Merge "Merge ab/AP4A.240925.013 into aosp-main-future" into aosp-main-future
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.java b/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.java
index 3219ce8..b270062 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.java
@@ -789,11 +789,17 @@
         public Builder setMinUdpPort4500NatTimeoutSeconds(
                 @IntRange(from = MIN_UDP_PORT_4500_NAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
                         int minUdpPort4500NatTimeoutSeconds) {
-            Preconditions.checkArgument(
-                    minUdpPort4500NatTimeoutSeconds == MIN_UDP_PORT_4500_NAT_TIMEOUT_UNSET
-                            || minUdpPort4500NatTimeoutSeconds
-                                    >= MIN_UDP_PORT_4500_NAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
-                    "Timeout must be at least 120s or MIN_UDP_PORT_4500_NAT_TIMEOUT_UNSET");
+            if (Flags.mainlineVcnModuleApi()) {
+                Preconditions.checkArgument(
+                        minUdpPort4500NatTimeoutSeconds == MIN_UDP_PORT_4500_NAT_TIMEOUT_UNSET
+                                || minUdpPort4500NatTimeoutSeconds
+                                        >= MIN_UDP_PORT_4500_NAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+                        "Timeout must be at least 120s or MIN_UDP_PORT_4500_NAT_TIMEOUT_UNSET");
+            } else {
+                Preconditions.checkArgument(
+                        minUdpPort4500NatTimeoutSeconds >= MIN_UDP_PORT_4500_NAT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+                        "Timeout must be at least 120s");
+            }
 
             mMinUdpPort4500NatTimeoutSeconds = minUdpPort4500NatTimeoutSeconds;
             return this;
diff --git a/core/java/android/os/BatteryManager.java b/core/java/android/os/BatteryManager.java
index 8b267bf..b63ad5f 100644
--- a/core/java/android/os/BatteryManager.java
+++ b/core/java/android/os/BatteryManager.java
@@ -167,76 +167,90 @@
     public static final String EXTRA_CHARGING_STATUS = "android.os.extra.CHARGING_STATUS";
 
     /**
-     * Extra for {@link android.content.Intent#ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED}:
-     * Int value representing the battery's capacity level. These constants are key indicators of
-     * battery status and system capabilities, guiding power management decisions for both the
-     * system and apps:
-     * {@link #BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_UNSUPPORTED}: Feature not supported on this device.
-     * {@link #BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_UNKNOWN}: Battery status is unavailable or uninitialized.
-     * {@link #BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_CRITICAL}: Battery is critically low and the Android
-     * framework has been notified to schedule a shutdown by this value
-     * {@link #BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_LOW}: Android framework must limit background jobs to
-     * avoid impacting charging speed
-     * {@link #BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_NORMAL}: Battery level and charging rates are normal,
-     * battery temperature is within normal range and adapter power is enough to charge the
-     * battery at an acceptable rate. Android framework can run light background tasks without
-     * affecting charging performance severely.
-     * {@link #BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_HIGH}: Battery level is high, battery temperature is
-     * within normal range and adapter power is enough to charge the battery at an acceptable
-     * rate while running background loads. Android framework can run background tasks without
-     * affecting charging or battery performance.
-     * {@link #BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_FULL}: The battery is full, battery temperature is
-     * within normal range and adapter power is enough to sustain running background loads.
-     * Android framework can run background tasks without affecting the battery level or
-     * battery performance.
-     */
-
-    @FlaggedApi(FLAG_BATTERY_PART_STATUS_API)
-    public static final String EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL = "android.os.extra.CAPACITY_LEVEL";
-
-    /**
-     * Battery capacity level is unsupported. @see EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL
+     * Battery capacity level is unsupported.
+     *
+     * @see #EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL
      */
     @FlaggedApi(FLAG_BATTERY_PART_STATUS_API)
     public static final int BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_UNSUPPORTED = -1;
 
     /**
-     * Battery capacity level is unknown. @see EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL
+     * Battery capacity level is unknown.
+     *
+     * @see #EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL
      */
     @FlaggedApi(FLAG_BATTERY_PART_STATUS_API)
     public static final int BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_UNKNOWN = 0;
 
