Drop byte_literal in favour of b''
diff --git a/tests/test_cli.py b/tests/test_cli.py
index aad734a..4ae8da3 100644
--- a/tests/test_cli.py
+++ b/tests/test_cli.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 import rsa
 import rsa.cli
 import rsa.util
-from rsa._compat import b
 
 if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
     def make_buffer():
@@ -135,8 +134,8 @@
                 rsa.cli.keygen()
 
         lines = get_bytes_out(out).splitlines()
-        self.assertEqual(b('-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----'), lines[0])
-        self.assertEqual(b('-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----'), lines[-1])
+        self.assertEqual(b'-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----', lines[0])
+        self.assertEqual(b'-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----', lines[-1])
 
         # The key size should be shown on stderr
         self.assertTrue('128-bit key' in err.getvalue())
@@ -217,7 +216,7 @@
 
         # We should have the original cleartext on stdout now.
         output = get_bytes_out(out)
-        self.assertEqual(b('Hello cleartext RSA users!'), output)
+        self.assertEqual(b'Hello cleartext RSA users!', output)
 
     @cleanup_files('encrypted.txt', 'cleartext.txt')
     def test_encrypt_decrypt_unhappy(self):
diff --git a/tests/test_common.py b/tests/test_common.py
index e26e004..af13695 100644
--- a/tests/test_common.py
+++ b/tests/test_common.py
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@
 
 import unittest
 import struct
-from rsa._compat import byte, b
+from rsa._compat import byte
 from rsa.common import byte_size, bit_size, inverse
 
 
 class TestByte(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_values(self):
-        self.assertEqual(byte(0), b('\x00'))
-        self.assertEqual(byte(255), b('\xff'))
+        self.assertEqual(byte(0), b'\x00')
+        self.assertEqual(byte(255), b'\xff')
 
     def test_struct_error_when_out_of_bounds(self):
         self.assertRaises(struct.error, byte, 256)
diff --git a/tests/test_compat.py b/tests/test_compat.py
index 2a58df5..0013155 100644
--- a/tests/test_compat.py
+++ b/tests/test_compat.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 import struct
 import sys
 
-from rsa._compat import b, byte, is_bytes, range
+from rsa._compat import byte, is_bytes, range
 
 
 class TestByte(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -33,4 +33,4 @@
         self.assertRaises(struct.error, byte, -1)
 
     def test_byte_literal(self):
-        self.assertIsInstance(b('abc'), bytes)
+        self.assertIsInstance(b'abc', bytes)
diff --git a/tests/test_load_save_keys.py b/tests/test_load_save_keys.py
index 0caa067..ef6584b 100644
--- a/tests/test_load_save_keys.py
+++ b/tests/test_load_save_keys.py
@@ -21,55 +21,53 @@
 import os.path
 import pickle
 
-from rsa._compat import b
-
 import rsa.key
 
-B64PRIV_DER = b('MC4CAQACBQDeKYlRAgMBAAECBQDHn4npAgMA/icCAwDfxwIDANcXAgInbwIDAMZt')
+B64PRIV_DER = b'MC4CAQACBQDeKYlRAgMBAAECBQDHn4npAgMA/icCAwDfxwIDANcXAgInbwIDAMZt'
 PRIVATE_DER = base64.standard_b64decode(B64PRIV_DER)
 
-B64PUB_DER = b('MAwCBQDeKYlRAgMBAAE=')
+B64PUB_DER = b'MAwCBQDeKYlRAgMBAAE='
 PUBLIC_DER = base64.standard_b64decode(B64PUB_DER)
 
-PRIVATE_PEM = b('''
+PRIVATE_PEM = b'''\
 -----BEGIN CONFUSING STUFF-----
 Cruft before the key
 
 -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
 Comment: something blah
 
-%s
+''' + B64PRIV_DER + b'''
 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
 
 Stuff after the key
 -----END CONFUSING STUFF-----
-''' % B64PRIV_DER.decode("utf-8"))
+'''
 
-CLEAN_PRIVATE_PEM = b('''\
+CLEAN_PRIVATE_PEM = b'''\
 -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-%s
+''' + B64PRIV_DER + b'''
 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-''' % B64PRIV_DER.decode("utf-8"))
+'''
 
-PUBLIC_PEM = b('''
+PUBLIC_PEM = b'''\
 -----BEGIN CONFUSING STUFF-----
 Cruft before the key
 
 -----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
 Comment: something blah
 
-%s
+''' + B64PUB_DER + b'''
 -----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
 
