inline void MethodDescriptorProto::set_input_type(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  input_type_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  input_type_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.MethodDescriptorProto.input_type)
 }
 inline void MethodDescriptorProto::set_input_type(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  input_type_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  input_type_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.MethodDescriptorProto.input_type)
 }
 inline std::string* MethodDescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_input_type() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  return input_type_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return input_type_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* MethodDescriptorProto::release_input_type() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.MethodDescriptorProto.input_type)
@@ -9763,7 +9747,7 @@
   return _internal_has_output_type();
 }
 inline void MethodDescriptorProto::clear_output_type() {
-  output_type_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  output_type_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000004u;
 }
 inline const std::string& MethodDescriptorProto::output_type() const {
@@ -9783,31 +9767,30 @@
 }
 inline void MethodDescriptorProto::_internal_set_output_type(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  output_type_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  output_type_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void MethodDescriptorProto::set_output_type(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
   output_type_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.MethodDescriptorProto.output_type)
 }
 inline void MethodDescriptorProto::set_output_type(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  output_type_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  output_type_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.MethodDescriptorProto.output_type)
 }
 inline void MethodDescriptorProto::set_output_type(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  output_type_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  output_type_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.MethodDescriptorProto.output_type)
 }
 inline std::string* MethodDescriptorProto::_internal_mutable_output_type() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  return output_type_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return output_type_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* MethodDescriptorProto::release_output_type() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.MethodDescriptorProto.output_type)
@@ -9980,7 +9963,7 @@
   return _internal_has_java_package();
 }
 inline void FileOptions::clear_java_package() {
-  java_package_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  java_package_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FileOptions::java_package() const {
@@ -10000,31 +9983,30 @@
 }
 inline void FileOptions::_internal_set_java_package(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  java_package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  java_package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_java_package(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   java_package_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FileOptions.java_package)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_java_package(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  java_package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  java_package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FileOptions.java_package)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_java_package(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  java_package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  java_package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FileOptions.java_package)
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::_internal_mutable_java_package() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return java_package_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return java_package_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::release_java_package() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FileOptions.java_package)
@@ -10054,7 +10036,7 @@
   return _internal_has_java_outer_classname();
 }
 inline void FileOptions::clear_java_outer_classname() {
-  java_outer_classname_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  java_outer_classname_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000002u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FileOptions::java_outer_classname() const {
@@ -10074,31 +10056,30 @@
 }
 inline void FileOptions::_internal_set_java_outer_classname(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  java_outer_classname_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  java_outer_classname_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_java_outer_classname(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
   java_outer_classname_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FileOptions.java_outer_classname)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_java_outer_classname(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  java_outer_classname_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  java_outer_classname_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FileOptions.java_outer_classname)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_java_outer_classname(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  java_outer_classname_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  java_outer_classname_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FileOptions.java_outer_classname)
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::_internal_mutable_java_outer_classname() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  return java_outer_classname_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return java_outer_classname_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::release_java_outer_classname() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FileOptions.java_outer_classname)
@@ -10241,7 +10222,7 @@
   return _internal_has_go_package();
 }
 inline void FileOptions::clear_go_package() {
-  go_package_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  go_package_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000004u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FileOptions::go_package() const {
@@ -10261,31 +10242,30 @@
 }
 inline void FileOptions::_internal_set_go_package(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  go_package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  go_package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_go_package(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
   go_package_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FileOptions.go_package)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_go_package(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  go_package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  go_package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FileOptions.go_package)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_go_package(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  go_package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  go_package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FileOptions.go_package)
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::_internal_mutable_go_package() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  return go_package_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return go_package_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::release_go_package() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FileOptions.go_package)
@@ -10483,7 +10463,7 @@
   return _internal_has_objc_class_prefix();
 }
 inline void FileOptions::clear_objc_class_prefix() {
-  objc_class_prefix_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  objc_class_prefix_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000008u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FileOptions::objc_class_prefix() const {
@@ -10503,31 +10483,30 @@
 }
 inline void FileOptions::_internal_set_objc_class_prefix(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000008u;
-  objc_class_prefix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  objc_class_prefix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_objc_class_prefix(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000008u;
   objc_class_prefix_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FileOptions.objc_class_prefix)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_objc_class_prefix(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000008u;
-  objc_class_prefix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  objc_class_prefix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FileOptions.objc_class_prefix)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_objc_class_prefix(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000008u;
-  objc_class_prefix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  objc_class_prefix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FileOptions.objc_class_prefix)
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::_internal_mutable_objc_class_prefix() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000008u;
-  return objc_class_prefix_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return objc_class_prefix_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::release_objc_class_prefix() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FileOptions.objc_class_prefix)
@@ -10557,7 +10536,7 @@
   return _internal_has_csharp_namespace();
 }
 inline void FileOptions::clear_csharp_namespace() {
-  csharp_namespace_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  csharp_namespace_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000010u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FileOptions::csharp_namespace() const {
@@ -10577,31 +10556,30 @@
 }
 inline void FileOptions::_internal_set_csharp_namespace(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000010u;
-  csharp_namespace_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  csharp_namespace_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_csharp_namespace(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000010u;
   csharp_namespace_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FileOptions.csharp_namespace)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_csharp_namespace(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000010u;
-  csharp_namespace_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  csharp_namespace_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FileOptions.csharp_namespace)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_csharp_namespace(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000010u;
-  csharp_namespace_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  csharp_namespace_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FileOptions.csharp_namespace)
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::_internal_mutable_csharp_namespace() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000010u;
-  return csharp_namespace_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return csharp_namespace_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::release_csharp_namespace() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FileOptions.csharp_namespace)
@@ -10631,7 +10609,7 @@
   return _internal_has_swift_prefix();
 }
 inline void FileOptions::clear_swift_prefix() {
-  swift_prefix_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  swift_prefix_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000020u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FileOptions::swift_prefix() const {
@@ -10651,31 +10629,30 @@
 }
 inline void FileOptions::_internal_set_swift_prefix(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000020u;
-  swift_prefix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  swift_prefix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_swift_prefix(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000020u;
   swift_prefix_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FileOptions.swift_prefix)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_swift_prefix(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000020u;
-  swift_prefix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  swift_prefix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FileOptions.swift_prefix)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_swift_prefix(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000020u;
-  swift_prefix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  swift_prefix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FileOptions.swift_prefix)
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::_internal_mutable_swift_prefix() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000020u;
-  return swift_prefix_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return swift_prefix_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::release_swift_prefix() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FileOptions.swift_prefix)
@@ -10705,7 +10682,7 @@
   return _internal_has_php_class_prefix();
 }
 inline void FileOptions::clear_php_class_prefix() {
-  php_class_prefix_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  php_class_prefix_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000040u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FileOptions::php_class_prefix() const {
@@ -10725,31 +10702,30 @@
 }
 inline void FileOptions::_internal_set_php_class_prefix(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000040u;
-  php_class_prefix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  php_class_prefix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_php_class_prefix(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000040u;
   php_class_prefix_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FileOptions.php_class_prefix)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_php_class_prefix(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000040u;
-  php_class_prefix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  php_class_prefix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FileOptions.php_class_prefix)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_php_class_prefix(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000040u;
-  php_class_prefix_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  php_class_prefix_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FileOptions.php_class_prefix)
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::_internal_mutable_php_class_prefix() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000040u;
-  return php_class_prefix_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return php_class_prefix_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::release_php_class_prefix() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FileOptions.php_class_prefix)
@@ -10779,7 +10755,7 @@
   return _internal_has_php_namespace();
 }
 inline void FileOptions::clear_php_namespace() {
-  php_namespace_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  php_namespace_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000080u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FileOptions::php_namespace() const {
@@ -10799,31 +10775,30 @@
 }
 inline void FileOptions::_internal_set_php_namespace(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000080u;
-  php_namespace_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  php_namespace_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_php_namespace(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000080u;
   php_namespace_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FileOptions.php_namespace)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_php_namespace(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000080u;
-  php_namespace_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  php_namespace_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FileOptions.php_namespace)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_php_namespace(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000080u;
-  php_namespace_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  php_namespace_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FileOptions.php_namespace)
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::_internal_mutable_php_namespace() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000080u;
-  return php_namespace_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return php_namespace_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::release_php_namespace() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FileOptions.php_namespace)
@@ -10853,7 +10828,7 @@
   return _internal_has_php_metadata_namespace();
 }
 inline void FileOptions::clear_php_metadata_namespace() {
-  php_metadata_namespace_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  php_metadata_namespace_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000100u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FileOptions::php_metadata_namespace() const {
@@ -10873,31 +10848,30 @@
 }
 inline void FileOptions::_internal_set_php_metadata_namespace(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000100u;
-  php_metadata_namespace_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  php_metadata_namespace_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_php_metadata_namespace(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000100u;
   php_metadata_namespace_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FileOptions.php_metadata_namespace)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_php_metadata_namespace(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000100u;
-  php_metadata_namespace_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  php_metadata_namespace_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FileOptions.php_metadata_namespace)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_php_metadata_namespace(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000100u;
-  php_metadata_namespace_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  php_metadata_namespace_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FileOptions.php_metadata_namespace)
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::_internal_mutable_php_metadata_namespace() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000100u;
-  return php_metadata_namespace_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return php_metadata_namespace_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::release_php_metadata_namespace() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FileOptions.php_metadata_namespace)
@@ -10927,7 +10901,7 @@
   return _internal_has_ruby_package();
 }
 inline void FileOptions::clear_ruby_package() {
-  ruby_package_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  ruby_package_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000200u;
 }
 inline const std::string& FileOptions::ruby_package() const {
@@ -10947,31 +10921,30 @@
 }
 inline void FileOptions::_internal_set_ruby_package(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000200u;
-  ruby_package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  ruby_package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_ruby_package(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000200u;
   ruby_package_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.FileOptions.ruby_package)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_ruby_package(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000200u;
-  ruby_package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  ruby_package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.FileOptions.ruby_package)
 }
 inline void FileOptions::set_ruby_package(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000200u;
-  ruby_package_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  ruby_package_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.FileOptions.ruby_package)
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::_internal_mutable_ruby_package() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000200u;
-  return ruby_package_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return ruby_package_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* FileOptions::release_ruby_package() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.FileOptions.ruby_package)
@@ -11796,7 +11769,7 @@
   return _internal_has_name_part();
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption_NamePart::clear_name_part() {
-  name_part_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_part_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& UninterpretedOption_NamePart::name_part() const {
@@ -11816,31 +11789,30 @@
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption_NamePart::_internal_set_name_part(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_part_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_part_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption_NamePart::set_name_part(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   name_part_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.NamePart.name_part)
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption_NamePart::set_name_part(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_part_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_part_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.NamePart.name_part)
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption_NamePart::set_name_part(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  name_part_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_part_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.NamePart.name_part)
 }
 inline std::string* UninterpretedOption_NamePart::_internal_mutable_name_part() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return name_part_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_part_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* UninterpretedOption_NamePart::release_name_part() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.NamePart.name_part)
@@ -11941,7 +11913,7 @@
   return _internal_has_identifier_value();
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption::clear_identifier_value() {
-  identifier_value_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  identifier_value_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& UninterpretedOption::identifier_value() const {
@@ -11961,31 +11933,30 @@
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption::_internal_set_identifier_value(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  identifier_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  identifier_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption::set_identifier_value(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   identifier_value_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.identifier_value)
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption::set_identifier_value(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  identifier_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  identifier_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.identifier_value)
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption::set_identifier_value(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  identifier_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  identifier_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.identifier_value)
 }
 inline std::string* UninterpretedOption::_internal_mutable_identifier_value() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return identifier_value_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return identifier_value_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* UninterpretedOption::release_identifier_value() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.identifier_value)
@@ -12099,7 +12070,7 @@
   return _internal_has_string_value();
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption::clear_string_value() {
-  string_value_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  string_value_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000002u;
 }
 inline const std::string& UninterpretedOption::string_value() const {
@@ -12119,31 +12090,30 @@
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption::_internal_set_string_value(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  string_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  string_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption::set_string_value(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
   string_value_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.string_value)
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption::set_string_value(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  string_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  string_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.string_value)
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption::set_string_value(const void* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  string_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  string_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.string_value)
 }
 inline std::string* UninterpretedOption::_internal_mutable_string_value() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  return string_value_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return string_value_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* UninterpretedOption::release_string_value() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.string_value)
@@ -12173,7 +12143,7 @@
   return _internal_has_aggregate_value();
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption::clear_aggregate_value() {
-  aggregate_value_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  aggregate_value_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000004u;
 }
 inline const std::string& UninterpretedOption::aggregate_value() const {
@@ -12193,31 +12163,30 @@
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption::_internal_set_aggregate_value(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  aggregate_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  aggregate_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption::set_aggregate_value(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
   aggregate_value_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.aggregate_value)
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption::set_aggregate_value(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  aggregate_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  aggregate_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.aggregate_value)
 }
 inline void UninterpretedOption::set_aggregate_value(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  aggregate_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  aggregate_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.aggregate_value)
 }
 inline std::string* UninterpretedOption::_internal_mutable_aggregate_value() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
-  return aggregate_value_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return aggregate_value_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* UninterpretedOption::release_aggregate_value() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.UninterpretedOption.aggregate_value)
@@ -12345,7 +12314,7 @@
   return _internal_has_leading_comments();
 }
 inline void SourceCodeInfo_Location::clear_leading_comments() {
-  leading_comments_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  leading_comments_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& SourceCodeInfo_Location::leading_comments() const {
@@ -12365,31 +12334,30 @@
 }
 inline void SourceCodeInfo_Location::_internal_set_leading_comments(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  leading_comments_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  leading_comments_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void SourceCodeInfo_Location::set_leading_comments(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   leading_comments_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.SourceCodeInfo.Location.leading_comments)
 }
 inline void SourceCodeInfo_Location::set_leading_comments(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  leading_comments_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  leading_comments_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.SourceCodeInfo.Location.leading_comments)
 }
 inline void SourceCodeInfo_Location::set_leading_comments(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  leading_comments_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  leading_comments_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.SourceCodeInfo.Location.leading_comments)
 }
 inline std::string* SourceCodeInfo_Location::_internal_mutable_leading_comments() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return leading_comments_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return leading_comments_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* SourceCodeInfo_Location::release_leading_comments() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.SourceCodeInfo.Location.leading_comments)
@@ -12419,7 +12387,7 @@
   return _internal_has_trailing_comments();
 }
 inline void SourceCodeInfo_Location::clear_trailing_comments() {
-  trailing_comments_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  trailing_comments_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000002u;
 }
 inline const std::string& SourceCodeInfo_Location::trailing_comments() const {
@@ -12439,31 +12407,30 @@
 }
 inline void SourceCodeInfo_Location::_internal_set_trailing_comments(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  trailing_comments_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  trailing_comments_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void SourceCodeInfo_Location::set_trailing_comments(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
   trailing_comments_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.SourceCodeInfo.Location.trailing_comments)
 }
 inline void SourceCodeInfo_Location::set_trailing_comments(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  trailing_comments_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  trailing_comments_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.SourceCodeInfo.Location.trailing_comments)
 }
 inline void SourceCodeInfo_Location::set_trailing_comments(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  trailing_comments_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  trailing_comments_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.SourceCodeInfo.Location.trailing_comments)
 }
 inline std::string* SourceCodeInfo_Location::_internal_mutable_trailing_comments() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
-  return trailing_comments_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return trailing_comments_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* SourceCodeInfo_Location::release_trailing_comments() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.SourceCodeInfo.Location.trailing_comments)
@@ -12661,7 +12628,7 @@
   return _internal_has_source_file();
 }
 inline void GeneratedCodeInfo_Annotation::clear_source_file() {
-  source_file_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  source_file_.ClearToEmpty();
   _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
 }
 inline const std::string& GeneratedCodeInfo_Annotation::source_file() const {
@@ -12681,31 +12648,30 @@
 }
 inline void GeneratedCodeInfo_Annotation::_internal_set_source_file(const std::string& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  source_file_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  source_file_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void GeneratedCodeInfo_Annotation::set_source_file(std::string&& value) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
   source_file_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.GeneratedCodeInfo.Annotation.source_file)
 }
 inline void GeneratedCodeInfo_Annotation::set_source_file(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  source_file_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  source_file_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.GeneratedCodeInfo.Annotation.source_file)
 }
 inline void GeneratedCodeInfo_Annotation::set_source_file(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  source_file_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  source_file_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.GeneratedCodeInfo.Annotation.source_file)
 }
 inline std::string* GeneratedCodeInfo_Annotation::_internal_mutable_source_file() {
   _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
-  return source_file_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return source_file_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* GeneratedCodeInfo_Annotation::release_source_file() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.GeneratedCodeInfo.Annotation.source_file)
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/descriptor_database.cc b/src/google/protobuf/descriptor_database.cc
index a332dab..2707ed4 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/descriptor_database.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/descriptor_database.cc
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@
 #include <set>
 
 #include <google/protobuf/descriptor.pb.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/stubs/strutil.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/map_util.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/stl_util.h>
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/descriptor_database.h b/src/google/protobuf/descriptor_database.h
index 10e60fc..5fb593e 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/descriptor_database.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/descriptor_database.h
@@ -187,9 +187,6 @@
   bool FindAllFileNames(std::vector<std::string>* output) override;
 
  private:
-  // So that it can use DescriptorIndex.
-  friend class EncodedDescriptorDatabase;
-
   // An index mapping file names, symbol names, and extension numbers to
   // some sort of values.
   template <typename Value>
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/duration.pb.h b/src/google/protobuf/duration.pb.h
index 8a9f7f0..8f4434b 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/duration.pb.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/duration.pb.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/arenastring.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/metadata_lite.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/message.h>
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/dynamic_message.cc b/src/google/protobuf/dynamic_message.cc
index 3d9adc2..e57d27f 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/dynamic_message.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/dynamic_message.cc
@@ -432,15 +432,10 @@
           default:  // TODO(kenton):  Support other string reps.
           case FieldOptions::STRING:
             if (!field->is_repeated()) {
-              const std::string* default_value;
-              if (is_prototype()) {
-                default_value = &field->default_value_string();
-              } else {
-                default_value = &(reinterpret_cast<const ArenaStringPtr*>(
-                                      type_info_->prototype->OffsetToPointer(
-                                          type_info_->offsets[i]))
-                                      ->Get());
-              }
+              const std::string* default_value =
+                  field->default_value_string().empty()
+                      ? &internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()
+                      : nullptr;
               ArenaStringPtr* asp = new (field_ptr) ArenaStringPtr();
               asp->UnsafeSetDefault(default_value);
             } else {
@@ -523,10 +518,10 @@
             default:
             case FieldOptions::STRING: {
               const std::string* default_value =
-                  &(reinterpret_cast<const ArenaStringPtr*>(
-                        reinterpret_cast<const uint8*>(type_info_->prototype) +
-                        type_info_->offsets[i])
-                        ->Get());
+                  reinterpret_cast<const ArenaStringPtr*>(
+                      reinterpret_cast<const uint8*>(type_info_->prototype) +
+                      type_info_->offsets[i])
+                      ->GetPointer();
               reinterpret_cast<ArenaStringPtr*>(field_ptr)->Destroy(
                   default_value, NULL);
               break;
@@ -583,10 +578,10 @@
         default:  // TODO(kenton):  Support other string reps.
         case FieldOptions::STRING: {
           const std::string* default_value =
-              &(reinterpret_cast<const ArenaStringPtr*>(
-                    type_info_->prototype->OffsetToPointer(
-                        type_info_->offsets[i]))
-                    ->Get());
+              reinterpret_cast<const ArenaStringPtr*>(
+                  type_info_->prototype->OffsetToPointer(
+                      type_info_->offsets[i]))
+                  ->GetPointer();
           reinterpret_cast<ArenaStringPtr*>(field_ptr)->Destroy(default_value,
                                                                 NULL);
           break;
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/empty.pb.h b/src/google/protobuf/empty.pb.h
index 5e6f0f9..f1e5e92 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/empty.pb.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/empty.pb.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/arenastring.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/metadata_lite.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/message.h>
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/field_mask.pb.h b/src/google/protobuf/field_mask.pb.h
index 443785b..d742767 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/field_mask.pb.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/field_mask.pb.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/arenastring.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/metadata_lite.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/message.h>
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.cc b/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.cc
index b854155..3ff9315 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.cc
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/descriptor.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/extension_set.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/map_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/map_field_inl.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/mutex.h>
@@ -62,7 +61,6 @@
 using google::protobuf::internal::ExtensionSet;
 using google::protobuf::internal::GenericTypeHandler;
 using google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyString;
-using google::protobuf::internal::InlinedStringField;
 using google::protobuf::internal::InternalMetadata;
 using google::protobuf::internal::LazyField;
 using google::protobuf::internal::MapFieldBase;
@@ -313,15 +311,8 @@
           switch (field->options().ctype()) {
             default:  // TODO(kenton):  Support other string reps.
             case FieldOptions::STRING: {
-              if (IsInlined(field)) {
-                const std::string* ptr =
-                    &GetField<InlinedStringField>(message, field).GetNoArena();
-                total_size += StringSpaceUsedExcludingSelfLong(*ptr);
-                break;
-              }
-
               const std::string* ptr =
-                  &GetField<ArenaStringPtr>(message, field).Get();
+                  GetField<ArenaStringPtr>(message, field).GetPointer();
 