     /**
-     * Battery capacity level is critical. @see EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL
+     * Battery capacity level is critical. The Android framework has been notified to schedule
+     * a shutdown by this value.
+     *
+     * @see #EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL
      */
     @FlaggedApi(FLAG_BATTERY_PART_STATUS_API)
     public static final int BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_CRITICAL = 1;
 
     /**
-     * Battery capacity level is low. @see EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL
+     * Battery capacity level is low. The Android framework must limit background jobs to avoid
+     * impacting charging speed.
+     *
+     * @see #EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL
      */
     @FlaggedApi(FLAG_BATTERY_PART_STATUS_API)
     public static final int BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_LOW = 2;
 
     /**
-     * Battery capacity level is normal. @see EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL
+     * Battery capacity level is normal. Battery level and charging rates are normal, battery
+     * temperature is within the normal range, and adapter power is enough to charge the battery
+     * at an acceptable rate. The Android framework can run light background tasks without
+     * affecting charging performance severely.
+     *
+     * @see #EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL
      */
     @FlaggedApi(FLAG_BATTERY_PART_STATUS_API)
     public static final int BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_NORMAL = 3;
 
     /**
-     * Battery capacity level is high. @see EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL
+     * Battery capacity level is high. Battery level is high, battery temperature is within the
+     * normal range, and adapter power is enough to charge the battery at an acceptable rate
+     * while running background loads. The Android framework can run background tasks without
+     * affecting charging or battery performance.
+     *
+     * @see #EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL
      */
     @FlaggedApi(FLAG_BATTERY_PART_STATUS_API)
     public static final int BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_HIGH = 4;
 
     /**
-     * Battery capacity level is full. @see EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL
+     * Battery capacity level is full. The battery is full, the battery temperature is within the
+     * normal range, and adapter power is enough to sustain running background loads. The Android
+     * framework can run background tasks without affecting the battery level or battery
+     * performance.
+     *
+     * @see #EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL
      */
     @FlaggedApi(FLAG_BATTERY_PART_STATUS_API)
     public static final int BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_FULL = 5;
 
     /**
+     * Extra for {@link android.content.Intent#ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED}:
+     * Int value representing the battery's capacity level. These constants are key indicators of
+     * battery status and system capabilities, guiding power management decisions for both the
+     * system and apps.
+     *
+     * @see #BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_UNSUPPORTED
+     * @see #BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_UNKNOWN
+     * @see #BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_CRITICAL
+     * @see #BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_LOW
+     * @see #BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_NORMAL
+     * @see #BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_HIGH
+     * @see #BATTERY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_FULL
+     */
+    @FlaggedApi(FLAG_BATTERY_PART_STATUS_API)
+    public static final String EXTRA_CAPACITY_LEVEL = "android.os.extra.CAPACITY_LEVEL";
+
+    /**
      * Extra for {@link android.content.Intent#ACTION_BATTERY_LEVEL_CHANGED}:
      * Contains list of Bundles representing battery events
      * @hide
diff --git a/core/java/android/os/OWNERS b/core/java/android/os/OWNERS
index 94259d7..f9789c1 100644
--- a/core/java/android/os/OWNERS
+++ b/core/java/android/os/OWNERS
@@ -91,6 +91,8 @@
 # PerformanceHintManager
 per-file CpuHeadroom*.aidl = file:/ADPF_OWNERS
 per-file GpuHeadroom*.aidl = file:/ADPF_OWNERS
+per-file CpuHeadroom*.java = file:/ADPF_OWNERS
+per-file GpuHeadroom*.java = file:/ADPF_OWNERS
 per-file PerformanceHintManager.java = file:/ADPF_OWNERS
 per-file WorkDuration.java = file:/ADPF_OWNERS
 per-file IHintManager.aidl = file:/ADPF_OWNERS
diff --git a/core/tests/coretests/src/android/os/OWNERS b/core/tests/coretests/src/android/os/OWNERS
index 4620cb8..c45080fb 100644
--- a/core/tests/coretests/src/android/os/OWNERS
+++ b/core/tests/coretests/src/android/os/OWNERS
@@ -15,3 +15,6 @@
 