 Stuff after the key
 -----END CONFUSING STUFF-----
-''' % B64PUB_DER.decode("utf-8"))
+'''
 
-CLEAN_PUBLIC_PEM = b('''\
+CLEAN_PUBLIC_PEM = b'''\
 -----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
-%s
+''' + B64PUB_DER + b'''
 -----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
-''' % B64PUB_DER.decode("utf-8"))
+'''
 
 
 class DerTest(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/tests/test_pem.py b/tests/test_pem.py
index 3e03ab0..5fb9600 100644
--- a/tests/test_pem.py
+++ b/tests/test_pem.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 import unittest
 
-from rsa._compat import b, is_bytes
+from rsa._compat import is_bytes
 from rsa.pem import _markers
 import rsa.key
 
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@
 class TestMarkers(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_values(self):
         self.assertEqual(_markers('RSA PRIVATE KEY'),
-                         (b('-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----'),
-                          b('-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----')))
+                         (b'-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----',
+                          b'-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----'))
 
 
 class TestBytesAndStrings(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/tests/test_pkcs1.py b/tests/test_pkcs1.py
index 5702aae..bd1fd81 100644
--- a/tests/test_pkcs1.py
+++ b/tests/test_pkcs1.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 import rsa
 from rsa import pkcs1
-from rsa._compat import byte, b, is_bytes
+from rsa._compat import byte, is_bytes
 
 
 class BinaryTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
     def test_sign_verify(self):
         """Test happy flow of sign and verify"""
 
-        message = b('je moeder')
+        message = b'je moeder'
         print("\tMessage:   %r" % message)
 
         signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, 'SHA-256')
@@ -84,16 +84,16 @@
     def test_alter_message(self):
         """Altering the message should let the verification fail."""
 
-        signature = pkcs1.sign(b('je moeder'), self.priv, 'SHA-256')
+        signature = pkcs1.sign(b'je moeder', self.priv, 'SHA-256')
         self.assertRaises(pkcs1.VerificationError, pkcs1.verify,
-                          b('mijn moeder'), signature, self.pub)
+                          b'mijn moeder', signature, self.pub)
 
     def test_sign_different_key(self):
         """Signing with another key should let the verification fail."""
 
         (otherpub, _) = rsa.newkeys(512)
 
-        message = b('je moeder')
+        message = b'je moeder'
         signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, 'SHA-256')
         self.assertRaises(pkcs1.VerificationError, pkcs1.verify,
                           message, signature, otherpub)
diff --git a/tests/test_transform.py b/tests/test_transform.py
index 7fe121b..fe0970c 100644
--- a/tests/test_transform.py
+++ b/tests/test_transform.py
@@ -15,37 +15,36 @@
 #  limitations under the License.
 
 import unittest
-from rsa._compat import b
 from rsa.transform import int2bytes, bytes2int, _int2bytes
 
 
 class Test_int2bytes(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_accuracy(self):
-        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(123456789), b('\x07[\xcd\x15'))
-        self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(123456789), b('\x07[\xcd\x15'))
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(123456789), b'\x07[\xcd\x15')
+        self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(123456789), b'\x07[\xcd\x15')
 
     def test_codec_identity(self):
         self.assertEqual(bytes2int(int2bytes(123456789, 128)), 123456789)
         self.assertEqual(bytes2int(_int2bytes(123456789, 128)), 123456789)
 
     def test_chunk_size(self):
-        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(123456789, 6), b('\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15'))
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(123456789, 6), b'\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15')
         self.assertEqual(int2bytes(123456789, 7),
-                         b('\x00\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15'))
+                         b'\x00\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15')
 
         self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(123456789, 6),
-                         b('\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15'))
+                         b'\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15')
         self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(123456789, 7),
-                         b('\x00\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15'))
+                         b'\x00\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15')
 
     def test_zero(self):
-        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(0, 4), b('\x00') * 4)
-        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(0, 7), b('\x00') * 7)
-        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(0), b('\x00'))
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(0, 4), b'\x00' * 4)
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(0, 7), b'\x00' * 7)
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(0), b'\x00')
 
-        self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(0, 4), b('\x00') * 4)
-        self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(0, 7), b('\x00') * 7)
-        self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(0), b('\x00'))
+        self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(0, 4), b'\x00' * 4)
+        self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(0, 7), b'\x00' * 7)
+        self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(0), b'\x00')
 
     def test_correctness_against_base_implementation(self):
         # Slow test.