               // Initially, the string points to the default value stored
               // in the prototype. Only count the string if it has been
@@ -329,7 +320,7 @@
               // Except oneof fields, those never point to a default instance,
               // and there is no default instance to point to.
               if (schema_.InRealOneof(field) ||
-                  ptr != &DefaultRaw<ArenaStringPtr>(field).Get()) {
+                  ptr != DefaultRaw<ArenaStringPtr>(field).GetPointer()) {
                 // string fields are represented by just a pointer, so also
                 // include sizeof(string) as well.
                 total_size +=
@@ -450,27 +441,27 @@
             Arena* arena1 = GetArena(message1);
             Arena* arena2 = GetArena(message2);
 
-            if (IsInlined(field)) {
-              InlinedStringField* string1 =
-                  MutableRaw<InlinedStringField>(message1, field);
-              InlinedStringField* string2 =
-                  MutableRaw<InlinedStringField>(message2, field);
-              string1->Swap(string2);
-              break;
-            }
-
             ArenaStringPtr* string1 =
                 MutableRaw<ArenaStringPtr>(message1, field);
             ArenaStringPtr* string2 =
                 MutableRaw<ArenaStringPtr>(message2, field);
             const std::string* default_ptr =
-                &DefaultRaw<ArenaStringPtr>(field).Get();
+                DefaultRaw<ArenaStringPtr>(field).GetPointer();
             if (arena1 == arena2) {
               string1->Swap(string2, default_ptr, arena1);
-            } else {
-              const std::string temp = string1->Get();
+            } else if (string1->IsDefault(default_ptr) &&
+                       string2->IsDefault(default_ptr)) {
+              // Nothing to do.
+            } else if (string1->IsDefault(default_ptr)) {
               string1->Set(default_ptr, string2->Get(), arena1);
-              string2->Set(default_ptr, temp, arena2);
+              string2->UnsafeSetDefault(default_ptr);
+            } else if (string2->IsDefault(default_ptr)) {
+              string2->Set(default_ptr, string1->Get(), arena2);
+              string1->UnsafeSetDefault(default_ptr);
+            } else {
+              std::string temp = string1->Get();
+              string1->Set(default_ptr, string2->Get(), arena1);
+              string2->Set(default_ptr, std::move(temp), arena2);
             }
           } break;
         }
@@ -834,16 +825,8 @@
           switch (field->options().ctype()) {
             default:  // TODO(kenton):  Support other string reps.
             case FieldOptions::STRING: {
-              if (IsInlined(field)) {
-                const std::string* default_ptr =
-                    &DefaultRaw<InlinedStringField>(field).GetNoArena();
-                MutableRaw<InlinedStringField>(message, field)
-                    ->SetNoArena(default_ptr, *default_ptr);
-                break;
-              }
-
               const std::string* default_ptr =
-                  &DefaultRaw<ArenaStringPtr>(field).Get();
+                  DefaultRaw<ArenaStringPtr>(field).GetPointer();
               MutableRaw<ArenaStringPtr>(message, field)
                   ->SetAllocated(default_ptr, nullptr, GetArena(message));
               break;
@@ -1197,11 +1180,11 @@
     switch (field->options().ctype()) {
       default:  // TODO(kenton):  Support other string reps.
       case FieldOptions::STRING: {
-        if (IsInlined(field)) {
-          return GetField<InlinedStringField>(message, field).GetNoArena();
+        if (auto* value =
+                GetField<ArenaStringPtr>(message, field).GetPointer()) {
+          return *value;
         }
-
-        return GetField<ArenaStringPtr>(message, field).Get();
+        return field->default_value_string();
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1221,11 +1204,11 @@
     switch (field->options().ctype()) {
       default:  // TODO(kenton):  Support other string reps.
       case FieldOptions::STRING: {
-        if (IsInlined(field)) {
-          return GetField<InlinedStringField>(message, field).GetNoArena();
+        if (auto* value =
+                GetField<ArenaStringPtr>(message, field).GetPointer()) {
+          return *value;
         }
-
-        return GetField<ArenaStringPtr>(message, field).Get();
+        return field->default_value_string();
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1242,20 +1225,14 @@
     switch (field->options().ctype()) {
       default:  // TODO(kenton):  Support other string reps.
       case FieldOptions::STRING: {
-        if (IsInlined(field)) {
-          MutableField<InlinedStringField>(message, field)
-              ->SetNoArena(nullptr, std::move(value));
-          break;
-        }
-
         // Oneof string fields are never set as a default instance.
         // We just need to pass some arbitrary default string to make it work.
         // This allows us to not have the real default accessible from
         // reflection.
         const std::string* default_ptr =
             schema_.InRealOneof(field)
-                ? &GetEmptyString()
-                : &DefaultRaw<ArenaStringPtr>(field).Get();
+                ? nullptr
+                : DefaultRaw<ArenaStringPtr>(field).GetPointer();
         if (schema_.InRealOneof(field) && !HasOneofField(*message, field)) {
           ClearOneof(message, field->containing_oneof());
           MutableField<ArenaStringPtr>(message, field)
@@ -1968,10 +1945,6 @@
   return GetConstRefAtOffset<Type>(message, schema_.GetFieldOffset(field));
 }
 
-bool Reflection::IsInlined(const FieldDescriptor* field) const {
-  return schema_.IsFieldInlined(field);
-}
-
 template <typename Type>
 Type* Reflection::MutableRaw(Message* message,
                              const FieldDescriptor* field) const {
@@ -2058,11 +2031,6 @@
       case FieldDescriptor::CPPTYPE_STRING:
         switch (field->options().ctype()) {
           default: {
-            if (IsInlined(field)) {
-              return !GetField<InlinedStringField>(message, field)
-                          .GetNoArena()
-                          .empty();
-            }
             return GetField<ArenaStringPtr>(message, field).Get().size() > 0;
           }
         }
@@ -2175,9 +2143,8 @@
               // We just need to pass some arbitrary default string to make it
               // work. This allows us to not have the real default accessible
               // from reflection.
-              const std::string* default_ptr = &GetEmptyString();
               MutableField<ArenaStringPtr>(message, field)
-                  ->Destroy(default_ptr, GetArena(message));
+                  ->Destroy(nullptr, GetArena(message));
               break;
             }
           }
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h b/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h
index 1c28495..12abb4f 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h
@@ -42,8 +42,6 @@
 #include <vector>
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/casts.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/common.h>
-// TODO(jasonh): Remove this once the compiler change to directly include this
-// is released to components.
 #include <google/protobuf/descriptor.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_enum_reflection.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/once.h>
@@ -59,7 +57,6 @@
 
 namespace google {
 namespace protobuf {
-class DescriptorPool;
 class MapKey;
 class MapValueRef;
 class MessageLayoutInspector;
@@ -148,17 +145,6 @@
     }
   }
 
-  bool IsFieldInlined(const FieldDescriptor* field) const {
-    if (InRealOneof(field)) {
-      size_t offset =
-          static_cast<size_t>(field->containing_type()->field_count() +
-                              field->containing_oneof()->index());
-      return Inlined(offsets_[offset], field->type());
-    } else {
-      return Inlined(offsets_[field->index()], field->type());
-    }
-  }
-
   uint32 GetOneofCaseOffset(const OneofDescriptor* oneof_descriptor) const {
     return static_cast<uint32>(oneof_case_offset_) +
            static_cast<uint32>(static_cast<size_t>(oneof_descriptor->index()) *
@@ -215,14 +201,17 @@
   // Returns true if the field's accessor is called by any external code (aka,
   // non proto library code).
   bool IsFieldUsed(const FieldDescriptor* field) const {
+    (void)field;
     return true;
   }
 
   bool IsFieldStripped(const FieldDescriptor* field) const {
+    (void)field;
     return false;
   }
 
   bool IsMessageStripped(const Descriptor* descriptor) const {
+    (void)descriptor;
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -246,25 +235,9 @@
   int weak_field_map_offset_;
 
   // We tag offset values to provide additional data about fields (such as
-  // inlined).
+  // "unused").
   static uint32 OffsetValue(uint32 v, FieldDescriptor::Type type) {
-    v &= 0x7FFFFFFFu;
-    if (type == FieldDescriptor::TYPE_STRING ||
-        type == FieldDescriptor::TYPE_BYTES) {
-      return v & ~1u;
-    } else {
-      return v;
-    }
-  }
-
-  static bool Inlined(uint32 v, FieldDescriptor::Type type) {
-    if (type == FieldDescriptor::TYPE_STRING ||
-        type == FieldDescriptor::TYPE_BYTES) {
-      return v & 1u;
-    } else {
-      // Non string/byte fields are not inlined.
-      return false;
-    }
+    return v & 0x7FFFFFFFu;
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h b/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h
index 9ff58e0..731d6c5 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h
@@ -73,9 +73,7 @@
   TYPE_STRING_STRING_PIECE = 20,
   TYPE_BYTES_CORD = 21,
   TYPE_BYTES_STRING_PIECE = 22,
-  TYPE_STRING_INLINED = 23,
-  TYPE_BYTES_INLINED = 24,
-  TYPE_MAP = 25,
+  TYPE_MAP = 23,
 };
 
 static_assert(TYPE_MAP < kRepeatedMask, "Invalid enum");
@@ -106,8 +104,7 @@
   enum {
     kCordType = 19,
     kStringPieceType = 20,
-    kInlinedType = 21,
-    kNumTypes = 21,
+    kNumTypes = 20,
     kSpecial = kNumTypes * kNumTypeClasses,
   };
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven_lite.h b/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven_lite.h
index 7405c3d..3c65acd 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven_lite.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven_lite.h
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/extension_set.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/implicit_weak_message.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/repeated_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/wire_format_lite.h>
 #include <type_traits>
@@ -50,7 +49,6 @@
 
 enum StringType {
   StringType_STRING = 0,
-  StringType_INLINED = 3
 };
 
 // Logically a superset of StringType, consisting of all field types that
@@ -59,8 +57,7 @@
   ProcessingType_STRING = 0,
   ProcessingType_CORD = 1,
   ProcessingType_STRING_PIECE = 2,
-  ProcessingType_INLINED = 3,
-  ProcessingType_MESSAGE = 4,
+  ProcessingType_MESSAGE = 3,
 };
 
 enum Cardinality {
@@ -90,8 +87,7 @@
 
 template <typename Type>
 inline Type* AddField(MessageLite* msg, int64 offset) {
-  static_assert(std::is_pod<Type>::value ||
-                    std::is_same<Type, InlinedStringField>::value,
+  static_assert(std::is_pod<Type>::value,
                 "Do not assign");
 
   RepeatedField<Type>* repeated = Raw<RepeatedField<Type>>(msg, offset);
@@ -157,12 +153,7 @@
     case WireFormatLite::TYPE_STRING:
     case WireFormatLite::TYPE_BYTES:
       Raw<ArenaStringPtr>(msg, field.offset)
-          ->Destroy(&GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), arena);
-      break;
-
-    case TYPE_STRING_INLINED:
-    case TYPE_BYTES_INLINED:
-      Raw<InlinedStringField>(msg, field.offset)->DestroyNoArena(NULL);
+          ->Destroy(ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, arena);
       break;
 
     default:
@@ -197,10 +188,6 @@
       Raw<ArenaStringPtr>(msg, offset)
           ->UnsafeSetDefault(static_cast<const std::string*>(default_ptr));
       break;
-    case ProcessingType_INLINED:
-      new (Raw<InlinedStringField>(msg, offset))
-          InlinedStringField(*static_cast<const std::string*>(default_ptr));
-      break;
     case ProcessingType_MESSAGE:
       MessageLite** submessage = Raw<MessageLite*>(msg, offset);
       const MessageLite* prototype =
@@ -225,35 +212,12 @@
 #endif  // GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_UTF8_VALIDATION_ENABLED
 
   switch (ctype) {
-    case StringType_INLINED: {
-      InlinedStringField* s = nullptr;
-      switch (cardinality) {
-        case Cardinality_SINGULAR:
-          // TODO(ckennelly): Is this optimal?
-          s = MutableField<InlinedStringField>(msg, has_bits, has_bit_index,
-                                               offset);
-          break;
-        case Cardinality_REPEATED:
-          s = AddField<InlinedStringField>(msg, offset);
-          break;
-        case Cardinality_ONEOF:
-          s = Raw<InlinedStringField>(msg, offset);
-          break;
-      }
-      GOOGLE_DCHECK(s != nullptr);
-      std::string* value = s->MutableNoArena(NULL);
-      if (PROTOBUF_PREDICT_FALSE(!WireFormatLite::ReadString(input, value))) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      utf8_string_data = *value;
-      break;
-    }
     case StringType_STRING: {
       switch (cardinality) {
         case Cardinality_SINGULAR: {
           ArenaStringPtr* field = MutableField<ArenaStringPtr>(
               msg, has_bits, has_bit_index, offset);
-          std::string* value = field->Mutable(
+          std::string* value = field->MutableNoCopy(
               static_cast<const std::string*>(default_ptr), arena);
           if (PROTOBUF_PREDICT_FALSE(
                   !WireFormatLite::ReadString(input, value))) {
@@ -271,7 +235,7 @@
         } break;
         case Cardinality_ONEOF: {
           ArenaStringPtr* field = Raw<ArenaStringPtr>(msg, offset);
-          std::string* value = field->Mutable(
+          std::string* value = field->MutableNoCopy(
               static_cast<const std::string*>(default_ptr), arena);
           if (PROTOBUF_PREDICT_FALSE(
                   !WireFormatLite::ReadString(input, value))) {
@@ -481,23 +445,6 @@
           }
           break;
         }
-        case TYPE_BYTES_INLINED:
-#ifndef GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_UTF8_VALIDATION_ENABLED
-        case TYPE_STRING_INLINED:
-#endif  // !GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_UTF8_VALIDATION_ENABLED
-        {
-          Arena* const arena = msg->GetArena();
-          const void* default_ptr = table.aux[field_number].strings.default_ptr;
-
-          if (PROTOBUF_PREDICT_FALSE(
-                  (!HandleString<UnknownFieldHandler, Cardinality_SINGULAR,
-                                 false, StringType_INLINED>(
-                      input, msg, arena, has_bits, presence_index, offset,
-                      default_ptr, nullptr)))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-          break;
-        }
         case WireFormatLite::TYPE_BYTES | kOneofMask:
 #ifndef GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_UTF8_VALIDATION_ENABLED
         case WireFormatLite::TYPE_STRING | kOneofMask:
@@ -521,10 +468,8 @@
           break;
         }
         case (WireFormatLite::TYPE_BYTES) | kRepeatedMask:
-        case TYPE_BYTES_INLINED | kRepeatedMask:
 #ifndef GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_UTF8_VALIDATION_ENABLED
         case (WireFormatLite::TYPE_STRING) | kRepeatedMask:
-        case TYPE_STRING_INLINED | kRepeatedMask:
 #endif  // !GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_UTF8_VALIDATION_ENABLED
         {
           Arena* const arena = msg->GetArena();
@@ -554,7 +499,6 @@
           }
           break;
         }
-        case TYPE_STRING_INLINED | kRepeatedMask:
         case (WireFormatLite::TYPE_STRING) | kRepeatedMask: {
           Arena* const arena = msg->GetArena();
           const void* default_ptr = table.aux[field_number].strings.default_ptr;
@@ -712,22 +656,6 @@
 
           break;
         }
-#ifdef GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_UTF8_VALIDATION_ENABLED
-        case TYPE_STRING_INLINED: {
-          Arena* const arena = msg->GetArena();
-          const void* default_ptr = table.aux[field_number].strings.default_ptr;
-          const char* field_name = table.aux[field_number].strings.field_name;
-
-          if (PROTOBUF_PREDICT_FALSE(
-                  (!HandleString<UnknownFieldHandler, Cardinality_SINGULAR,
-                                 true, StringType_INLINED>(
-                      input, msg, arena, has_bits, presence_index, offset,
-                      default_ptr, field_name)))) {
-            return false;
-          }
-          break;
-        }
-#endif  // GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_UTF8_VALIDATION_ENABLED
         case TYPE_MAP: {
           if (PROTOBUF_PREDICT_FALSE(!(*table.aux[field_number].maps.parse_map)(
                   input, Raw<void>(msg, offset)))) {
@@ -750,8 +678,6 @@
       GOOGLE_DCHECK_NE(processing_type, kRepeatedMask);
       GOOGLE_DCHECK_EQ(0, processing_type & kOneofMask);
 
-      GOOGLE_DCHECK_NE(TYPE_BYTES_INLINED | kRepeatedMask, processing_type);
-      GOOGLE_DCHECK_NE(TYPE_STRING_INLINED | kRepeatedMask, processing_type);
 
       // Mask out kRepeatedMask bit, allowing the jump table to be smaller.
       switch (static_cast<WireFormatLite::FieldType>(processing_type ^
@@ -847,7 +773,7 @@
       }
     }
   }
-}
+}  // NOLINT(readability/fn_size)
 
 template <typename UnknownFieldHandler>
 bool MergePartialFromCodedStreamImpl(MessageLite* msg, const ParseTable& table,
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_util.cc b/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_util.cc
index 01f65ae..aaeadc7 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_util.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/generated_message_util.cc
@@ -246,10 +246,6 @@
     : PrimitiveTypeHelper<WireFormatLite::TYPE_STRING> {};
 
 
-template <>
-struct PrimitiveTypeHelper<FieldMetadata::kInlinedType>
-    : PrimitiveTypeHelper<WireFormatLite::TYPE_STRING> {};
-
 // We want to serialize to both CodedOutputStream and directly into byte arrays
 // without duplicating the code. In fact we might want extra output channels in
 // the future.
@@ -408,15 +404,6 @@
   }
 };
 
-template <>
-struct SingularFieldHelper<FieldMetadata::kInlinedType> {
-  template <typename O>
-  static void Serialize(const void* field, const FieldMetadata& md, O* output) {
-    WriteTagTo(md.tag, output);
-    SerializeTo<FieldMetadata::kInlinedType>(&Get<std::string>(field), output);
-  }
-};
-
 template <int type>
 struct RepeatedFieldHelper {
   template <typename O>
@@ -489,10 +476,6 @@
 };
 