 # RemoteCallbackList
 per-file RemoteCallbackListTest.java = [email protected]
+
+# MessageQueue
+per-file MessageQueueTest.java = [email protected], [email protected]
diff --git a/core/tests/coretests/src/android/window/OWNERS b/core/tests/coretests/src/android/window/OWNERS
index 6c80cf9..b3fcea2 100644
--- a/core/tests/coretests/src/android/window/OWNERS
+++ b/core/tests/coretests/src/android/window/OWNERS
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 include /services/core/java/com/android/server/wm/OWNERS
[email protected]
+
+# Bug component: 1519745 = per-file WindowContext*,WindowMetrics*,WindowProvider*,WindowTokenClient*
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/errorprone/Android.bp b/errorprone/Android.bp
index b559a15..1428b89 100644
--- a/errorprone/Android.bp
+++ b/errorprone/Android.bp
@@ -31,6 +31,14 @@
         "//external/auto:auto_service_annotations",
     ],
 
+    javacflags: [
+        // These exports are needed because this errorprone plugin access some private classes
+        // of the java compiler.
+        "--add-exports=jdk.compiler/com.sun.tools.javac.util=ALL-UNNAMED",
+        "--add-exports=jdk.compiler/com.sun.tools.javac.tree=ALL-UNNAMED",
+        "--add-exports=jdk.compiler/com.sun.tools.javac.code=ALL-UNNAMED",
+    ],
+
     plugins: [
         "//external/auto:auto_service_plugin",
     ],
diff --git a/nfc/tests/src/android/nfc/NdefMessageTest.java b/nfc/tests/src/android/nfc/NdefMessageTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ca295d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nfc/tests/src/android/nfc/NdefMessageTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.nfc;
+
+import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
+
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class NdefMessageTest {
+    private NdefMessage mNdefMessage;
+    private NdefRecord mNdefRecord;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        mNdefRecord = NdefRecord.createUri("http://www.example.com");
+        mNdefMessage = new NdefMessage(mNdefRecord);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() {
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() {
+        NdefRecord[] records = mNdefMessage.getRecords();
+        assertThat(records).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(records).hasLength(1);
+        assertThat(records[0]).isEqualTo(mNdefRecord);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testToByteArray() throws FormatException {
+        byte[] bytes = mNdefMessage.toByteArray();
+        assertThat(bytes).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(bytes.length).isGreaterThan(0);
+        NdefMessage ndefMessage = new NdefMessage(bytes);
+        assertThat(ndefMessage).isNotNull();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/packages/SystemUI/multivalentTests/src/com/android/systemui/keyguard/data/quickaffordance/HomeControlsKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfigParameterizedStateTest.kt b/packages/SystemUI/multivalentTests/src/com/android/systemui/keyguard/data/quickaffordance/HomeControlsKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfigParameterizedStateTest.kt
index 0329794..0a4198a 100644
--- a/packages/SystemUI/multivalentTests/src/com/android/systemui/keyguard/data/quickaffordance/HomeControlsKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfigParameterizedStateTest.kt
+++ b/packages/SystemUI/multivalentTests/src/com/android/systemui/keyguard/data/quickaffordance/HomeControlsKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfigParameterizedStateTest.kt
@@ -32,7 +32,8 @@
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.MutableStateFlow
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.launchIn
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.onEach
-import kotlinx.coroutines.test.runBlockingTest
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.UnconfinedTestDispatcher
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.runTest
 import org.junit.Before
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
@@ -125,14 +126,11 @@
             )
 
         underTest =
-            HomeControlsKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig(
-                context = context,
-                component = component,
-            )
+            HomeControlsKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig(context = context, component = component)
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun state() = runBlockingTest {
+    fun state() = runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
         whenever(component.isEnabled()).thenReturn(isFeatureEnabled)
         whenever(controlsController.getFavorites())
             .thenReturn(
diff --git a/packages/SystemUI/multivalentTests/src/com/android/systemui/keyguard/data/quickaffordance/HomeControlsKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfigTest.kt b/packages/SystemUI/multivalentTests/src/com/android/systemui/keyguard/data/quickaffordance/HomeControlsKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfigTest.kt
index 7d68cc0..0003d07 100644
--- a/packages/SystemUI/multivalentTests/src/com/android/systemui/keyguard/data/quickaffordance/HomeControlsKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfigTest.kt
+++ b/packages/SystemUI/multivalentTests/src/com/android/systemui/keyguard/data/quickaffordance/HomeControlsKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfigTest.kt
@@ -19,19 +19,20 @@
 