 
-template <>
-struct RepeatedFieldHelper<FieldMetadata::kInlinedType>
-    : RepeatedFieldHelper<WireFormatLite::TYPE_STRING> {};
-
 template <int type>
 struct PackedFieldHelper {
   template <typename O>
@@ -528,9 +511,6 @@
 template <>
 struct PackedFieldHelper<WireFormatLite::TYPE_MESSAGE>
     : PackedFieldHelper<WireFormatLite::TYPE_STRING> {};
-template <>
-struct PackedFieldHelper<FieldMetadata::kInlinedType>
-    : PackedFieldHelper<WireFormatLite::TYPE_STRING> {};
 
 template <int type>
 struct OneOfFieldHelper {
@@ -541,15 +521,6 @@
 };
 
 
-template <>
-struct OneOfFieldHelper<FieldMetadata::kInlinedType> {
-  template <typename O>
-  static void Serialize(const void* field, const FieldMetadata& md, O* output) {
-    SingularFieldHelper<FieldMetadata::kInlinedType>::Serialize(
-        Get<const std::string*>(field), md, output);
-  }
-};
-
 void SerializeNotImplemented(int field) {
   GOOGLE_LOG(FATAL) << "Not implemented field number " << field;
 }
@@ -590,11 +561,6 @@
 }
 
 
-template <>
-bool IsNull<FieldMetadata::kInlinedType>(const void* ptr) {
-  return static_cast<const std::string*>(ptr)->empty();
-}
-
 #define SERIALIZERS_FOR_TYPE(type)                                            \
   case SERIALIZE_TABLE_OP(type, FieldMetadata::kPresence):                    \
     if (!IsPresent(base, field_metadata.has_offset)) continue;                \
@@ -642,7 +608,6 @@
       SERIALIZERS_FOR_TYPE(WireFormatLite::TYPE_SFIXED64);
       SERIALIZERS_FOR_TYPE(WireFormatLite::TYPE_SINT32);
       SERIALIZERS_FOR_TYPE(WireFormatLite::TYPE_SINT64);
-      SERIALIZERS_FOR_TYPE(FieldMetadata::kInlinedType);
 
       // Special cases
       case FieldMetadata::kSpecial:
@@ -687,7 +652,6 @@
       SERIALIZERS_FOR_TYPE(WireFormatLite::TYPE_SFIXED64);
       SERIALIZERS_FOR_TYPE(WireFormatLite::TYPE_SINT32);
       SERIALIZERS_FOR_TYPE(WireFormatLite::TYPE_SINT64);
-      SERIALIZERS_FOR_TYPE(FieldMetadata::kInlinedType);
       // Special cases
       case FieldMetadata::kSpecial: {
         io::ArrayOutputStream array_stream(array_output.ptr, INT_MAX);
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h b/src/google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 991c0e1..0000000
--- a/src/google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,260 +0,0 @@
-// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
-// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
-// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
-//
-// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
-// met:
-//
-//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
-// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
-// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
-// distribution.
-//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
-// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
-// this software without specific prior written permission.
-//
-// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
-// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
-// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
-// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
-// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
-// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
-// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
-// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
-// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
-// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
-// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-
-#ifndef GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_INLINED_STRING_FIELD_H__
-#define GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_INLINED_STRING_FIELD_H__
-
-#include <string>
-#include <utility>
-
-#include <google/protobuf/port.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/stubs/strutil.h>
-
-// Must be included last.
-#include <google/protobuf/port_def.inc>
-
-#ifdef SWIG
-#error "You cannot SWIG proto headers"
-#endif
-
-namespace google {
-namespace protobuf {
-
-class Arena;
-
-namespace internal {
-
-// InlinedStringField wraps a std::string instance and exposes an API similar to
-// ArenaStringPtr's wrapping of a std::string* instance.  As std::string is
-// never allocated on the Arena, we expose only the *NoArena methods of
-// ArenaStringPtr.
-//
-// default_value parameters are taken for consistency with ArenaStringPtr, but
-// are not used for most methods.  With inlining, these should be removed from
-// the generated binary.
-class PROTOBUF_EXPORT InlinedStringField {
- public:
-  InlinedStringField() PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE;
-  explicit InlinedStringField(const std::string& default_value);
-
-  void AssignWithDefault(const std::string* default_value,
-                         const InlinedStringField& from) PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE;
-
-  void ClearToEmpty(const std::string* default_value,
-                    Arena* /*arena*/) PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    ClearToEmptyNoArena(default_value);
-  }
-  void ClearNonDefaultToEmpty() PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    ClearNonDefaultToEmptyNoArena();
-  }
-  void ClearToEmptyNoArena(const std::string* /*default_value*/)
-      PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    ClearNonDefaultToEmptyNoArena();
-  }
-  void ClearNonDefaultToEmptyNoArena() PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE;
-
-  void ClearToDefault(const std::string* default_value,
-                      Arena* /*arena*/) PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    ClearToDefaultNoArena(default_value);
-  }
-  void ClearToDefaultNoArena(const std::string* default_value)
-      PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE;
-
-  void Destroy(const std::string* default_value,
-               Arena* /*arena*/) PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    DestroyNoArena(default_value);
-  }
-  void DestroyNoArena(const std::string* default_value) PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE;
-
-  const std::string& Get() const PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE { return GetNoArena(); }
-  const std::string& GetNoArena() const PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE;
-
-  std::string* Mutable(const std::string* default_value,
-                       Arena* /*arena*/) PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    return MutableNoArena(default_value);
-  }
-  std::string* MutableNoArena(const std::string* default_value)
-      PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE;
-
-  std::string* Release(const std::string* default_value, Arena* /*arena*/) {
-    return ReleaseNoArena(default_value);
-  }
-  std::string* ReleaseNonDefault(const std::string* default_value,
-                                 Arena* /*arena*/) {
-    return ReleaseNonDefaultNoArena(default_value);
-  }
-  std::string* ReleaseNoArena(const std::string* default_value) {
-    return ReleaseNonDefaultNoArena(default_value);
-  }
-  std::string* ReleaseNonDefaultNoArena(const std::string* default_value);
-
-  void Set(const std::string* default_value, StringPiece value,
-           Arena* /*arena*/) PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    SetNoArena(default_value, value);
-  }
-  void SetLite(const std::string* default_value, StringPiece value,
-               Arena* /*arena*/) PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    SetNoArena(default_value, value);
-  }
-  void SetNoArena(const std::string* default_value,
-                  StringPiece value) PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE;
-
-  void Set(const std::string* default_value, const std::string& value,
-           Arena* /*arena*/) PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    SetNoArena(default_value, value);
-  }
-  void SetLite(const std::string* default_value, const std::string& value,
-               Arena* /*arena*/) PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    SetNoArena(default_value, value);
-  }
-  void SetNoArena(const std::string* default_value,
-                  const std::string& value) PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE;
-
-  void SetNoArena(const std::string* default_value,
-                  std::string&& value) PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE;
-  void SetAllocated(const std::string* default_value, std::string* value,
-                    Arena* /*arena*/) {
-    SetAllocatedNoArena(default_value, value);
-  }
-  void SetAllocatedNoArena(const std::string* default_value,
-                           std::string* value);
-  void Swap(InlinedStringField* from) PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE;
-  std::string* UnsafeMutablePointer();
-  void UnsafeSetDefault(const std::string* default_value);
-  std::string* UnsafeArenaRelease(const std::string* default_value,
-                                  Arena* arena);
-  void UnsafeArenaSetAllocated(const std::string* default_value,
-                               std::string* value, Arena* arena);
-
-  bool IsDefault(const std::string* /*default_value*/) { return false; }
-
- private:
-  std::string value_;
-};
-
-inline InlinedStringField::InlinedStringField() {}
-
-inline InlinedStringField::InlinedStringField(const std::string& default_value)
-    : value_(default_value) {}
-
-inline void InlinedStringField::AssignWithDefault(
-    const std::string* /*default_value*/, const InlinedStringField& from) {
-  value_ = from.value_;
-}
-
-inline const std::string& InlinedStringField::GetNoArena() const {
-  return value_;
-}
-
-inline std::string* InlinedStringField::MutableNoArena(const std::string*) {
-  return &value_;
-}
-
-inline void InlinedStringField::SetAllocatedNoArena(
-    const std::string* default_value, std::string* value) {
-  if (value == NULL) {
-    value_.assign(*default_value);
-  } else {
-    value_.assign(std::move(*value));
-    delete value;
-  }
-}
-
-inline void InlinedStringField::DestroyNoArena(const std::string*) {
-  // This is invoked from the generated message's ArenaDtor, which is used to
-  // clean up objects not allocated on the Arena.
-  this->~InlinedStringField();
-}
-
-inline void InlinedStringField::ClearNonDefaultToEmptyNoArena() {
-  value_.clear();
-}
-
-inline void InlinedStringField::ClearToDefaultNoArena(
-    const std::string* default_value) {
-  value_.assign(*default_value);
-}
-
-inline std::string* InlinedStringField::ReleaseNonDefaultNoArena(
-    const std::string* default_value) {
-  std::string* released = new std::string(*default_value);
-  value_.swap(*released);
-  return released;
-}
-
-inline void InlinedStringField::SetNoArena(const std::string* /*default_value*/,
-                                           StringPiece value) {
-  value_.assign(value.data(), value.length());
-}
-
-inline void InlinedStringField::SetNoArena(const std::string* /*default_value*/,
-                                           const std::string& value) {
-  value_.assign(value);
-}
-
-inline void InlinedStringField::SetNoArena(const std::string* /*default_value*/,
-                                           std::string&& value) {
-  value_.assign(std::move(value));
-}
-
-inline void InlinedStringField::Swap(InlinedStringField* from) {
-  value_.swap(from->value_);
-}
-
-inline std::string* InlinedStringField::UnsafeMutablePointer() {
-  return &value_;
-}
-
-inline void InlinedStringField::UnsafeSetDefault(
-    const std::string* default_value) {
-  value_.assign(*default_value);
-}
-
-inline std::string* InlinedStringField::UnsafeArenaRelease(
-    const std::string* default_value, Arena* /*arena*/) {
-  return ReleaseNoArena(default_value);
-}
-
-inline void InlinedStringField::UnsafeArenaSetAllocated(
-    const std::string* default_value, std::string* value, Arena* /*arena*/) {
-  if (value == NULL) {
-    value_.assign(*default_value);
-  } else {
-    value_.assign(*value);
-  }
-}
-
-}  // namespace internal
-}  // namespace protobuf
-}  // namespace google
-
-#include <google/protobuf/port_undef.inc>
-
-#endif  // GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_INLINED_STRING_FIELD_H__
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl.cc b/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl.cc
index 4b1bf80..52617e9 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl.cc
@@ -165,25 +165,14 @@
 // ===================================================================
 
 FileOutputStream::FileOutputStream(int file_descriptor, int block_size)
-    : copying_output_(file_descriptor), impl_(&copying_output_, block_size) {}
-
-FileOutputStream::~FileOutputStream() { impl_.Flush(); }
+    : CopyingOutputStreamAdaptor(&copying_output_),
+      copying_output_(file_descriptor) {}
 
 bool FileOutputStream::Close() {
-  bool flush_succeeded = impl_.Flush();
+  bool flush_succeeded = Flush();
   return copying_output_.Close() && flush_succeeded;
 }
 
-bool FileOutputStream::Flush() { return impl_.Flush(); }
-
-bool FileOutputStream::Next(void** data, int* size) {
-  return impl_.Next(data, size);
-}
-
-void FileOutputStream::BackUp(int count) { impl_.BackUp(count); }
-
-int64_t FileOutputStream::ByteCount() const { return impl_.ByteCount(); }
-
 FileOutputStream::CopyingFileOutputStream::CopyingFileOutputStream(
     int file_descriptor)
     : file_(file_descriptor),
@@ -191,6 +180,8 @@
       is_closed_(false),
       errno_(0) {}
 
+FileOutputStream::~FileOutputStream() { Flush(); }
+
 FileOutputStream::CopyingFileOutputStream::~CopyingFileOutputStream() {
   if (close_on_delete_) {
     if (!Close()) {
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl.h b/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl.h
index 6e5cdeb..0206e38 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl.h
@@ -139,13 +139,14 @@
 // harming performance.  Also, it's conceivable that FileOutputStream could
 // someday be enhanced to use zero-copy file descriptors on OSs which
 // support them.
-class PROTOBUF_EXPORT FileOutputStream : public ZeroCopyOutputStream {
+class PROTOBUF_EXPORT FileOutputStream : public CopyingOutputStreamAdaptor {
  public:
   // Creates a stream that writes to the given Unix file descriptor.
   // If a block_size is given, it specifies the size of the buffers
   // that should be returned by Next().  Otherwise, a reasonable default
   // is used.
   explicit FileOutputStream(int file_descriptor, int block_size = -1);
+
   ~FileOutputStream() override;
 
   // Flushes any buffers and closes the underlying file.  Returns false if
@@ -153,11 +154,6 @@
   // Even if an error occurs, the file descriptor is closed when this returns.
   bool Close();
 
-  // Flushes FileOutputStream's buffers but does not close the
-  // underlying file. No special measures are taken to ensure that
-  // underlying operating system file object is synchronized to disk.
-  bool Flush();
-
   // By default, the file descriptor is not closed when the stream is
   // destroyed.  Call SetCloseOnDelete(true) to change that.  WARNING:
   // This leaves no way for the caller to detect if close() fails.  If
@@ -171,11 +167,6 @@
   // fail.
   int GetErrno() const { return copying_output_.GetErrno(); }
 
-  // implements ZeroCopyOutputStream ---------------------------------
-  bool Next(void** data, int* size) override;
-  void BackUp(int count) override;
-  int64_t ByteCount() const override;
-
  private:
   class PROTOBUF_EXPORT CopyingFileOutputStream : public CopyingOutputStream {
    public:
@@ -202,7 +193,6 @@
   };
 
   CopyingFileOutputStream copying_output_;
-  CopyingOutputStreamAdaptor impl_;
 
   GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(FileOutputStream);
 };
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl_lite.cc b/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl_lite.cc
index 34bf45f..54c5db9 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl_lite.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl_lite.cc
@@ -342,6 +342,37 @@
   return position_ + buffer_used_;
 }
 
+bool CopyingOutputStreamAdaptor::WriteAliasedRaw(const void* data, int size) {
+  if (size >= buffer_size_) {
+    if (!Flush() || !copying_stream_->Write(data, size)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    GOOGLE_DCHECK_EQ(buffer_used_, 0);
+    position_ += size;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  void* out;
+  int out_size;
+  while (true) {
+    if (!Next(&out, &out_size)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (size <= out_size) {
+      std::memcpy(out, data, size);
+      BackUp(out_size - size);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    std::memcpy(out, data, out_size);
+    data = static_cast<const char*>(data) + out_size;
+    size -= out_size;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+
 bool CopyingOutputStreamAdaptor::WriteBuffer() {
   if (failed_) {
     // Already failed on a previous write.
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl_lite.h b/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl_lite.h
index 2f0c662..cfe81d2 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl_lite.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl_lite.h
@@ -307,6 +307,8 @@
   bool Next(void** data, int* size) override;
   void BackUp(int count) override;
   int64_t ByteCount() const override;
+  bool WriteAliasedRaw(const void* data, int size) override;
+  bool AllowsAliasing() const override { return true; }
 
  private:
   // Write the current buffer, if it is present.
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/lite_unittest.cc b/src/google/protobuf/lite_unittest.cc
index ea18a20..deb5f06 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/lite_unittest.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/lite_unittest.cc
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/test_util_lite.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/unittest_lite.pb.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.h>
+#include <google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream.h>
+#include <google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl_lite.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/wire_format_lite.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
@@ -1187,5 +1189,84 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(protobuf_unittest::DupEnum::FOO2, value);
 }
 
+
+TEST(Lite, CodedInputStreamRollback) {
+  {
+    protobuf_unittest::TestAllTypesLite m;
+    m.set_optional_bytes(std::string(30, 'a'));
+    std::string serialized = m.SerializeAsString();
+    serialized += '\014';
+    serialized += std::string(3, ' ');
+    io::ArrayInputStream is(serialized.data(), serialized.size(),
+                            serialized.size() - 6);
+    {
+      io::CodedInputStream cis(&is);
+      m.Clear();
+      m.MergePartialFromCodedStream(&cis);
+      EXPECT_TRUE(cis.LastTagWas(12));
+      EXPECT_FALSE(cis.ConsumedEntireMessage());
+      // Should leave is with 3 spaces;
+    }
+    const void* data;
+    int size;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(is.Next(&data, &size));
+    ASSERT_EQ(size, 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(memcmp(data, "   ", 3), 0);
+  }
+  {
+    protobuf_unittest::TestPackedTypesLite m;
+    constexpr int kCount = 30;
+    for (int i = 0; i < kCount; i++) m.add_packed_fixed32(i);
+    std::string serialized = m.SerializeAsString();
+    serialized += '\014';
+    serialized += std::string(3, ' ');
+    // Buffer breaks in middle of a fixed32.
+    io::ArrayInputStream is(serialized.data(), serialized.size(),
+                            serialized.size() - 7);
+    {
+      io::CodedInputStream cis(&is);
+      m.Clear();
+      m.MergePartialFromCodedStream(&cis);
+      EXPECT_TRUE(cis.LastTagWas(12));
+      EXPECT_FALSE(cis.ConsumedEntireMessage());
+      // Should leave is with 3 spaces;
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(m.packed_fixed32_size(), kCount);
+    for (int i = 0; i < kCount; i++) EXPECT_EQ(m.packed_fixed32(i), i);
+    const void* data;
+    int size;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(is.Next(&data, &size));
+    ASSERT_EQ(size, 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(memcmp(data, "   ", 3), 0);
+  }
+  {
+    protobuf_unittest::TestPackedTypesLite m;
+    constexpr int kCount = 30;
+    // Make sure we output 2 byte varints
+    for (int i = 0; i < kCount; i++) m.add_packed_fixed32(128 + i);
+    std::string serialized = m.SerializeAsString();
+    serialized += '\014';
+    serialized += std::string(3, ' ');
+    // Buffer breaks in middle of a 2 byte varint.
+    io::ArrayInputStream is(serialized.data(), serialized.size(),
+                            serialized.size() - 5);
+    {
+      io::CodedInputStream cis(&is);
+      m.Clear();
+      m.MergePartialFromCodedStream(&cis);
+      EXPECT_TRUE(cis.LastTagWas(12));
+      EXPECT_FALSE(cis.ConsumedEntireMessage());
+      // Should leave is with 3 spaces;
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(m.packed_fixed32_size(), kCount);
+    for (int i = 0; i < kCount; i++) EXPECT_EQ(m.packed_fixed32(i), i + 128);
+    const void* data;
+    int size;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(is.Next(&data, &size));
+    ASSERT_EQ(size, 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(memcmp(data, "   ", 3), 0);
+  }
+}
+
 }  // namespace protobuf
 }  // namespace google
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/map.h b/src/google/protobuf/map.h
index d5d71a0..29c370c 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/map.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/map.h
@@ -337,6 +337,8 @@
   MapPair(const Key& other_first, const T& other_second)
       : first(other_first), second(other_second) {}
   explicit MapPair(const Key& other_first) : first(other_first), second() {}
+  explicit MapPair(Key&& other_first)
+      : first(std::move(other_first)), second() {}
   MapPair(const MapPair& other) : first(other.first), second(other.second) {}
 
   ~MapPair() {}
@@ -685,7 +687,8 @@
 
     // Insert the key into the map, if not present. In that case, the value will
     // be value initialized.
-    std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const Key& k) {
+    template <typename K>
+    std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(K&& k) {
       std::pair<const_iterator, size_type> p = FindHelper(k);
       // Case 1: key was already present.
       if (p.first.node_ != nullptr)
@@ -696,12 +699,18 @@
       }
       const size_type b = p.second;  // bucket number
       Node* node;
+      // If K is not key_type, make the conversion to key_type explicit.
+      using TypeToInit = typename std::conditional<
+          std::is_same<typename std::decay<K>::type, key_type>::value, K&&,
+          key_type>::type;
       if (alloc_.arena() == nullptr) {
-        node = new Node{value_type(k), nullptr};
+        node = new Node{value_type(static_cast<TypeToInit>(std::forward<K>(k))),
+                        nullptr};
       } else {
         node = Alloc<Node>(1);
-        Arena::CreateInArenaStorage(const_cast<Key*>(&node->kv.first),
-                                    alloc_.arena(), k);
+        Arena::CreateInArenaStorage(
+            const_cast<Key*>(&node->kv.first), alloc_.arena(),
+            static_cast<TypeToInit>(std::forward<K>(k)));
         Arena::CreateInArenaStorage(&node->kv.second, alloc_.arena());
       }
 
@@ -710,7 +719,10 @@
       return std::make_pair(result, true);
     }
 
-    value_type& operator[](const Key& k) { return *insert(k).first; }
+    template <typename K>
+    value_type& operator[](K&& k) {
+      return *insert(std::forward<K>(k)).first;
+    }
 
     void erase(iterator it) {
       GOOGLE_DCHECK_EQ(it.m_, this);
@@ -1182,7 +1194,17 @@
   bool empty() const { return size() == 0; }
 
   // Element access
-  T& operator[](const key_type& key) { return elements_[key].second; }
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  T& operator[](const key_arg<K>& key) {
+    return elements_[key].second;
+  }
+  template <
+      typename K = key_type,
+      // Disable for integral types to reduce code bloat.
+      typename = typename std::enable_if<!std::is_integral<K>::value>::type>
+  T& operator[](key_arg<K>&& key) {
+    return elements_[std::forward<K>(key)].second;
+  }
 
   template <typename K = key_type>
   const T& at(const key_arg<K>& key) const {
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/map_test.cc b/src/google/protobuf/map_test.cc
index 267abfb..f2a5b93 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/map_test.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/map_test.cc
@@ -194,6 +194,62 @@
   ExpectSingleElement(key, value2);
 }
 
+struct MoveTestKey {
+  MoveTestKey(int data, int* copies) : data(data), copies(copies) {}
+
+  MoveTestKey(const MoveTestKey& other)
+      : data(other.data), copies(other.copies) {
+    ++*copies;
+  }
+
+  MoveTestKey(MoveTestKey&& other) noexcept
+      : data(other.data), copies(other.copies) {}
+
+  friend bool operator==(const MoveTestKey& lhs, const MoveTestKey& rhs) {
+    return lhs.data == rhs.data;
+  }
+  friend bool operator<(const MoveTestKey& lhs, const MoveTestKey& rhs) {
+    return lhs.data < rhs.data;
+  }
+
+  int data;
+  int* copies;
+};
+
+}  // namespace
+}  // namespace internal
+}  // namespace protobuf
+}  // namespace google
+
+namespace std {
+
+template <>  // NOLINT
+struct hash<google::protobuf::internal::MoveTestKey> {
+  size_t operator()(const google::protobuf::internal::MoveTestKey& key) const {
+    return hash<int>{}(key.data);
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace std
+
+namespace google {
+namespace protobuf {
+namespace internal {
+namespace {
+
+TEST_F(MapImplTest, OperatorBracketRValue) {
+  Arena arena;
+  for (Arena* arena_to_use : {&arena, static_cast<Arena*>(nullptr)}) {
+    int copies = 0;
+    Map<MoveTestKey, int> map(arena_to_use);
+    MoveTestKey key1(1, &copies);
+    EXPECT_EQ(copies, 0);
+    map[key1] = 0;
+    EXPECT_EQ(copies, 1);
+    map[MoveTestKey(2, &copies)] = 2;
+    EXPECT_EQ(copies, 1);
+  }
+}
+
 TEST_F(MapImplTest, OperatorBracketNonExist) {
   int32 key = 0;
   int32 default_value = 0;
@@ -1104,6 +1160,11 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(m.erase(key), 0);
   EXPECT_EQ(m.erase(miss_key), 0);
   EXPECT_THAT(m, UnorderedElementsAre(Pair("DEF", 2)));
+
+  m[key];
+  EXPECT_THAT(m, UnorderedElementsAre(Pair("ABC", 0), Pair("DEF", 2)));
+  m[key] = 1;
+  EXPECT_THAT(m, UnorderedElementsAre(Pair("ABC", 1), Pair("DEF", 2)));
 }
 
 TEST_F(MapImplTest, TransparentLookupForString) {
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/map_type_handler.h b/src/google/protobuf/map_type_handler.h
index 7908544..9c1a594 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/map_type_handler.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/map_type_handler.h
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@
   template <typename Type>                                                    \
   inline void MapTypeHandler<WireFormatLite::TYPE_##FieldType, Type>::Clear(  \
       TypeOnMemory* value, Arena* arena) {                                    \
-    value->ClearToEmpty(&internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), arena);     \
+    value->ClearToEmpty();                                                    \
   }                                                                           \
   template <typename Type>                                                    \
   inline void MapTypeHandler<WireFormatLite::TYPE_##FieldType, Type>::Merge(  \
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@
                                  Type>::MapEntryAccessorType*                 \
   MapTypeHandler<WireFormatLite::TYPE_##FieldType, Type>::EnsureMutable(      \
       TypeOnMemory* value, Arena* arena) {                                    \
-    return value->Mutable(&internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), arena);   \
+    return value->Mutable(ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, arena);             \
   }                                                                           \
   template <typename Type>                                                    \
   inline const typename MapTypeHandler<WireFormatLite::TYPE_##FieldType,      \
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/message.cc b/src/google/protobuf/message.cc
index fde10cf..ccf09ee 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/message.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/message.cc
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
 
 
 #define HASH_MAP std::unordered_map
-#define STR_HASH_FXN hash<const char*>
+#define STR_HASH_FXN hash<::google::protobuf::StringPiece>
 
 
 class GeneratedMessageFactory : public MessageFactory {
@@ -190,8 +190,8 @@
 
  private:
   // Only written at static init time, so does not require locking.
-  HASH_MAP<const char*, const google::protobuf::internal::DescriptorTable*, STR_HASH_FXN,
-           streq>
+  HASH_MAP<StringPiece, const google::protobuf::internal::DescriptorTable*,
+           STR_HASH_FXN>
       file_map_;
 
   internal::WrappedMutex mutex_;
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/message.h b/src/google/protobuf/message.h
index 03a4384..8f5fef1 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/message.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/message.h
@@ -1057,8 +1057,6 @@
 
   internal::InternalMetadata* MutableInternalMetadata(Message* message) const;
 
-  inline bool IsInlined(const FieldDescriptor* field) const;
-
   inline bool HasBit(const Message& message,
                      const FieldDescriptor* field) const;
   inline void SetBit(Message* message, const FieldDescriptor* field) const;
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/message_lite.cc b/src/google/protobuf/message_lite.cc
index 5b1db7b..0e85991 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/message_lite.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/message_lite.cc
@@ -313,11 +313,11 @@
   return ParseFrom<kParsePartial>(internal::BoundedZCIS{input, size});
 }
 
-bool MessageLite::ParseFromString(const std::string& data) {
+bool MessageLite::ParseFromString(ConstStringParam data) {
   return ParseFrom<kParse>(data);
 }
 
-bool MessageLite::ParsePartialFromString(const std::string& data) {
+bool MessageLite::ParsePartialFromString(ConstStringParam data) {
   return ParseFrom<kParsePartial>(data);
 }
 
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@
   return ParseFrom<kParsePartial>(as_string_view(data, size));
 }
 
-bool MessageLite::MergeFromString(const std::string& data) {
+bool MessageLite::MergeFromString(ConstStringParam data) {
   return ParseFrom<kMerge>(data);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/message_lite.h b/src/google/protobuf/message_lite.h
index c95e74c..1cce5d9 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/message_lite.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/message_lite.h
@@ -315,12 +315,11 @@
   // format, matching the encoding output by MessageLite::SerializeToString().
   // If you'd like to convert a human-readable string into a protocol buffer
   // object, see google::protobuf::TextFormat::ParseFromString().
-  PROTOBUF_ATTRIBUTE_REINITIALIZES bool ParseFromString(
-      const std::string& data);
+  PROTOBUF_ATTRIBUTE_REINITIALIZES bool ParseFromString(ConstStringParam data);
   // Like ParseFromString(), but accepts messages that are missing
   // required fields.
   PROTOBUF_ATTRIBUTE_REINITIALIZES bool ParsePartialFromString(
-      const std::string& data);
+      ConstStringParam data);
   // Parse a protocol buffer contained in an array of bytes.
   PROTOBUF_ATTRIBUTE_REINITIALIZES bool ParseFromArray(const void* data,
                                                        int size);
@@ -351,7 +350,7 @@
   bool MergePartialFromCodedStream(io::CodedInputStream* input);
 
   // Merge a protocol buffer contained in a string.
-  bool MergeFromString(const std::string& data);
+  bool MergeFromString(ConstStringParam data);
 
 
   // Serialization ---------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/parse_context.cc b/src/google/protobuf/parse_context.cc
index 2a57465..22cdcbb 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/parse_context.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/parse_context.cc
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 namespace {
 
 // Only call if at start of tag.
-bool ParseEndsInSlopRegion(const char* begin, int overrun, int d) {
+bool ParseEndsInSlopRegion(const char* begin, int overrun, int depth) {
   constexpr int kSlopBytes = EpsCopyInputStream::kSlopBytes;
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(overrun >= 0);
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(overrun <= kSlopBytes);
@@ -79,11 +79,11 @@
         break;
       }
       case 3: {  // start group
-        d++;
+        depth++;
         break;
       }
       case 4: {                    // end group
-        if (--d < 0) return true;  // We exit early
+        if (--depth < 0) return true;  // We exit early
         break;
       }
       case 5: {  // fixed32
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-const char* EpsCopyInputStream::Next(int overrun, int d) {
+const char* EpsCopyInputStream::NextBuffer(int overrun, int depth) {
   if (next_chunk_ == nullptr) return nullptr;  // We've reached end of stream.
   if (next_chunk_ != buffer_) {
     GOOGLE_DCHECK(size_ > kSlopBytes);
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
   // buffer_.
   std::memmove(buffer_, buffer_end_, kSlopBytes);
   if (overall_limit_ > 0 &&
-      (d < 0 || !ParseEndsInSlopRegion(buffer_, overrun, d))) {
+      (depth < 0 || !ParseEndsInSlopRegion(buffer_, overrun, depth))) {
     const void* data;
     // ZeroCopyInputStream indicates Next may return 0 size buffers. Hence
     // we loop.
@@ -154,11 +154,22 @@
   return buffer_;
 }
 
-std::pair<const char*, bool> EpsCopyInputStream::DoneFallback(const char* ptr,
-                                                              int d) {
-  GOOGLE_DCHECK(ptr >= limit_end_);
-  int overrun = ptr - buffer_end_;
-  GOOGLE_DCHECK(overrun <= kSlopBytes);  // Guaranteed by parse loop.
+const char* EpsCopyInputStream::Next() {
+  GOOGLE_DCHECK(limit_ > kSlopBytes);
+  auto p = NextBuffer(0 /* immaterial */, -1);
+  if (p == nullptr) {
+    limit_end_ = buffer_end_;
+    // Distinguish ending on a pushed limit or ending on end-of-stream.
+    SetEndOfStream();
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  limit_ -= buffer_end_ - p;  // Adjust limit_ relative to new anchor
+  limit_end_ = buffer_end_ + std::min(0, limit_);
+  return p;
+}
+
+std::pair<const char*, bool> EpsCopyInputStream::DoneFallback(int overrun,
+                                                              int depth) {
   // Did we exceeded the limit (parse error).
   if (PROTOBUF_PREDICT_FALSE(overrun > limit_)) return {nullptr, true};
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(overrun != limit_);  // Guaranteed by caller.
@@ -171,10 +182,11 @@
   // At this point we know the following assertion holds.
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(limit_ > 0);
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(limit_end_ == buffer_end_);  // because limit_ > 0
+  const char* p;
   do {
     // We are past the end of buffer_end_, in the slop region.
     GOOGLE_DCHECK(overrun >= 0);
-    auto p = Next(overrun, d);
+    p = NextBuffer(overrun, depth);
     if (p == nullptr) {
       // We are at the end of the stream
       if (PROTOBUF_PREDICT_FALSE(overrun != 0)) return {nullptr, true};
@@ -182,14 +194,14 @@
       limit_end_ = buffer_end_;
       // Distinguish ending on a pushed limit or ending on end-of-stream.
       SetEndOfStream();
-      return {ptr, true};
+      return {buffer_end_, true};
     }
     limit_ -= buffer_end_ - p;  // Adjust limit_ relative to new anchor
-    ptr = p + overrun;
-    overrun = ptr - buffer_end_;
+    p += overrun;
+    overrun = p - buffer_end_;
   } while (overrun >= 0);
   limit_end_ = buffer_end_ + std::min(0, limit_);
-  return {ptr, false};
+  return {p, false};
 }
 
 const char* EpsCopyInputStream::SkipFallback(const char* ptr, int size) {
@@ -263,9 +275,11 @@
     for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
       dst[i] = UnalignedLoad<T>(ptr + i * sizeof(T));
 #endif
-    ptr += block_size;
     size -= block_size;
-    if (DoneWithCheck(&ptr, -1)) return nullptr;
+    if (limit_ <= kSlopBytes) return nullptr;
+    ptr = Next();
+    if (ptr == nullptr) return nullptr;
+    ptr += kSlopBytes - (nbytes - block_size);
     nbytes = buffer_end_ + kSlopBytes - ptr;
   }
   int num = size / sizeof(T);
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/parse_context.h b/src/google/protobuf/parse_context.h
index c5e3fda..6610085 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/parse_context.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/parse_context.h
@@ -208,9 +208,16 @@
   bool DoneWithCheck(const char** ptr, int d) {
     GOOGLE_DCHECK(*ptr);
     if (PROTOBUF_PREDICT_TRUE(*ptr < limit_end_)) return false;
-    // No need to fetch buffer if we ended on a limit in the slop region
-    if ((*ptr - buffer_end_) == limit_) return true;
-    auto res = DoneFallback(*ptr, d);
+    int overrun = *ptr - buffer_end_;
+    GOOGLE_DCHECK_LE(overrun, kSlopBytes);  // Guaranteed by parse loop.
+    if (overrun ==
+        limit_) {  //  No need to flip buffers if we ended on a limit.
+      // If we actually overrun the buffer and next_chunk_ is null. It means
+      // the stream ended and we passed the stream end.
+      if (overrun > 0 && next_chunk_ == nullptr) *ptr = nullptr;
+      return true;
+    }
+    auto res = DoneFallback(overrun, d);
     *ptr = res.first;
     return res.second;
   }
@@ -276,8 +283,26 @@
   // systems. TODO(gerbens) do we need to set this as build flag?
   enum { kSafeStringSize = 50000000 };
 
-  std::pair<const char*, bool> DoneFallback(const char* ptr, int d);
-  const char* Next(int overrun, int d);
+  // Advances to next buffer chunk returns a pointer to the same logical place
+  // in the stream as set by overrun. Overrun indicates the position in the slop
+  // region the parse was left (0 <= overrun <= kSlopBytes). Returns true if at
+  // limit, at which point the returned pointer maybe null if there was an
+  // error. The invariant of this function is that it's guaranteed that
+  // kSlopBytes bytes can be accessed from the returned ptr. This function might
+  // advance more buffers than one in the underlying ZeroCopyInputStream.
+  std::pair<const char*, bool> DoneFallback(int overrun, int depth);
+  // Advances to the next buffer, at most one call to Next() on the underlying
+  // ZeroCopyInputStream is made. This function DOES NOT match the returned
+  // pointer to where in the slop region the parse ends, hence no overrun
+  // parameter. This is useful for string operations where you always copy
+  // to the end of the buffer (including the slop region).
+  const char* Next();
+  // overrun is the location in the slop region the stream currently is
+  // (0 <= overrun <= kSlopBytes). To prevent flipping to the next buffer of
+  // the ZeroCopyInputStream in the case the parse will end in the last
+  // kSlopBytes of the current buffer. depth is the current depth of nested
+  // groups (or negative if the use case does not need careful tracking).
+  inline const char* NextBuffer(int overrun, int depth);
   const char* SkipFallback(const char* ptr, int size);
   const char* AppendStringFallback(const char* ptr, int size, std::string* str);
   const char* ReadStringFallback(const char* ptr, int size, std::string* str);
@@ -296,16 +321,17 @@
     int chunk_size = buffer_end_ + kSlopBytes - ptr;
     do {
       GOOGLE_DCHECK(size > chunk_size);
+      if (next_chunk_ == nullptr) return nullptr;
       append(ptr, chunk_size);
       ptr += chunk_size;
       size -= chunk_size;
-      // DoneFallBack asserts it isn't called when exactly on the limit. If this
-      // happens we fail the parse, as we are at the limit and still more bytes
-      // to read.
-      if (limit_ == kSlopBytes) return nullptr;
-      auto res = DoneFallback(ptr, -1);
-      if (res.second) return nullptr;  // If done we passed the limit
-      ptr = res.first;
+      // TODO(gerbens) Next calls NextBuffer which generates buffers with
+      // overlap and thus incurs cost of copying the slop regions. This is not
+      // necessary for reading strings. We should just call Next buffers.
+      if (limit_ <= kSlopBytes) return nullptr;
+      ptr = Next();
+      if (ptr == nullptr) return nullptr;  // passed the limit
+      ptr += kSlopBytes;
       chunk_size = buffer_end_ + kSlopBytes - ptr;
     } while (size > chunk_size);
     append(ptr, size);
@@ -319,11 +345,19 @@
   // implicit weak messages. We keep these methods private and friend them.
   template <typename A>
   const char* AppendUntilEnd(const char* ptr, const A& append) {
-    while (!DoneWithCheck(&ptr, -1)) {
-      append(ptr, limit_end_ - ptr);
-      ptr = limit_end_;
+    if (ptr - buffer_end_ > limit_) return nullptr;
+    while (limit_ > kSlopBytes) {
+      int chunk_size = buffer_end_ + kSlopBytes - ptr;
+      GOOGLE_DCHECK_GE(chunk_size, 0);
+      append(ptr, chunk_size);
+      ptr = Next();
+      if (ptr == nullptr) return limit_end_;
+      ptr += kSlopBytes;
     }
-    return ptr;
+    auto end = buffer_end_ + limit_;
+    GOOGLE_DCHECK(end >= ptr);
+    append(ptr, end - ptr);
+    return end;
   }
 