 import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
-import com.android.systemui.res.R
 import com.android.systemui.SysuiTestCase
 import com.android.systemui.animation.Expandable
 import com.android.systemui.controls.controller.ControlsController
 import com.android.systemui.controls.dagger.ControlsComponent
 import com.android.systemui.keyguard.data.quickaffordance.KeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig.OnTriggeredResult
+import com.android.systemui.res.R
 import com.android.systemui.util.mockito.mock
 import com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat
 import java.util.Optional
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.MutableStateFlow
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.launchIn
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.onEach
-import kotlinx.coroutines.test.runBlockingTest
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.UnconfinedTestDispatcher
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.runTest
 import org.junit.Before
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
@@ -54,14 +55,11 @@
         whenever(component.canShowWhileLockedSetting).thenReturn(MutableStateFlow(true))
 
         underTest =
-            HomeControlsKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig(
-                context = context,
-                component = component,
-            )
+            HomeControlsKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig(context = context, component = component)
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun state_whenCannotShowWhileLocked_returnsHidden() = runBlockingTest {
+    fun state_whenCannotShowWhileLocked_returnsHidden() = runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
         whenever(component.canShowWhileLockedSetting).thenReturn(MutableStateFlow(false))
         whenever(component.isEnabled()).thenReturn(true)
         whenever(component.getTileImageId()).thenReturn(R.drawable.controls_icon)
@@ -81,7 +79,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun state_whenListingControllerIsMissing_returnsHidden() = runBlockingTest {
+    fun state_whenListingControllerIsMissing_returnsHidden() = runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
         whenever(component.isEnabled()).thenReturn(true)
         whenever(component.getTileImageId()).thenReturn(R.drawable.controls_icon)
         whenever(component.getTileTitleId()).thenReturn(R.string.quick_controls_title)
@@ -100,23 +98,26 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun onQuickAffordanceTriggered_canShowWhileLockedSettingIsTrue() = runBlockingTest {
-        whenever(component.canShowWhileLockedSetting).thenReturn(MutableStateFlow(true))
+    fun onQuickAffordanceTriggered_canShowWhileLockedSettingIsTrue() =
+        runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
+            whenever(component.canShowWhileLockedSetting).thenReturn(MutableStateFlow(true))
 
-        val onClickedResult = underTest.onTriggered(expandable)
+            val onClickedResult = underTest.onTriggered(expandable)
 
-        assertThat(onClickedResult).isInstanceOf(OnTriggeredResult.StartActivity::class.java)
-        assertThat((onClickedResult as OnTriggeredResult.StartActivity).canShowWhileLocked).isTrue()
-    }
+            assertThat(onClickedResult).isInstanceOf(OnTriggeredResult.StartActivity::class.java)
+            assertThat((onClickedResult as OnTriggeredResult.StartActivity).canShowWhileLocked)
+                .isTrue()
+        }
 
     @Test
-    fun onQuickAffordanceTriggered_canShowWhileLockedSettingIsFalse() = runBlockingTest {
-        whenever(component.canShowWhileLockedSetting).thenReturn(MutableStateFlow(false))
+    fun onQuickAffordanceTriggered_canShowWhileLockedSettingIsFalse() =
+        runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
+            whenever(component.canShowWhileLockedSetting).thenReturn(MutableStateFlow(false))
 
-        val onClickedResult = underTest.onTriggered(expandable)
+            val onClickedResult = underTest.onTriggered(expandable)
 