   PROTOBUF_MUST_USE_RESULT const char* AppendString(const char* ptr,
@@ -354,7 +388,6 @@
   void TrackCorrectEnding() { group_depth_ = 0; }
 
   bool Done(const char** ptr) { return DoneWithCheck(ptr, group_depth_); }
-  bool DoneNoSlopCheck(const char** ptr) { return DoneWithCheck(ptr, -1); }
 
   int depth() const { return depth_; }
 
@@ -619,19 +652,50 @@
 }
 
 template <typename Add>
+const char* ReadPackedVarintArray(const char* ptr, const char* end, Add add) {
+  while (ptr < end) {
+    uint64 varint;
+    ptr = VarintParse(ptr, &varint);
+    if (ptr == nullptr) return nullptr;
+    add(varint);
+  }
+  return ptr;
+}
+
+template <typename Add>
 const char* EpsCopyInputStream::ReadPackedVarint(const char* ptr, Add add) {
   int size = ReadSize(&ptr);
   if (ptr == nullptr) return nullptr;
-  auto old = PushLimit(ptr, size);
-  if (old < 0) return nullptr;
-  while (!DoneWithCheck(&ptr, -1)) {
-    uint64 varint;
-    ptr = VarintParse(ptr, &varint);
-    if (!ptr) return nullptr;
-    add(varint);
+  int chunk_size = buffer_end_ - ptr;
+  while (size > chunk_size) {
+    ptr = ReadPackedVarintArray(ptr, buffer_end_, add);
+    if (ptr == nullptr) return nullptr;
+    int overrun = ptr - buffer_end_;
+    GOOGLE_DCHECK(overrun >= 0 && overrun <= kSlopBytes);
+    if (size - chunk_size <= kSlopBytes) {
+      // The current buffer contains all the information needed, we don't need
+      // to flip buffers. However we must parse from a buffer with enough space
+      // so we are not prone to a buffer overflow.
+      char buf[kSlopBytes + 10] = {};
+      std::memcpy(buf, buffer_end_, kSlopBytes);
+      GOOGLE_CHECK_LE(size - chunk_size, kSlopBytes);
+      auto end = buf + (size - chunk_size);
+      auto res = ReadPackedVarintArray(buf + overrun, end, add);
+      if (res == nullptr || res != end) return nullptr;
+      return buffer_end_ + (res - buf);
+    }
+    size -= overrun + chunk_size;
+    GOOGLE_DCHECK_GT(size, 0);
+    // We must flip buffers
+    if (limit_ <= kSlopBytes) return nullptr;
+    ptr = Next();
+    if (ptr == nullptr) return nullptr;
+    ptr += overrun;
+    chunk_size = buffer_end_ - ptr;
   }
-  if (!PopLimit(old)) return nullptr;
-  return ptr;
+  auto end = ptr + size;
+  ptr = ReadPackedVarintArray(ptr, end, add);
+  return end == ptr ? ptr : nullptr;
 }
 
 // Helper for verification of utf8
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/port_def.inc b/src/google/protobuf/port_def.inc
index 74c2518..d879a86 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/port_def.inc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/port_def.inc
@@ -238,12 +238,15 @@
 #ifdef GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_ATTRIBUTE_RETURNS_NONNULL
 #define PROTOBUF_RETURNS_NONNULL GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_ATTRIBUTE_RETURNS_NONNULL
 #else
-#ifdef __GNUC__
+#if defined(__has_attribute)
+#if __has_attribute(returns_nonnull)
 #define PROTOBUF_RETURNS_NONNULL __attribute__((returns_nonnull))
-#else
-#define PROTOBUF_RETURNS_NONNULL
 #endif
 #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PROTOBUF_RETURNS_NONNULL
+#define PROTOBUF_RETURNS_NONNULL
+#endif
 
 #if defined(__has_cpp_attribute)
 #if __has_cpp_attribute(clang::reinitializes)
@@ -433,6 +436,8 @@
 #undef SEVERITY_ERROR
 #pragma push_macro("STRICT")
 #undef STRICT
+#pragma push_macro("timezone")
+#undef timezone
 #endif  // _MSC_VER
 
 #if defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/port_undef.inc b/src/google/protobuf/port_undef.inc
index 6b37510..fd080a4 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/port_undef.inc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/port_undef.inc
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@
 #pragma pop_macro("SERVICE_DISABLED")
 #pragma pop_macro("SEVERITY_ERROR")
 #pragma pop_macro("STRICT")
+#pragma pop_macro("timezone")
 #endif
 
 #if defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/reflection_ops.cc b/src/google/protobuf/reflection_ops.cc
index ce3f091..c913ea0 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/reflection_ops.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/reflection_ops.cc
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/map_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/map_field_inl.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/unknown_field_set.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/stubs/strutil.h>
 
 #include <google/protobuf/port_def.inc>
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/source_context.pb.cc b/src/google/protobuf/source_context.pb.cc
index 9256869..a9e0f84 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/source_context.pb.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/source_context.pb.cc
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   file_name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_file_name().empty()) {
-    file_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_file_name(),
+    file_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_file_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(copy_constructor:google.protobuf.SourceContext)
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@
   // Prevent compiler warnings about cached_has_bits being unused
   (void) cached_has_bits;
 
-  file_name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  file_name_.ClearToEmpty();
   _internal_metadata_.Clear<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>();
 }
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/source_context.pb.h b/src/google/protobuf/source_context.pb.h
index 4722d10..9d08789 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/source_context.pb.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/source_context.pb.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/arenastring.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/metadata_lite.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/message.h>
@@ -220,7 +219,7 @@
 
 // string file_name = 1;
 inline void SourceContext::clear_file_name() {
-  file_name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  file_name_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& SourceContext::file_name() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.SourceContext.file_name)
@@ -239,31 +238,30 @@
 }
 inline void SourceContext::_internal_set_file_name(const std::string& value) {
   
-  file_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  file_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void SourceContext::set_file_name(std::string&& value) {
   
   file_name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.SourceContext.file_name)
 }
 inline void SourceContext::set_file_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  file_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  file_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.SourceContext.file_name)
 }
 inline void SourceContext::set_file_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  file_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  file_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.SourceContext.file_name)
 }
 inline std::string* SourceContext::_internal_mutable_file_name() {
   
-  return file_name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return file_name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* SourceContext::release_file_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.SourceContext.file_name)
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/struct.pb.cc b/src/google/protobuf/struct.pb.cc
index d94b86d..a6d9095 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/struct.pb.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/struct.pb.cc
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@
       break;
     }
     case kStringValue: {
-      kind_.string_value_.Destroy(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+      kind_.string_value_.Destroy(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
       break;
     }
     case kBoolValue: {
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/struct.pb.h b/src/google/protobuf/struct.pb.h
index 315193c..b28bdc8 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/struct.pb.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/struct.pb.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/arenastring.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/metadata_lite.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/message.h>
@@ -807,7 +806,7 @@
 }
 inline void Value::clear_string_value() {
   if (_internal_has_string_value()) {
-    kind_.string_value_.Destroy(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+    kind_.string_value_.Destroy(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
     clear_has_kind();
   }
 }
@@ -827,7 +826,7 @@
   if (_internal_has_string_value()) {
     return kind_.string_value_.Get();
   }
-  return *&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited();
+  return ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited();
 }
 inline void Value::_internal_set_string_value(const std::string& value) {
   if (!_internal_has_string_value()) {
@@ -835,7 +834,7 @@
     set_has_string_value();
     kind_.string_value_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   }
-  kind_.string_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  kind_.string_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Value::set_string_value(std::string&& value) {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set:google.protobuf.Value.string_value)
@@ -845,7 +844,7 @@
     kind_.string_value_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   }
   kind_.string_value_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Value.string_value)
 }
 inline void Value::set_string_value(const char* value) {
@@ -855,7 +854,7 @@
     set_has_string_value();
     kind_.string_value_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   }
-  kind_.string_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(),
+  kind_.string_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{},
       ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Value.string_value)
 }
@@ -867,7 +866,7 @@
     kind_.string_value_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   }
   kind_.string_value_.Set(
-      &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+      ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size),
       GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Value.string_value)
@@ -878,13 +877,14 @@
     set_has_string_value();
     kind_.string_value_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   }
-  return kind_.string_value_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return kind_.string_value_.Mutable(
+      ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Value::release_string_value() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Value.string_value)
   if (_internal_has_string_value()) {
     clear_has_kind();
-    return kind_.string_value_.Release(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+    return kind_.string_value_.ReleaseNonDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
   } else {
     return nullptr;
   }
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/stubs/fastmem.h b/src/google/protobuf/stubs/fastmem.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 76c8a3a..0000000
--- a/src/google/protobuf/stubs/fastmem.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
-// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
-// Copyright 2014 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
-// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
-//
-// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
-// met:
-//
-//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
-// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
-// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
-// distribution.
-//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
-// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
-// this software without specific prior written permission.
-//
-// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
-// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
-// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
-// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
-// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
-// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
-// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
-// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
-// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
-// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
-// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-
-// Fast memory copying and comparison routines.
-//   strings::fastmemcmp_inlined() replaces memcmp()
-//   strings::memcpy_inlined() replaces memcpy()
-//   strings::memeq(a, b, n) replaces memcmp(a, b, n) == 0
-//
-// strings::*_inlined() routines are inline versions of the
-// routines exported by this module.  Sometimes using the inlined
-// versions is faster.  Measure before using the inlined versions.
-//
-// Performance measurement:
-//   strings::fastmemcmp_inlined
-//     Analysis: memcmp, fastmemcmp_inlined, fastmemcmp
-//     2012-01-30
-
-#ifndef GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_STUBS_FASTMEM_H_
-#define GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_STUBS_FASTMEM_H_
-
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include <google/protobuf/stubs/common.h>
-
-#include <google/protobuf/port_def.inc>
-
-namespace google {
-namespace protobuf {
-namespace internal {
-
-// Return true if the n bytes at a equal the n bytes at b.
-// The regions are allowed to overlap.
-//
-// The performance is similar to the performance memcmp(), but faster for
-// moderately-sized inputs, or inputs that share a common prefix and differ
-// somewhere in their last 8 bytes. Further optimizations can be added later
-// if it makes sense to do so.:w
-inline bool memeq(const char* a, const char* b, size_t n) {
-  size_t n_rounded_down = n & ~static_cast<size_t>(7);
-  if (PROTOBUF_PREDICT_FALSE(n_rounded_down == 0)) {  // n <= 7
-    return memcmp(a, b, n) == 0;
-  }
-  // n >= 8
-  uint64 u = GOOGLE_UNALIGNED_LOAD64(a) ^ GOOGLE_UNALIGNED_LOAD64(b);
-  uint64 v = GOOGLE_UNALIGNED_LOAD64(a + n - 8) ^ GOOGLE_UNALIGNED_LOAD64(b + n - 8);
-  if ((u | v) != 0) {  // The first or last 8 bytes differ.
-    return false;
-  }
-  a += 8;
-  b += 8;
-  n = n_rounded_down - 8;
-  if (n > 128) {
-    // As of 2012, memcmp on x86-64 uses a big unrolled loop with SSE2
-    // instructions, and while we could try to do something faster, it
-    // doesn't seem worth pursuing.
-    return memcmp(a, b, n) == 0;
-  }
-  for (; n >= 16; n -= 16) {
-    uint64 x = GOOGLE_UNALIGNED_LOAD64(a) ^ GOOGLE_UNALIGNED_LOAD64(b);
-    uint64 y = GOOGLE_UNALIGNED_LOAD64(a + 8) ^ GOOGLE_UNALIGNED_LOAD64(b + 8);
-    if ((x | y) != 0) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    a += 16;
-    b += 16;
-  }
-  // n must be 0 or 8 now because it was a multiple of 8 at the top of the loop.
-  return n == 0 || GOOGLE_UNALIGNED_LOAD64(a) == GOOGLE_UNALIGNED_LOAD64(b);
-}
-
-inline int fastmemcmp_inlined(const char *a, const char *b, size_t n) {
-  if (n >= 64) {
-    return memcmp(a, b, n);
-  }
-  const char* a_limit = a + n;
-  while (a + sizeof(uint64) <= a_limit &&
-         GOOGLE_UNALIGNED_LOAD64(a) == GOOGLE_UNALIGNED_LOAD64(b)) {
-    a += sizeof(uint64);
-    b += sizeof(uint64);
-  }
-  if (a + sizeof(uint32) <= a_limit &&
-      GOOGLE_UNALIGNED_LOAD32(a) == GOOGLE_UNALIGNED_LOAD32(b)) {
-    a += sizeof(uint32);
-    b += sizeof(uint32);
-  }
-  while (a < a_limit) {
-    int d =
-        static_cast<int>(static_cast<uint32>(*a++) - static_cast<uint32>(*b++));
-    if (d) return d;
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-// The standard memcpy operation is slow for variable small sizes.
-// This implementation inlines the optimal realization for sizes 1 to 16.
-// To avoid code bloat don't use it in case of not performance-critical spots,
-// nor when you don't expect very frequent values of size <= 16.
-inline void memcpy_inlined(char *dst, const char *src, size_t size) {
-  // Compiler inlines code with minimal amount of data movement when third
-  // parameter of memcpy is a constant.
-  switch (size) {
-    case  1: memcpy(dst, src, 1); break;
-    case  2: memcpy(dst, src, 2); break;
-    case  3: memcpy(dst, src, 3); break;
-    case  4: memcpy(dst, src, 4); break;
-    case  5: memcpy(dst, src, 5); break;
-    case  6: memcpy(dst, src, 6); break;
-    case  7: memcpy(dst, src, 7); break;
-    case  8: memcpy(dst, src, 8); break;
-    case  9: memcpy(dst, src, 9); break;
-    case 10: memcpy(dst, src, 10); break;
-    case 11: memcpy(dst, src, 11); break;
-    case 12: memcpy(dst, src, 12); break;
-    case 13: memcpy(dst, src, 13); break;
-    case 14: memcpy(dst, src, 14); break;
-    case 15: memcpy(dst, src, 15); break;
-    case 16: memcpy(dst, src, 16); break;
-    default: memcpy(dst, src, size); break;
-  }
-}
-
-}  // namespace internal
-}  // namespace protobuf
-}  // namespace google
-
-#include <google/protobuf/port_undef.inc>
-
-#endif  // GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_STUBS_FASTMEM_H_
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/stubs/hash.h b/src/google/protobuf/stubs/hash.h
index e2d2392..a7ec068 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/stubs/hash.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/stubs/hash.h
@@ -108,14 +108,6 @@
   }
 };
 
-// Used by GCC/SGI STL only.  (Why isn't this provided by the standard
-// library?  :( )
-struct streq {
-  inline bool operator()(const char* a, const char* b) const {
-    return strcmp(a, b) == 0;
-  }
-};
-
 }  // namespace protobuf
 }  // namespace google
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/text_format.cc b/src/google/protobuf/text_format.cc
index 11e9b00..323b0e0 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/text_format.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/text_format.cc
@@ -456,8 +456,7 @@
       DO(ConsumeIdentifier(&field_name));
 
       int32 field_number;
-      if (allow_field_number_ &&
-          safe_strto32(field_name, &field_number)) {
+      if (allow_field_number_ && safe_strto32(field_name, &field_number)) {
         if (descriptor->IsExtensionNumber(field_number)) {
           field = finder_
                       ? finder_->FindExtensionByNumber(descriptor, field_number)
@@ -1473,7 +1472,7 @@
   return MergeUsingImpl(input, output, &parser);
 }
 
-bool TextFormat::Parser::MergeFromString(const std::string& input,
+bool TextFormat::Parser::MergeFromString(ConstStringParam input,
                                          Message* output) {
   DO(CheckParseInputSize(input, error_collector_));
   io::ArrayInputStream input_stream(input.data(), input.size());
@@ -1524,7 +1523,7 @@
   return Parser().ParseFromString(input, output);
 }
 
-/* static */ bool TextFormat::MergeFromString(const std::string& input,
+/* static */ bool TextFormat::MergeFromString(ConstStringParam input,
                                               Message* output) {
   return Parser().MergeFromString(input, output);
 }
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/text_format.h b/src/google/protobuf/text_format.h
index e4b3255..3a3ee15 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/text_format.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/text_format.h
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@
   // using Message::MergeFrom().
   static bool Merge(io::ZeroCopyInputStream* input, Message* output);
   // Like Merge(), but reads directly from a string.
-  static bool MergeFromString(const std::string& input, Message* output);
+  static bool MergeFromString(ConstStringParam input, Message* output);
 
   // Parse the given text as a single field value and store it into the
   // given field of the given message. If the field is a repeated field,
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@
     // Like TextFormat::Merge().
     bool Merge(io::ZeroCopyInputStream* input, Message* output);
     // Like TextFormat::MergeFromString().
-    bool MergeFromString(const std::string& input, Message* output);
+    bool MergeFromString(ConstStringParam input, Message* output);
 
     // Set where to report parse errors.  If NULL (the default), errors will
     // be printed to stderr.
@@ -569,16 +569,22 @@
                                    const FieldDescriptor* field,
                                    Message* output);
 
-    // When an unknown extension is met, parsing will fail if this option is set
-    // to false (the default). If true, unknown extensions will be ignored and
-    // a warning message will be generated.
+    // When an unknown extension is met, parsing will fail if this option is
+    // set to false (the default). If true, unknown extensions will be ignored
+    // and a warning message will be generated.
+    // Beware! Setting this option true may hide some errors (e.g. spelling
+    // error on extension name).  This allows data loss; unlike binary format,
+    // text format cannot preserve unknown extensions.  Avoid using this option
+    // if possible.
     void AllowUnknownExtension(bool allow) { allow_unknown_extension_ = allow; }
 
     // When an unknown field is met, parsing will fail if this option is set
-    // to false(the default). If true, unknown fields will be ignored and
+    // to false (the default). If true, unknown fields will be ignored and
     // a warning message will be generated.
-    // Please aware that set this option true may hide some errors (e.g.
-    // spelling error on field name). Avoid to use this option if possible.
+    // Beware! Setting this option true may hide some errors (e.g. spelling
+    // error on field name). This allows data loss; unlike binary format, text
+    // format cannot preserve unknown fields.  Avoid using this option
+    // if possible.
     void AllowUnknownField(bool allow) { allow_unknown_field_ = allow; }
 
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/timestamp.pb.h b/src/google/protobuf/timestamp.pb.h
index da7ebe9..875f8f3 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/timestamp.pb.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/timestamp.pb.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/arenastring.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/metadata_lite.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/message.h>
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/type.pb.cc b/src/google/protobuf/type.pb.cc
index 01a79f9..a320ee6 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/type.pb.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/type.pb.cc
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_name().empty()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   if (from._internal_has_source_context()) {
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@
   fields_.Clear();
   oneofs_.Clear();
   options_.Clear();
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
   if (GetArena() == nullptr && source_context_ != nullptr) {
     delete source_context_;
   }
@@ -755,22 +755,22 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_name().empty()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   type_url_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_type_url().empty()) {
-    type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_type_url(),
+    type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_type_url(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   json_name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_json_name().empty()) {
-    json_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_json_name(),
+    json_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_json_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   default_value_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_default_value().empty()) {
-    default_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_default_value(),
+    default_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_default_value(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   ::memcpy(&kind_, &from.kind_,
@@ -826,10 +826,10 @@
   (void) cached_has_bits;
 
   options_.Clear();
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
-  type_url_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
-  json_name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
-  default_value_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
+  type_url_.ClearToEmpty();
+  json_name_.ClearToEmpty();
+  default_value_.ClearToEmpty();
   ::memset(&kind_, 0, static_cast<size_t>(
       reinterpret_cast<char*>(&packed_) -
       reinterpret_cast<char*>(&kind_)) + sizeof(packed_));
@@ -1251,7 +1251,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_name().empty()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   if (from._internal_has_source_context()) {
@@ -1306,7 +1306,7 @@
 
   enumvalue_.Clear();
   options_.Clear();
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
   if (GetArena() == nullptr && source_context_ != nullptr) {
     delete source_context_;
   }
@@ -1590,7 +1590,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_name().empty()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   number_ = from.number_;
@@ -1636,7 +1636,7 @@
   (void) cached_has_bits;
 
   options_.Clear();
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
   number_ = 0;
   _internal_metadata_.Clear<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>();
 }
@@ -1865,7 +1865,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   name_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_name().empty()) {
-    name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_name(),
+    name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_name(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   if (from._internal_has_value()) {
@@ -1915,7 +1915,7 @@
   // Prevent compiler warnings about cached_has_bits being unused
   (void) cached_has_bits;
 
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
   if (GetArena() == nullptr && value_ != nullptr) {
     delete value_;
   }
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/type.pb.h b/src/google/protobuf/type.pb.h
index f761361..a11617b 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/type.pb.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/type.pb.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/arenastring.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/metadata_lite.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/message.h>
@@ -1351,7 +1350,7 @@
 
 // string name = 1;
 inline void Type::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Type::name() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Type.name)
@@ -1370,31 +1369,30 @@
 }
 inline void Type::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Type::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Type.name)
 }
 inline void Type::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Type.name)
 }
 inline void Type::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Type.name)
 }
 inline std::string* Type::_internal_mutable_name() {
   
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Type::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Type.name)
@@ -1726,7 +1724,7 @@
 
 // string name = 4;
 inline void Field::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Field::name() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Field.name)
@@ -1745,31 +1743,30 @@
 }
 inline void Field::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Field::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Field.name)
 }
 inline void Field::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Field.name)
 }
 inline void Field::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Field.name)
 }
 inline std::string* Field::_internal_mutable_name() {
   
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Field::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Field.name)
@@ -1788,7 +1785,7 @@
 
 // string type_url = 6;
 inline void Field::clear_type_url() {
-  type_url_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  type_url_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Field::type_url() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Field.type_url)
@@ -1807,31 +1804,30 @@
 }
 inline void Field::_internal_set_type_url(const std::string& value) {
   
-  type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Field::set_type_url(std::string&& value) {
   
   type_url_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Field.type_url)
 }
 inline void Field::set_type_url(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Field.type_url)
 }
 inline void Field::set_type_url(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  type_url_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  type_url_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Field.type_url)
 }
 inline std::string* Field::_internal_mutable_type_url() {
   
-  return type_url_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return type_url_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Field::release_type_url() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Field.type_url)
@@ -1929,7 +1925,7 @@
 
 // string json_name = 10;
 inline void Field::clear_json_name() {
-  json_name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  json_name_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Field::json_name() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Field.json_name)
@@ -1948,31 +1944,30 @@
 }
 inline void Field::_internal_set_json_name(const std::string& value) {
   
-  json_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  json_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Field::set_json_name(std::string&& value) {
   
   json_name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Field.json_name)
 }
 inline void Field::set_json_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  json_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  json_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Field.json_name)
 }
 inline void Field::set_json_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  json_name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  json_name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Field.json_name)
 }
 inline std::string* Field::_internal_mutable_json_name() {
   
-  return json_name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return json_name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Field::release_json_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Field.json_name)
@@ -1991,7 +1986,7 @@
 
 // string default_value = 11;
 inline void Field::clear_default_value() {
-  default_value_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  default_value_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Field::default_value() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Field.default_value)
@@ -2010,31 +2005,30 @@
 }
 inline void Field::_internal_set_default_value(const std::string& value) {
   
-  default_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  default_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Field::set_default_value(std::string&& value) {
   
   default_value_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Field.default_value)
 }
 inline void Field::set_default_value(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  default_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  default_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Field.default_value)
 }
 inline void Field::set_default_value(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  default_value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  default_value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Field.default_value)
 }
 inline std::string* Field::_internal_mutable_default_value() {
   
-  return default_value_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return default_value_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Field::release_default_value() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Field.default_value)
@@ -2057,7 +2051,7 @@
 
 // string name = 1;
 inline void Enum::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Enum::name() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Enum.name)
@@ -2076,31 +2070,30 @@
 }
 inline void Enum::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Enum::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Enum.name)
 }
 inline void Enum::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Enum.name)
 }
 inline void Enum::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Enum.name)
 }
 inline std::string* Enum::_internal_mutable_name() {
   
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Enum::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Enum.name)
@@ -2298,7 +2291,7 @@
 
 // string name = 1;
 inline void EnumValue::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& EnumValue::name() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.EnumValue.name)
@@ -2317,31 +2310,30 @@
 }
 inline void EnumValue::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void EnumValue::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.EnumValue.name)
 }
 inline void EnumValue::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.EnumValue.name)
 }
 inline void EnumValue::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.EnumValue.name)
 }
 inline std::string* EnumValue::_internal_mutable_name() {
   
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* EnumValue::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.EnumValue.name)
@@ -2423,7 +2415,7 @@
 
 // string name = 1;
 inline void Option::clear_name() {
-  name_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  name_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& Option::name() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.Option.name)
@@ -2442,31 +2434,30 @@
 }
 inline void Option::_internal_set_name(const std::string& value) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void Option::set_name(std::string&& value) {
   
   name_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.Option.name)
 }
 inline void Option::set_name(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.Option.name)
 }
 inline void Option::set_name(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  name_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  name_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.Option.name)
 }
 inline std::string* Option::_internal_mutable_name() {
   
-  return name_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return name_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* Option::release_name() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.Option.name)
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/datapiece.cc b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/datapiece.cc
index e76268a..4246956 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/datapiece.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/datapiece.cc
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@
 namespace converter {
 
 using util::Status;
-using util::StatusOr;
 using util::error::Code;
 
 namespace {
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@
 }
 
 template <typename To, typename From>
-StatusOr<To> ValidateNumberConversion(To after, From before) {
+util::StatusOr<To> ValidateNumberConversion(To after, From before) {
   if (after == before &&
       MathUtil::Sign<From>(before) == MathUtil::Sign<To>(after)) {
     return after;
@@ -74,7 +73,7 @@
 //     int32, int64, uint32, uint64, double and float
 // except conversion between double and float.
 template <typename To, typename From>
-StatusOr<To> NumberConvertAndCheck(From before) {
+util::StatusOr<To> NumberConvertAndCheck(From before) {
   if (std::is_same<From, To>::value) return before;
 
   To after = static_cast<To>(before);
@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@
 // For conversion to integer types (int32, int64, uint32, uint64) from floating
 // point types (double, float) only.
 template <typename To, typename From>
-StatusOr<To> FloatingPointToIntConvertAndCheck(From before) {
+util::StatusOr<To> FloatingPointToIntConvertAndCheck(From before) {
   if (std::is_same<From, To>::value) return before;
 
   To after = static_cast<To>(before);
@@ -92,13 +91,13 @@
 }
 
 // For conversion between double and float only.
-StatusOr<double> FloatToDouble(float before) {
+util::StatusOr<double> FloatToDouble(float before) {
   // Casting float to double should just work as double has more precision
   // than float.
   return static_cast<double>(before);
 }
 
-StatusOr<float> DoubleToFloat(double before) {
+util::StatusOr<float> DoubleToFloat(double before) {
   if (std::isnan(before)) {
     return std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN();
   } else if (!std::isfinite(before)) {
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-StatusOr<int32> DataPiece::ToInt32() const {
+util::StatusOr<int32> DataPiece::ToInt32() const {
   if (type_ == TYPE_STRING) return StringToNumber<int32>(safe_strto32);
 
   if (type_ == TYPE_DOUBLE)
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@
   return GenericConvert<int32>();
 }
 
-StatusOr<uint32> DataPiece::ToUint32() const {
+util::StatusOr<uint32> DataPiece::ToUint32() const {
   if (type_ == TYPE_STRING)
     return StringToNumber<uint32>(safe_strtou32);
 
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@
   return GenericConvert<uint32>();
 }
 
-StatusOr<int64> DataPiece::ToInt64() const {
+util::StatusOr<int64> DataPiece::ToInt64() const {
   if (type_ == TYPE_STRING) return StringToNumber<int64>(safe_strto64);
 
   if (type_ == TYPE_DOUBLE)
@@ -152,7 +151,7 @@
   return GenericConvert<int64>();
 }
 
-StatusOr<uint64> DataPiece::ToUint64() const {
+util::StatusOr<uint64> DataPiece::ToUint64() const {
   if (type_ == TYPE_STRING)
     return StringToNumber<uint64>(safe_strtou64);
 
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@
   return GenericConvert<uint64>();
 }
 
-StatusOr<double> DataPiece::ToDouble() const {
+util::StatusOr<double> DataPiece::ToDouble() const {
   if (type_ == TYPE_FLOAT) {
     return FloatToDouble(float_);
   }
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@
     if (str_ == "Infinity") return std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
     if (str_ == "-Infinity") return -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
     if (str_ == "NaN") return std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
-    StatusOr<double> value = StringToNumber<double>(safe_strtod);
+    util::StatusOr<double> value = StringToNumber<double>(safe_strtod);
     if (value.ok() && !std::isfinite(value.value())) {
       // safe_strtod converts out-of-range values to +inf/-inf, but we want
       // to report them as errors.
@@ -185,7 +184,7 @@
   return GenericConvert<double>();
 }
 
-StatusOr<float> DataPiece::ToFloat() const {
+util::StatusOr<float> DataPiece::ToFloat() const {
   if (type_ == TYPE_DOUBLE) {
     return DoubleToFloat(double_);
   }
@@ -200,7 +199,7 @@
   return GenericConvert<float>();
 }
 
-StatusOr<bool> DataPiece::ToBool() const {
+util::StatusOr<bool> DataPiece::ToBool() const {
   switch (type_) {
     case TYPE_BOOL:
       return bool_;
@@ -212,7 +211,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-StatusOr<std::string> DataPiece::ToString() const {
+util::StatusOr<std::string> DataPiece::ToString() const {
   switch (type_) {
     case TYPE_STRING:
       return std::string(str_);
@@ -258,7 +257,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-StatusOr<std::string> DataPiece::ToBytes() const {
+util::StatusOr<std::string> DataPiece::ToBytes() const {
   if (type_ == TYPE_BYTES) return str_.ToString();
   if (type_ == TYPE_STRING) {
     std::string decoded;
@@ -272,11 +271,11 @@
   }
 }
 
-StatusOr<int> DataPiece::ToEnum(const google::protobuf::Enum* enum_type,
-                                bool use_lower_camel_for_enums,
-                                bool case_insensitive_enum_parsing,
-                                bool ignore_unknown_enum_values,
-                                bool* is_unknown_enum_value) const {
+util::StatusOr<int> DataPiece::ToEnum(const google::protobuf::Enum* enum_type,
+                                      bool use_lower_camel_for_enums,
+                                      bool case_insensitive_enum_parsing,
+                                      bool ignore_unknown_enum_values,
+                                      bool* is_unknown_enum_value) const {
   if (type_ == TYPE_NULL) return google::protobuf::NULL_VALUE;
 
   if (type_ == TYPE_STRING) {
@@ -287,7 +286,7 @@
     if (value != nullptr) return value->number();
 
     // Check if int version of enum is sent as string.
-    StatusOr<int32> int_value = ToInt32();
+    util::StatusOr<int32> int_value = ToInt32();
     if (int_value.ok()) {
       if (const google::protobuf::EnumValue* enum_value =
               FindEnumValueByNumberOrNull(enum_type, int_value.value())) {
@@ -332,7 +331,7 @@
 }
 
 template <typename To>
-StatusOr<To> DataPiece::GenericConvert() const {
+util::StatusOr<To> DataPiece::GenericConvert() const {
   switch (type_) {
     case TYPE_INT32:
       return NumberConvertAndCheck<To, int32>(i32_);
@@ -354,8 +353,8 @@
 }
 
 template <typename To>
-StatusOr<To> DataPiece::StringToNumber(bool (*func)(StringPiece,
-                                                    To*)) const {
+util::StatusOr<To> DataPiece::StringToNumber(bool (*func)(StringPiece,
+                                                          To*)) const {
   if (str_.size() > 0 && (str_[0] == ' ' || str_[str_.size() - 1] == ' ')) {
     return InvalidArgument(StrCat("\"", str_, "\""));
   }
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/datapiece.h b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/datapiece.h
index 1b0ccfa..38ced17 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/datapiece.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/datapiece.h
@@ -167,10 +167,10 @@
   // Same as the ToEnum() method above but with additional flag to ignore
   // unknown enum values.
   util::StatusOr<int> ToEnum(const google::protobuf::Enum* enum_type,
-                               bool use_lower_camel_for_enums,
-                               bool case_insensitive_enum_parsing,
-                               bool ignore_unknown_enum_values,
-                               bool* is_unknown_enum_value) const;
+                             bool use_lower_camel_for_enums,
+                             bool case_insensitive_enum_parsing,
+                             bool ignore_unknown_enum_values,
+                             bool* is_unknown_enum_value) const;
 
   // For numeric conversion between
   //     int32, int64, uint32, uint64, double, float and bool
@@ -180,8 +180,7 @@
   // For conversion from string to
   //     int32, int64, uint32, uint64, double, float and bool
   template <typename To>
-  util::StatusOr<To> StringToNumber(bool (*func)(StringPiece,
-                                                   To*)) const;
+  util::StatusOr<To> StringToNumber(bool (*func)(StringPiece, To*)) const;
 
   // Decodes a base64 string. Returns true on success.
   bool DecodeBase64(StringPiece src, std::string* dest) const;
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/default_value_objectwriter.cc b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/default_value_objectwriter.cc
index a78a862..60a44db 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/default_value_objectwriter.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/default_value_objectwriter.cc
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@
 namespace protobuf {
 namespace util {
 using util::Status;
-using util::StatusOr;
 namespace converter {
 
 namespace {
@@ -49,9 +48,10 @@
 // If value is empty or if conversion fails, the default_value is returned.
 template <typename T>
 T ConvertTo(StringPiece value,
-            StatusOr<T> (DataPiece::*converter_fn)() const, T default_value) {
+            util::StatusOr<T> (DataPiece::*converter_fn)() const,
+            T default_value) {
   if (value.empty()) return default_value;
-  StatusOr<T> result = (DataPiece(value, true).*converter_fn)();
+  util::StatusOr<T> result = (DataPiece(value, true).*converter_fn)();
   return result.ok() ? result.value() : default_value;
 }
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/json_stream_parser.cc b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/json_stream_parser.cc
index 8cb22c7..0a32138 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/json_stream_parser.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/json_stream_parser.cc
@@ -853,7 +853,7 @@
 util::Status JsonStreamParser::IncrementRecursionDepth(
     StringPiece key) const {
   if (++recursion_depth_ > max_recursion_depth_) {
-    return Status(
+    return util::Status(
         util::error::INVALID_ARGUMENT,
         StrCat("Message too deep. Max recursion depth reached for key '",
                      key, "'"));
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/proto_writer.cc b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/proto_writer.cc
index de93085..240db51 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/proto_writer.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/proto_writer.cc
@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@
 using io::CodedOutputStream;
 using ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::WireFormatLite;
 using util::Status;
-using util::StatusOr;
 using util::error::INVALID_ARGUMENT;
 
 
@@ -120,9 +119,9 @@
 namespace {
 
 // Writes an INT32 field, including tag to the stream.
-inline Status WriteInt32(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                         CodedOutputStream* stream) {
-  StatusOr<int32> i32 = data.ToInt32();
+inline util::Status WriteInt32(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                               CodedOutputStream* stream) {
+  util::StatusOr<int32> i32 = data.ToInt32();
   if (i32.ok()) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteInt32(field_number, i32.value(), stream);
   }
@@ -130,9 +129,9 @@
 }
 
 // writes an SFIXED32 field, including tag, to the stream.
-inline Status WriteSFixed32(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                            CodedOutputStream* stream) {
-  StatusOr<int32> i32 = data.ToInt32();
+inline util::Status WriteSFixed32(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                                  CodedOutputStream* stream) {
+  util::StatusOr<int32> i32 = data.ToInt32();
   if (i32.ok()) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteSFixed32(field_number, i32.value(), stream);
   }
@@ -140,9 +139,9 @@
 }
 
 // Writes an SINT32 field, including tag, to the stream.
-inline Status WriteSInt32(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                          CodedOutputStream* stream) {
-  StatusOr<int32> i32 = data.ToInt32();
+inline util::Status WriteSInt32(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                                CodedOutputStream* stream) {
+  util::StatusOr<int32> i32 = data.ToInt32();
   if (i32.ok()) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteSInt32(field_number, i32.value(), stream);
   }
@@ -150,9 +149,9 @@
 }
 
 // Writes a FIXED32 field, including tag, to the stream.
-inline Status WriteFixed32(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                           CodedOutputStream* stream) {
-  StatusOr<uint32> u32 = data.ToUint32();
+inline util::Status WriteFixed32(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                                 CodedOutputStream* stream) {
+  util::StatusOr<uint32> u32 = data.ToUint32();
   if (u32.ok()) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteFixed32(field_number, u32.value(), stream);
   }
@@ -160,9 +159,9 @@
 }
 
 // Writes a UINT32 field, including tag, to the stream.
-inline Status WriteUInt32(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                          CodedOutputStream* stream) {
-  StatusOr<uint32> u32 = data.ToUint32();
+inline util::Status WriteUInt32(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                                CodedOutputStream* stream) {
+  util::StatusOr<uint32> u32 = data.ToUint32();
   if (u32.ok()) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteUInt32(field_number, u32.value(), stream);
   }
@@ -170,9 +169,9 @@
 }
 
 // Writes an INT64 field, including tag, to the stream.
-inline Status WriteInt64(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                         CodedOutputStream* stream) {
-  StatusOr<int64> i64 = data.ToInt64();
+inline util::Status WriteInt64(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                               CodedOutputStream* stream) {
+  util::StatusOr<int64> i64 = data.ToInt64();
   if (i64.ok()) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteInt64(field_number, i64.value(), stream);
   }
@@ -180,9 +179,9 @@
 }
 
 // Writes an SFIXED64 field, including tag, to the stream.
-inline Status WriteSFixed64(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                            CodedOutputStream* stream) {
-  StatusOr<int64> i64 = data.ToInt64();
+inline util::Status WriteSFixed64(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                                  CodedOutputStream* stream) {
+  util::StatusOr<int64> i64 = data.ToInt64();
   if (i64.ok()) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteSFixed64(field_number, i64.value(), stream);
   }
@@ -190,9 +189,9 @@
 }
 
 // Writes an SINT64 field, including tag, to the stream.
-inline Status WriteSInt64(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                          CodedOutputStream* stream) {
-  StatusOr<int64> i64 = data.ToInt64();
+inline util::Status WriteSInt64(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                                CodedOutputStream* stream) {
+  util::StatusOr<int64> i64 = data.ToInt64();
   if (i64.ok()) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteSInt64(field_number, i64.value(), stream);
   }
@@ -200,9 +199,9 @@
 }
 
 // Writes a FIXED64 field, including tag, to the stream.
-inline Status WriteFixed64(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                           CodedOutputStream* stream) {
-  StatusOr<uint64> u64 = data.ToUint64();
+inline util::Status WriteFixed64(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                                 CodedOutputStream* stream) {
+  util::StatusOr<uint64> u64 = data.ToUint64();
   if (u64.ok()) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteFixed64(field_number, u64.value(), stream);
   }
@@ -210,9 +209,9 @@
 }
 
 // Writes a UINT64 field, including tag, to the stream.
-inline Status WriteUInt64(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                          CodedOutputStream* stream) {
-  StatusOr<uint64> u64 = data.ToUint64();
+inline util::Status WriteUInt64(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                                CodedOutputStream* stream) {
+  util::StatusOr<uint64> u64 = data.ToUint64();
   if (u64.ok()) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteUInt64(field_number, u64.value(), stream);
   }
@@ -220,9 +219,9 @@
 }
 
 // Writes a DOUBLE field, including tag, to the stream.
-inline Status WriteDouble(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                          CodedOutputStream* stream) {
-  StatusOr<double> d = data.ToDouble();
+inline util::Status WriteDouble(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                                CodedOutputStream* stream) {
+  util::StatusOr<double> d = data.ToDouble();
   if (d.ok()) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteDouble(field_number, d.value(), stream);
   }
@@ -230,9 +229,9 @@
 }
 
 // Writes a FLOAT field, including tag, to the stream.
-inline Status WriteFloat(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                         CodedOutputStream* stream) {
-  StatusOr<float> f = data.ToFloat();
+inline util::Status WriteFloat(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                               CodedOutputStream* stream) {
+  util::StatusOr<float> f = data.ToFloat();
   if (f.ok()) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteFloat(field_number, f.value(), stream);
   }
@@ -240,9 +239,9 @@
 }
 
 // Writes a BOOL field, including tag, to the stream.
-inline Status WriteBool(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                        CodedOutputStream* stream) {
-  StatusOr<bool> b = data.ToBool();
+inline util::Status WriteBool(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                              CodedOutputStream* stream) {
+  util::StatusOr<bool> b = data.ToBool();
   if (b.ok()) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteBool(field_number, b.value(), stream);
   }
@@ -250,9 +249,9 @@
 }
 
 // Writes a BYTES field, including tag, to the stream.
-inline Status WriteBytes(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                         CodedOutputStream* stream) {
-  StatusOr<std::string> c = data.ToBytes();
+inline util::Status WriteBytes(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                               CodedOutputStream* stream) {
+  util::StatusOr<std::string> c = data.ToBytes();
   if (c.ok()) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteBytes(field_number, c.ValueOrDie(), stream);
   }
@@ -260,9 +259,9 @@
 }
 
 // Writes a STRING field, including tag, to the stream.
-inline Status WriteString(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                          CodedOutputStream* stream) {
-  StatusOr<std::string> s = data.ToString();
+inline util::Status WriteString(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                                CodedOutputStream* stream) {
+  util::StatusOr<std::string> s = data.ToString();
   if (s.ok()) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteString(field_number, s.value(), stream);
   }
@@ -350,7 +349,9 @@
     for (std::set<const google::protobuf::Field*>::iterator it =
              required_fields_.begin();
          it != required_fields_.end(); ++it) {
-      ow_->MissingField((*it)->name());
+      ow_->MissingField(ow_->use_json_name_in_missing_fields_
+                            ? (*it)->json_name()
+                            : (*it)->name());
     }
   }
   // Computes the total number of proto bytes used by a message, also adjusts
@@ -539,7 +540,7 @@
 
 ProtoWriter* ProtoWriter::RenderDataPiece(
     StringPiece name, const DataPiece& data) {
-  Status status;
+  util::Status status;
   if (invalid_depth_ > 0) return this;
 
   const google::protobuf::Field* field = Lookup(name);
@@ -593,16 +594,16 @@
   return this;
 }
 
-Status ProtoWriter::WriteEnum(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
-                              const google::protobuf::Enum* enum_type,
-                              CodedOutputStream* stream,
-                              bool use_lower_camel_for_enums,
-                              bool case_insensitive_enum_parsing,
-                              bool ignore_unknown_values) {
+util::Status ProtoWriter::WriteEnum(int field_number, const DataPiece& data,
+                                    const google::protobuf::Enum* enum_type,
+                                    CodedOutputStream* stream,
+                                    bool use_lower_camel_for_enums,
+                                    bool case_insensitive_enum_parsing,
+                                    bool ignore_unknown_values) {
   bool is_unknown_enum_value = false;
-  StatusOr<int> e = data.ToEnum(enum_type, use_lower_camel_for_enums,
-                                case_insensitive_enum_parsing,
-                                ignore_unknown_values, &is_unknown_enum_value);
+  util::StatusOr<int> e = data.ToEnum(
+      enum_type, use_lower_camel_for_enums, case_insensitive_enum_parsing,
+      ignore_unknown_values, &is_unknown_enum_value);
   if (e.ok() && !is_unknown_enum_value) {
     WireFormatLite::WriteEnum(field_number, e.value(), stream);
   }
@@ -612,7 +613,7 @@
 ProtoWriter* ProtoWriter::RenderPrimitiveField(
     const google::protobuf::Field& field, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
     const DataPiece& data) {
-  Status status;
+  util::Status status;
 
   // Pushing a ProtoElement and then pop it off at the end for 2 purposes:
   // error location reporting and required field accounting.
@@ -706,8 +707,8 @@
       break;
     }
     default:  // TYPE_GROUP or TYPE_MESSAGE
-      status =
-          Status(util::error::INVALID_ARGUMENT, data.ToString().value());
+      status = util::Status(util::error::INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+                            data.ToString().value());
   }
 
   if (!status.ok()) {
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/proto_writer.h b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/proto_writer.h
index 7e79ce3..8149ed3 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/proto_writer.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/proto_writer.h
@@ -159,6 +159,11 @@
     case_insensitive_enum_parsing_ = case_insensitive_enum_parsing;
   }
 
+  void set_use_json_name_in_missing_fields(
+      bool use_json_name_in_missing_fields) {
+    use_json_name_in_missing_fields_ = use_json_name_in_missing_fields;
+  }
+
  protected:
   class PROTOBUF_EXPORT ProtoElement : public BaseElement,
                                        public LocationTrackerInterface {
@@ -339,6 +344,9 @@
   // If true, check if enum name in UPPER_CASE matches the field name.
   bool case_insensitive_enum_parsing_;
 
+  // If true, use the json name in missing fields errors.
+  bool use_json_name_in_missing_fields_;
+
   // Variable for internal state processing:
   // element_    : the current element.
   // size_insert_: sizes of nested messages.
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectsource.cc b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectsource.cc
index 1a9cc9b..a941aa0 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectsource.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectsource.cc
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/util/internal/utility.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/strutil.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/casts.h>
+#include <google/protobuf/stubs/status.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/time.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/map_util.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/stubs/status_macros.h>
@@ -59,7 +60,6 @@
 namespace protobuf {
 namespace util {
 using util::Status;
-using util::StatusOr;
 namespace error {
 using util::error::Code;
 using util::error::INTERNAL;
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@
 using ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::WireFormat;
 using ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::WireFormatLite;
 using util::Status;
-using util::StatusOr;
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@
 // Utility function to format nanos.
 const std::string FormatNanos(uint32 nanos, bool with_trailing_zeros);
 
-StatusOr<std::string> MapKeyDefaultValueAsString(
+util::StatusOr<std::string> MapKeyDefaultValueAsString(
     const google::protobuf::Field& field) {
   switch (field.kind()) {
     case google::protobuf::Field::TYPE_BOOL:
@@ -107,7 +106,7 @@
     case google::protobuf::Field::TYPE_STRING:
       return std::string();
     default:
-      return Status(util::error::INTERNAL, "Invalid map key type.");
+      return util::Status(util::error::INTERNAL, "Invalid map key type.");
   }
 }
 }  // namespace
@@ -159,8 +158,8 @@
   }
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::NamedWriteTo(StringPiece name,
-                                             ObjectWriter* ow) const {
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::NamedWriteTo(StringPiece name,
+                                                   ObjectWriter* ow) const {
   return WriteMessage(type_, name, 0, true, ow);
 }
 
@@ -184,11 +183,9 @@
   return field;
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::WriteMessage(const google::protobuf::Type& type,
-                                             StringPiece name,
-                                             const uint32 end_tag,
-                                             bool include_start_and_end,
-                                             ObjectWriter* ow) const {
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::WriteMessage(
+    const google::protobuf::Type& type, StringPiece name,
+    const uint32 end_tag, bool include_start_and_end, ObjectWriter* ow) const {
 
   const TypeRenderer* type_renderer = FindTypeRenderer(type.name());
   if (type_renderer != nullptr) {
@@ -251,7 +248,7 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-StatusOr<uint32> ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderList(
+util::StatusOr<uint32> ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderList(
     const google::protobuf::Field* field, StringPiece name,
     uint32 list_tag, ObjectWriter* ow) const {
   uint32 tag_to_return = 0;
@@ -273,7 +270,7 @@
   return tag_to_return;
 }
 
-StatusOr<uint32> ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderMap(
+util::StatusOr<uint32> ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderMap(
     const google::protobuf::Field* field, StringPiece name,
     uint32 list_tag, ObjectWriter* ow) const {
   const google::protobuf::Type* field_type =
@@ -303,7 +300,8 @@
           if (key_field == nullptr) {
             // The Type info for this map entry is incorrect. It should always
             // have a field named "key" and with field number 1.
-            return Status(util::error::INTERNAL, "Invalid map entry.");
+            return util::Status(util::error::INTERNAL,
+                                "Invalid map entry.");
           }
           ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(map_key, MapKeyDefaultValueAsString(*key_field));
         }
@@ -311,7 +309,7 @@
       } else {
         // The Type info for this map entry is incorrect. It should contain
         // exactly two fields with field number 1 and 2.
-        return Status(util::error::INTERNAL, "Invalid map entry.");
+        return util::Status(util::error::INTERNAL, "Invalid map entry.");
       }
     }
     stream_->PopLimit(old_limit);
@@ -319,7 +317,7 @@
   return tag_to_return;
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderPacked(
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderPacked(
     const google::protobuf::Field* field, ObjectWriter* ow) const {
   uint32 length;
   stream_->ReadVarint32(&length);
@@ -331,20 +329,21 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderTimestamp(
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderTimestamp(
     const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
     StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   std::pair<int64, int32> p = os->ReadSecondsAndNanos(type);
   int64 seconds = p.first;
   int32 nanos = p.second;
   if (seconds > kTimestampMaxSeconds || seconds < kTimestampMinSeconds) {
-    return Status(util::error::INTERNAL,
-                  StrCat("Timestamp seconds exceeds limit for field: ",
-                               field_name));
+    return util::Status(
+        util::error::INTERNAL,
+        StrCat("Timestamp seconds exceeds limit for field: ",
+                     field_name));
   }
 
   if (nanos < 0 || nanos >= kNanosPerSecond) {
-    return Status(
+    return util::Status(
         util::error::INTERNAL,
         StrCat("Timestamp nanos exceeds limit for field: ", field_name));
   }
@@ -355,20 +354,20 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderDuration(
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderDuration(
     const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
     StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   std::pair<int64, int32> p = os->ReadSecondsAndNanos(type);
   int64 seconds = p.first;
   int32 nanos = p.second;
   if (seconds > kDurationMaxSeconds || seconds < kDurationMinSeconds) {
-    return Status(
+    return util::Status(
         util::error::INTERNAL,
         StrCat("Duration seconds exceeds limit for field: ", field_name));
   }
 
   if (nanos <= -kNanosPerSecond || nanos >= kNanosPerSecond) {
-    return Status(
+    return util::Status(
         util::error::INTERNAL,
         StrCat("Duration nanos exceeds limit for field: ", field_name));
   }
@@ -376,7 +375,7 @@
   std::string sign = "";
   if (seconds < 0) {
     if (nanos > 0) {
-      return Status(
+      return util::Status(
           util::error::INTERNAL,
           StrCat("Duration nanos is non-negative, but seconds is "
                        "negative for field: ",
@@ -397,10 +396,9 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderDouble(const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os,
-                                             const google::protobuf::Type& type,
-                                             StringPiece field_name,
-                                             ObjectWriter* ow) {
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderDouble(
+    const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
+    StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   uint32 tag = os->stream_->ReadTag();
   uint64 buffer64 = 0;  // default value of Double wrapper value
   if (tag != 0) {
@@ -411,10 +409,9 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderFloat(const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os,
-                                            const google::protobuf::Type& type,
-                                            StringPiece field_name,
-                                            ObjectWriter* ow) {
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderFloat(
+    const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
+    StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   uint32 tag = os->stream_->ReadTag();
   uint32 buffer32 = 0;  // default value of Float wrapper value
   if (tag != 0) {
@@ -425,10 +422,9 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderInt64(const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os,
-                                            const google::protobuf::Type& type,
-                                            StringPiece field_name,
-                                            ObjectWriter* ow) {
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderInt64(
+    const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
+    StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   uint32 tag = os->stream_->ReadTag();
   uint64 buffer64 = 0;  // default value of Int64 wrapper value
   if (tag != 0) {
@@ -439,10 +435,9 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderUInt64(const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os,
-                                             const google::protobuf::Type& type,
-                                             StringPiece field_name,
-                                             ObjectWriter* ow) {
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderUInt64(
+    const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
+    StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   uint32 tag = os->stream_->ReadTag();
   uint64 buffer64 = 0;  // default value of UInt64 wrapper value
   if (tag != 0) {
@@ -453,10 +448,9 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderInt32(const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os,
-                                            const google::protobuf::Type& type,
-                                            StringPiece field_name,
-                                            ObjectWriter* ow) {
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderInt32(
+    const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
+    StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   uint32 tag = os->stream_->ReadTag();
   uint32 buffer32 = 0;  // default value of Int32 wrapper value
   if (tag != 0) {
@@ -467,10 +461,9 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderUInt32(const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os,
-                                             const google::protobuf::Type& type,
-                                             StringPiece field_name,
-                                             ObjectWriter* ow) {
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderUInt32(
+    const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
+    StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   uint32 tag = os->stream_->ReadTag();
   uint32 buffer32 = 0;  // default value of UInt32 wrapper value
   if (tag != 0) {
@@ -481,10 +474,9 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderBool(const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os,
-                                           const google::protobuf::Type& type,
-                                           StringPiece field_name,
-                                           ObjectWriter* ow) {
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderBool(
+    const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
+    StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   uint32 tag = os->stream_->ReadTag();
   uint64 buffer64 = 0;  // results in 'false' value as default, which is the
                         // default value of Bool wrapper
@@ -496,10 +488,9 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderString(const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os,
-                                             const google::protobuf::Type& type,
-                                             StringPiece field_name,
-                                             ObjectWriter* ow) {
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderString(
+    const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
+    StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   uint32 tag = os->stream_->ReadTag();
   uint32 buffer32;
   std::string str;  // default value of empty for String wrapper
@@ -512,10 +503,9 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderBytes(const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os,
-                                            const google::protobuf::Type& type,
-                                            StringPiece field_name,
-                                            ObjectWriter* ow) {
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderBytes(
+    const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
+    StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   uint32 tag = os->stream_->ReadTag();
   uint32 buffer32;
   std::string str;
@@ -528,10 +518,9 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderStruct(const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os,
-                                             const google::protobuf::Type& type,
-                                             StringPiece field_name,
-                                             ObjectWriter* ow) {
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderStruct(
+    const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
+    StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   const google::protobuf::Field* field = nullptr;
   uint32 tag = os->stream_->ReadTag();
   ow->StartObject(field_name);
@@ -552,7 +541,7 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderStructValue(
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderStructValue(
     const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
     StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   const google::protobuf::Field* field = nullptr;
@@ -569,7 +558,7 @@
 }
 
 // TODO(skarvaje): Avoid code duplication of for loops and SkipField logic.
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderStructListValue(
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderStructListValue(
     const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
     StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   uint32 tag = os->stream_->ReadTag();
@@ -593,10 +582,9 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderAny(const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os,
-                                          const google::protobuf::Type& type,
-                                          StringPiece field_name,
-                                          ObjectWriter* ow) {
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderAny(
+    const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
+    StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   // An Any is of the form { string type_url = 1; bytes value = 2; }
   uint32 tag;
   std::string type_url;
@@ -676,7 +664,7 @@
   return result;
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderFieldMask(
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderFieldMask(
     const ProtoStreamObjectSource* os, const google::protobuf::Type& type,
     StringPiece field_name, ObjectWriter* ow) {
   std::string combined;
@@ -709,7 +697,7 @@
 
 
 std::unordered_map<std::string, ProtoStreamObjectSource::TypeRenderer>*
-    ProtoStreamObjectSource::renderers_ = NULL;
+    ProtoStreamObjectSource::renderers_ = nullptr;
 PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::once_flag source_renderers_init_;
 
 
@@ -752,7 +740,7 @@
 
 void ProtoStreamObjectSource::DeleteRendererMap() {
   delete ProtoStreamObjectSource::renderers_;
-  renderers_ = NULL;
+  renderers_ = nullptr;
 }
 
 // static
@@ -763,7 +751,7 @@
   return FindOrNull(*renderers_, type_url);
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderField(
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderField(
     const google::protobuf::Field* field, StringPiece field_name,
     ObjectWriter* ow) const {
   // Short-circuit message types as it tends to call WriteMessage recursively
@@ -777,7 +765,7 @@
     const google::protobuf::Type* type =
         typeinfo_->GetTypeByTypeUrl(field->type_url());
     if (type == nullptr) {
-      return Status(
+      return util::Status(
           util::error::INTERNAL,
           StrCat("Invalid configuration. Could not find the type: ",
                        field->type_url()));
@@ -795,8 +783,9 @@
     --recursion_depth_;
 
     if (!stream_->ConsumedEntireMessage()) {
-      return Status(util::error::INVALID_ARGUMENT,
-                    "Nested protocol message not parsed in its entirety.");
+      return util::Status(
+          util::error::INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+          "Nested protocol message not parsed in its entirety.");
     }
     stream_->PopLimit(old_limit);
   } else {
@@ -806,7 +795,7 @@
   return util::Status();
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderNonMessageField(
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::RenderNonMessageField(
     const google::protobuf::Field* field, StringPiece field_name,
     ObjectWriter* ow) const {
   // Temporary buffers of different types.
@@ -1091,10 +1080,10 @@
   return std::pair<int64, int32>(signed_seconds, signed_nanos);
 }
 
-Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::IncrementRecursionDepth(
+util::Status ProtoStreamObjectSource::IncrementRecursionDepth(
     StringPiece type_name, StringPiece field_name) const {
   if (++recursion_depth_ > max_recursion_depth_) {
-    return Status(
+    return util::Status(
         util::error::INVALID_ARGUMENT,
         StrCat("Message too deep. Max recursion depth reached for type '",
                      type_name, "', field '", field_name, "'"));
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectsource.h b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectsource.h
index 1343d9b..9dce118 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectsource.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectsource.h
@@ -179,8 +179,8 @@
   // Returns the next tag after reading all map entries. The caller should use
   // this tag before reading more tags from the stream.
   util::StatusOr<uint32> RenderMap(const google::protobuf::Field* field,
-                                     StringPiece name, uint32 list_tag,
-                                     ObjectWriter* ow) const;
+                                   StringPiece name, uint32 list_tag,
+                                   ObjectWriter* ow) const;
 
   // Renders a packed repeating field. A packed field is stored as:
   // {tag length item1 item2 item3} instead of the less efficient
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectsource_test.cc b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectsource_test.cc
index ab27349..4c0caed 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectsource_test.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectsource_test.cc
@@ -106,11 +106,11 @@
   virtual ~ProtostreamObjectSourceTest() {}
 
   void DoTest(const Message& msg, const Descriptor* descriptor) {
-    Status status = ExecuteTest(msg, descriptor);
+    util::Status status = ExecuteTest(msg, descriptor);
     EXPECT_EQ(util::Status(), status);
   }
 
-  Status ExecuteTest(const Message& msg, const Descriptor* descriptor) {
+  util::Status ExecuteTest(const Message& msg, const Descriptor* descriptor) {
     std::ostringstream oss;
     msg.SerializePartialToOstream(&oss);
     std::string proto = oss.str();
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@
     current = next;
   }
 
-  Status status = ExecuteTest(cyclic, Cyclic::descriptor());
+  util::Status status = ExecuteTest(cyclic, Cyclic::descriptor());
   EXPECT_EQ(util::error::INVALID_ARGUMENT, status.code());
 }
 
@@ -942,7 +942,7 @@
   // We start the "AnyOut" part and then fail when we hit the Any object.
   ow_.StartObject("");
 
-  Status status = ExecuteTest(out, AnyOut::descriptor());
+  util::Status status = ExecuteTest(out, AnyOut::descriptor());
   EXPECT_EQ(util::error::INTERNAL, status.code());
 }
 
@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@
   // We start the "AnyOut" part and then fail when we hit the Any object.
   ow_.StartObject("");
 
-  Status status = ExecuteTest(out, AnyOut::descriptor());
+  util::Status status = ExecuteTest(out, AnyOut::descriptor());
   EXPECT_EQ(util::error::INTERNAL, status.code());
 }
 
@@ -974,7 +974,7 @@
   // We start the "AnyOut" part and then fail when we hit the Any object.
   ow_.StartObject("");
 
-  Status status = ExecuteTest(out, AnyOut::descriptor());
+  util::Status status = ExecuteTest(out, AnyOut::descriptor());
   EXPECT_EQ(util::error::INTERNAL, status.code());
 }
 
@@ -1107,7 +1107,7 @@
   ts->set_seconds(kTimestampMinSeconds - 1);
   ow_.StartObject("");
 
-  Status status = ExecuteTest(out, TimestampDuration::descriptor());
+  util::Status status = ExecuteTest(out, TimestampDuration::descriptor());
   EXPECT_EQ(util::error::INTERNAL, status.code());
 }
 
@@ -1118,7 +1118,7 @@
   ts->set_seconds(kTimestampMaxSeconds + 1);
   ow_.StartObject("");
 
-  Status status = ExecuteTest(out, TimestampDuration::descriptor());
+  util::Status status = ExecuteTest(out, TimestampDuration::descriptor());
   EXPECT_EQ(util::error::INTERNAL, status.code());
 }
 
@@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@
   dur->set_seconds(kDurationMinSeconds - 1);
   ow_.StartObject("");
 
-  Status status = ExecuteTest(out, TimestampDuration::descriptor());
+  util::Status status = ExecuteTest(out, TimestampDuration::descriptor());
   EXPECT_EQ(util::error::INTERNAL, status.code());
 }
 
@@ -1140,7 +1140,7 @@
   dur->set_seconds(kDurationMaxSeconds + 1);
   ow_.StartObject("");
 
-  Status status = ExecuteTest(out, TimestampDuration::descriptor());
+  util::Status status = ExecuteTest(out, TimestampDuration::descriptor());
   EXPECT_EQ(util::error::INTERNAL, status.code());
 }
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectwriter.cc b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectwriter.cc
index 817109b..ace209a 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectwriter.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectwriter.cc
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@
 using ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::WireFormatLite;
 using std::placeholders::_1;
 using util::Status;
-using util::StatusOr;
 using util::error::INVALID_ARGUMENT;
 
 
@@ -74,6 +73,7 @@
   set_ignore_unknown_enum_values(options_.ignore_unknown_enum_values);
   set_use_lower_camel_for_enums(options_.use_lower_camel_for_enums);
   set_case_insensitive_enum_parsing(options_.case_insensitive_enum_parsing);
+  set_use_json_name_in_missing_fields(options.use_json_name_in_missing_fields);
 }
 
 ProtoStreamObjectWriter::ProtoStreamObjectWriter(
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@
   set_ignore_unknown_fields(options_.ignore_unknown_fields);
   set_use_lower_camel_for_enums(options.use_lower_camel_for_enums);
   set_case_insensitive_enum_parsing(options_.case_insensitive_enum_parsing);
+  set_use_json_name_in_missing_fields(options.use_json_name_in_missing_fields);
 }
 
 ProtoStreamObjectWriter::ProtoStreamObjectWriter(
@@ -329,7 +330,7 @@
   if (value.type() == DataPiece::TYPE_STRING) {
     type_url_ = std::string(value.str());
   } else {
-    StatusOr<std::string> s = value.ToString();
+    util::StatusOr<std::string> s = value.ToString();
     if (!s.ok()) {
       parent_->InvalidValue("String", s.status().message());
       invalid_ = true;
@@ -338,7 +339,7 @@
     type_url_ = s.value();
   }
   // Resolve the type url, and report an error if we failed to resolve it.
-  StatusOr<const google::protobuf::Type*> resolved_type =
+  util::StatusOr<const google::protobuf::Type*> resolved_type =
       parent_->typeinfo()->ResolveTypeUrl(type_url_);
   if (!resolved_type.ok()) {
     parent_->InvalidValue("Any", resolved_type.status().message());
@@ -643,6 +644,16 @@
     return this;
   }
 
+  if (field->kind() != google::protobuf::Field::TYPE_GROUP &&
+      field->kind() != google::protobuf::Field::TYPE_MESSAGE) {
+    IncrementInvalidDepth();
+    if (!options_.suppress_object_to_scalar_error) {
+      InvalidValue(field->name(), "Starting an object on a scalar field");
+    }
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
   // A regular message type. Pass it directly to ProtoWriter.
   // Render
   // "<name>": {
@@ -910,7 +921,7 @@
   switch (data.type()) {
     case DataPiece::TYPE_INT32: {
       if (ow->options_.struct_integers_as_strings) {
-        StatusOr<int32> int_value = data.ToInt32();
+        util::StatusOr<int32> int_value = data.ToInt32();
         if (int_value.ok()) {
           ow->ProtoWriter::RenderDataPiece(
               "string_value",
@@ -923,7 +934,7 @@
     }
     case DataPiece::TYPE_UINT32: {
       if (ow->options_.struct_integers_as_strings) {
-        StatusOr<uint32> int_value = data.ToUint32();
+        util::StatusOr<uint32> int_value = data.ToUint32();
         if (int_value.ok()) {
           ow->ProtoWriter::RenderDataPiece(
               "string_value",
@@ -938,7 +949,7 @@
       // If the option to treat integers as strings is set, then render them as
       // strings. Otherwise, fallback to rendering them as double.
       if (ow->options_.struct_integers_as_strings) {
-        StatusOr<int64> int_value = data.ToInt64();
+        util::StatusOr<int64> int_value = data.ToInt64();
         if (int_value.ok()) {
           ow->ProtoWriter::RenderDataPiece(
               "string_value", DataPiece(StrCat(int_value.value()), true));
@@ -952,7 +963,7 @@
       // If the option to treat integers as strings is set, then render them as
       // strings. Otherwise, fallback to rendering them as double.
       if (ow->options_.struct_integers_as_strings) {
-        StatusOr<uint64> int_value = data.ToUint64();
+        util::StatusOr<uint64> int_value = data.ToUint64();
         if (int_value.ok()) {
           ow->ProtoWriter::RenderDataPiece(
               "string_value", DataPiece(StrCat(int_value.value()), true));
@@ -964,7 +975,7 @@
     }
     case DataPiece::TYPE_FLOAT: {
       if (ow->options_.struct_integers_as_strings) {
-        StatusOr<float> float_value = data.ToFloat();
+        util::StatusOr<float> float_value = data.ToFloat();
         if (float_value.ok()) {
           ow->ProtoWriter::RenderDataPiece(
               "string_value",
@@ -977,7 +988,7 @@
     }
     case DataPiece::TYPE_DOUBLE: {
       if (ow->options_.struct_integers_as_strings) {
-        StatusOr<double> double_value = data.ToDouble();
+        util::StatusOr<double> double_value = data.ToDouble();
         if (double_value.ok()) {
           ow->ProtoWriter::RenderDataPiece(
               "string_value",
@@ -1035,7 +1046,7 @@
 }
 
 static inline util::Status RenderOneFieldPath(ProtoStreamObjectWriter* ow,
-                                                StringPiece path) {
+                                              StringPiece path) {
   ow->ProtoWriter::RenderDataPiece(
       "paths", DataPiece(ConvertFieldMaskPath(path, &ToSnakeCase), true));
   return Status();
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectwriter.h b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectwriter.h
index cc68c6b..a5bea40 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectwriter.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/protostream_objectwriter.h
@@ -107,6 +107,13 @@
     // is disabled.
     bool suppress_implicit_message_list_error;
 
+    // If true, suppress the error of rendering scalar field if the source is an
+    // object.
+    bool suppress_object_to_scalar_error;
+
+    // If true, use the json name in missing fields errors.
+    bool use_json_name_in_missing_fields;
+
     Options()
         : struct_integers_as_strings(false),
           ignore_unknown_fields(false),
@@ -116,7 +123,9 @@
           ignore_null_value_map_entry(false),
           use_legacy_json_map_format(false),
           disable_implicit_message_list(false),
-          suppress_implicit_message_list_error(false) {}
+          suppress_implicit_message_list_error(false),
+          suppress_object_to_scalar_error(false),
+          use_json_name_in_missing_fields(false) {}
 
     // Default instance of Options with all options set to defaults.
     static const Options& Defaults() {
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/structured_objectwriter.h b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/structured_objectwriter.h
index bccea71..01cbb9e 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/structured_objectwriter.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/structured_objectwriter.h
@@ -69,7 +69,8 @@
    public:
     // Takes ownership of the parent Element.
     explicit BaseElement(BaseElement* parent)
-        : parent_(parent), level_(parent == NULL ? 0 : parent->level() + 1) {}
+        : parent_(parent),
+          level_(parent == nullptr ? 0 : parent->level() + 1) {}
     virtual ~BaseElement() {}
 
     // Releases ownership of the parent and returns a pointer to it.
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/type_info_test_helper.cc b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/type_info_test_helper.cc
index cc2dcd7..ccf6fbd 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/type_info_test_helper.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/type_info_test_helper.cc
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
     }
   }
   GOOGLE_LOG(FATAL) << "Can not reach here.";
-  return NULL;
+  return nullptr;
 }
 
 ProtoStreamObjectWriter* TypeInfoTestHelper::NewProtoWriter(
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
     }
   }
   GOOGLE_LOG(FATAL) << "Can not reach here.";
-  return NULL;
+  return nullptr;
 }
 
 DefaultValueObjectWriter* TypeInfoTestHelper::NewDefaultValueWriter(
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
     }
   }
   GOOGLE_LOG(FATAL) << "Can not reach here.";
-  return NULL;
+  return nullptr;
 }
 
 }  // namespace testing
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/utility.cc b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/utility.cc
index 84682fa..1816b68 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/utility.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/internal/utility.cc
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@
   return result;
 }
 
-std::set<std::string>* well_known_types_ = NULL;
+std::set<std::string>* well_known_types_ = nullptr;
 PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::once_flag well_known_types_init_;
 const char* well_known_types_name_array_[] = {
     "google.protobuf.Timestamp",   "google.protobuf.Duration",
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/message_differencer.cc b/src/google/protobuf/util/message_differencer.cc
index 9bfe0dd..1388e9d 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/message_differencer.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/message_differencer.cc
@@ -919,7 +919,8 @@
 
 bool MessageDifferencer::CompareMapFieldByMapReflection(
     const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
-    const FieldDescriptor* map_field) {
+    const FieldDescriptor* map_field, std::vector<SpecificField>* parent_fields,
+    DefaultFieldComparator* comparator) {
   const Reflection* reflection1 = message1.GetReflection();
   const Reflection* reflection2 = message2.GetReflection();
   const int count1 = reflection1->MapSize(message1, map_field);
@@ -945,9 +946,9 @@
       }                                                                       \
       MapValueConstRef value2;                                                \
       reflection2->LookupMapValue(message2, map_field, it.GetKey(), &value2); \
-      if (!default_field_comparator_.Compare##COMPAREMETHOD(                  \
-              *val_des, it.GetValueRef().Get##METHOD(),                       \
-              value2.Get##METHOD())) {                                        \
+      if (!comparator->Compare##COMPAREMETHOD(*val_des,                       \
+                                              it.GetValueRef().Get##METHOD(), \
+                                              value2.Get##METHOD())) {        \
         return false;                                                         \
       }                                                                       \
     }                                                                         \
@@ -972,10 +973,17 @@
         if (!reflection2->ContainsMapKey(message2, map_field, it.GetKey())) {
           return false;
         }
+        bool compare_result;
         MapValueConstRef value2;
         reflection2->LookupMapValue(message2, map_field, it.GetKey(), &value2);
-        if (!Compare(it.GetValueRef().GetMessageValue(),
-                     value2.GetMessageValue())) {
+        // Append currently compared field to the end of parent_fields.
+        SpecificField specific_value_field;
+        specific_value_field.field = val_des;
+        parent_fields->push_back(specific_value_field);
+        compare_result = Compare(it.GetValueRef().GetMessageValue(),
+                                 value2.GetMessageValue(), parent_fields);
+        parent_fields->pop_back();
+        if (!compare_result) {
           return false;
         }
       }
@@ -996,18 +1004,42 @@
   // When both map fields are on map, do not sync to repeated field.
   // TODO(jieluo): Add support for reporter
   if (repeated_field->is_map() && reporter_ == nullptr &&
-      field_comparator_ == nullptr) {
-    const FieldDescriptor* key_des = repeated_field->message_type()->map_key();
-    const FieldDescriptor* val_des =
-        repeated_field->message_type()->map_value();
-    const internal::MapFieldBase* map_field1 =
-        reflection1->GetMapData(message1, repeated_field);
-    const internal::MapFieldBase* map_field2 =
-        reflection2->GetMapData(message2, repeated_field);
-    if (map_field1->IsMapValid() && map_field2->IsMapValid() &&
-        ignored_fields_.find(key_des) == ignored_fields_.end() &&
-        ignored_fields_.find(val_des) == ignored_fields_.end()) {
-      return CompareMapFieldByMapReflection(message1, message2, repeated_field);
+      // Users didn't set custom map field key comparator
+      map_field_key_comparator_.find(repeated_field) ==
+          map_field_key_comparator_.end() &&
+      // Users didn't set repeated field comparison
+      repeated_field_comparison_ == AS_LIST) {
+    DefaultFieldComparator* map_field_comparator =
+        field_comparator_ ? nullptr : &default_field_comparator_;
+#if PROTOBUF_RTTI
+    // Inherit class from DefaultFieldComparator can not get the benefit
+    // because DefaultFieldComparator::Compare() method might be overwrote.
+    if (field_comparator_ &&
+        typeid(*field_comparator_) == typeid(default_field_comparator_)) {
+      map_field_comparator =
+          static_cast<DefaultFieldComparator*>(field_comparator_);
+    }
+#endif
+    if (map_field_comparator) {
+      const FieldDescriptor* key_des =
+          repeated_field->message_type()->map_key();
+      const FieldDescriptor* val_des =
+          repeated_field->message_type()->map_value();
+      const internal::MapFieldBase* map_field1 =
+          reflection1->GetMapData(message1, repeated_field);
+      const internal::MapFieldBase* map_field2 =
+          reflection2->GetMapData(message2, repeated_field);
+      std::vector<SpecificField> current_parent_fields(*parent_fields);
+      SpecificField specific_field;
+      specific_field.field = repeated_field;
+      current_parent_fields.push_back(specific_field);
+      if (map_field1->IsMapValid() && map_field2->IsMapValid() &&
+          !IsIgnored(message1, message2, key_des, current_parent_fields) &&
+          !IsIgnored(message1, message2, val_des, current_parent_fields)) {
+        return CompareMapFieldByMapReflection(
+            message1, message2, repeated_field, &current_parent_fields,
+            map_field_comparator);
+      }
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/util/message_differencer.h b/src/google/protobuf/util/message_differencer.h
index 943fadf..2384e51 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/util/message_differencer.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/util/message_differencer.h
@@ -760,7 +760,9 @@
   // Compare the map fields using map reflection instead of sync to repeated.
   bool CompareMapFieldByMapReflection(const Message& message1,
                                       const Message& message2,
-                                      const FieldDescriptor* field);
+                                      const FieldDescriptor* field,
+                                      std::vector<SpecificField>* parent_fields,
+                                      DefaultFieldComparator* comparator);
 
   // Shorthand for CompareFieldValueUsingParentFields with NULL parent_fields.
   bool CompareFieldValue(const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/wrappers.pb.cc b/src/google/protobuf/wrappers.pb.cc
index 21debfc..ef86a35 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/wrappers.pb.cc
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/wrappers.pb.cc
@@ -1668,7 +1668,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   value_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_value().empty()) {
-    value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_value(),
+    value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_value(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(copy_constructor:google.protobuf.StringValue)
@@ -1711,7 +1711,7 @@
   // Prevent compiler warnings about cached_has_bits being unused
   (void) cached_has_bits;
 
-  value_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  value_.ClearToEmpty();
   _internal_metadata_.Clear<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>();
 }
 
@@ -1875,7 +1875,7 @@
   _internal_metadata_.MergeFrom<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>(from._internal_metadata_);
   value_.UnsafeSetDefault(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
   if (!from._internal_value().empty()) {
-    value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), from._internal_value(),
+    value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, from._internal_value(), 
       GetArena());
   }
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(copy_constructor:google.protobuf.BytesValue)
@@ -1918,7 +1918,7 @@
   // Prevent compiler warnings about cached_has_bits being unused
   (void) cached_has_bits;
 
-  value_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  value_.ClearToEmpty();
   _internal_metadata_.Clear<::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::UnknownFieldSet>();
 }
 
diff --git a/src/google/protobuf/wrappers.pb.h b/src/google/protobuf/wrappers.pb.h
index 5a092cd..356e60e 100644
--- a/src/google/protobuf/wrappers.pb.h
+++ b/src/google/protobuf/wrappers.pb.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/arenastring.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
-#include <google/protobuf/inlined_string_field.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/metadata_lite.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/message.h>
@@ -1515,7 +1514,7 @@
 
 // string value = 1;
 inline void StringValue::clear_value() {
-  value_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  value_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& StringValue::value() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.StringValue.value)
@@ -1534,31 +1533,30 @@
 }
 inline void StringValue::_internal_set_value(const std::string& value) {
   
-  value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void StringValue::set_value(std::string&& value) {
   
   value_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.StringValue.value)
 }
 inline void StringValue::set_value(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.StringValue.value)
 }
 inline void StringValue::set_value(const char* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.StringValue.value)
 }
 inline std::string* StringValue::_internal_mutable_value() {
   
-  return value_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return value_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* StringValue::release_value() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.StringValue.value)
@@ -1581,7 +1579,7 @@
 
 // bytes value = 1;
 inline void BytesValue::clear_value() {
-  value_.ClearToEmpty(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  value_.ClearToEmpty();
 }
 inline const std::string& BytesValue::value() const {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:google.protobuf.BytesValue.value)
@@ -1600,31 +1598,30 @@
 }
 inline void BytesValue::_internal_set_value(const std::string& value) {
   
-  value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), value, GetArena());
+  value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, value, GetArena());
 }
 inline void BytesValue::set_value(std::string&& value) {
   
   value_.Set(
-    &::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::move(value), GetArena());
+    ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::move(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_rvalue:google.protobuf.BytesValue.value)
 }
 inline void BytesValue::set_value(const char* value) {
   GOOGLE_DCHECK(value != nullptr);
   
-  value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(value),
-              GetArena());
+  value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(value), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:google.protobuf.BytesValue.value)
 }
 inline void BytesValue::set_value(const void* value,
     size_t size) {
   
-  value_.Set(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), ::std::string(
+  value_.Set(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, ::std::string(
       reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size), GetArena());
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:google.protobuf.BytesValue.value)
 }
 inline std::string* BytesValue::_internal_mutable_value() {
   
-  return value_.Mutable(&::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited(), GetArena());
+  return value_.Mutable(::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ArenaStringPtr::EmptyDefault{}, GetArena());
 }
 inline std::string* BytesValue::release_value() {
   // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_release:google.protobuf.BytesValue.value)
diff --git a/tests.sh b/tests.sh
index 3d47b6c..8b499d0 100755
--- a/tests.sh
+++ b/tests.sh
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
   git ls-files | grep "^\(java\|python\|objectivec\|csharp\|js\|ruby\|php\|cmake\|examples\|src/google/protobuf/.*\.proto\)" |\
     grep -v ".gitignore" | grep -v "java/compatibility_tests" | grep -v "java/lite/proguard.pgcfg" |\
     grep -v "python/compatibility_tests" | grep -v "python/docs" | grep -v "python/.repo-metadata.json" |\
-    grep -v "csharp/compatibility_tests" > dist.lst
+    grep -v "python/protobuf_distutils" | grep -v "csharp/compatibility_tests" > dist.lst
   # Unzip the dist tar file.
   DIST=`ls *.tar.gz`
   tar -xf $DIST