-        assertThat(onClickedResult).isInstanceOf(OnTriggeredResult.StartActivity::class.java)
-        assertThat((onClickedResult as OnTriggeredResult.StartActivity).canShowWhileLocked)
-            .isFalse()
-    }
+            assertThat(onClickedResult).isInstanceOf(OnTriggeredResult.StartActivity::class.java)
+            assertThat((onClickedResult as OnTriggeredResult.StartActivity).canShowWhileLocked)
+                .isFalse()
+        }
 }
diff --git a/packages/SystemUI/multivalentTests/src/com/android/systemui/keyguard/data/quickaffordance/QrCodeScannerKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfigTest.kt b/packages/SystemUI/multivalentTests/src/com/android/systemui/keyguard/data/quickaffordance/QrCodeScannerKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfigTest.kt
index ca64cec..05a74c0 100644
--- a/packages/SystemUI/multivalentTests/src/com/android/systemui/keyguard/data/quickaffordance/QrCodeScannerKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfigTest.kt
+++ b/packages/SystemUI/multivalentTests/src/com/android/systemui/keyguard/data/quickaffordance/QrCodeScannerKeyguardQuickAffordanceConfigTest.kt
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 import com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.launchIn
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.onEach
-import kotlinx.coroutines.test.runBlockingTest
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.UnconfinedTestDispatcher
 import kotlinx.coroutines.test.runTest
 import org.junit.Before
 import org.junit.Test
@@ -56,60 +56,63 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun affordance_setsUpRegistrationAndDeliversInitialModel() = runBlockingTest {
-        whenever(controller.isEnabledForLockScreenButton).thenReturn(true)
-        var latest: KeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig.LockScreenState? = null
+    fun affordance_setsUpRegistrationAndDeliversInitialModel() =
+        runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
+            whenever(controller.isEnabledForLockScreenButton).thenReturn(true)
+            var latest: KeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig.LockScreenState? = null
 
-        val job = underTest.lockScreenState.onEach { latest = it }.launchIn(this)
+            val job = underTest.lockScreenState.onEach { latest = it }.launchIn(this)
 
-        val callbackCaptor = argumentCaptor<QRCodeScannerController.Callback>()
-        verify(controller).addCallback(callbackCaptor.capture())
-        verify(controller)
-            .registerQRCodeScannerChangeObservers(
-                QRCodeScannerController.DEFAULT_QR_CODE_SCANNER_CHANGE,
-                QRCodeScannerController.QR_CODE_SCANNER_PREFERENCE_CHANGE
-            )
-        assertVisibleState(latest)
+            val callbackCaptor = argumentCaptor<QRCodeScannerController.Callback>()
+            verify(controller).addCallback(callbackCaptor.capture())
+            verify(controller)
+                .registerQRCodeScannerChangeObservers(
+                    QRCodeScannerController.DEFAULT_QR_CODE_SCANNER_CHANGE,
+                    QRCodeScannerController.QR_CODE_SCANNER_PREFERENCE_CHANGE,
+                )
+            assertVisibleState(latest)
 
-        job.cancel()
-        verify(controller).removeCallback(callbackCaptor.value)
-    }
+            job.cancel()
+            verify(controller).removeCallback(callbackCaptor.value)
+        }
 
     @Test
-    fun affordance_scannerActivityChanged_deliversModelWithUpdatedIntent() = runBlockingTest {
-        whenever(controller.isEnabledForLockScreenButton).thenReturn(true)
-        var latest: KeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig.LockScreenState? = null
-        val job = underTest.lockScreenState.onEach { latest = it }.launchIn(this)
-        val callbackCaptor = argumentCaptor<QRCodeScannerController.Callback>()
-        verify(controller).addCallback(callbackCaptor.capture())
+    fun affordance_scannerActivityChanged_deliversModelWithUpdatedIntent() =
+        runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
+            whenever(controller.isEnabledForLockScreenButton).thenReturn(true)
+            var latest: KeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig.LockScreenState? = null
+            val job = underTest.lockScreenState.onEach { latest = it }.launchIn(this)
+            val callbackCaptor = argumentCaptor<QRCodeScannerController.Callback>()
+            verify(controller).addCallback(callbackCaptor.capture())
 
-        whenever(controller.intent).thenReturn(INTENT_2)
-        callbackCaptor.value.onQRCodeScannerActivityChanged()
+            whenever(controller.intent).thenReturn(INTENT_2)
+            callbackCaptor.value.onQRCodeScannerActivityChanged()
 
-        assertVisibleState(latest)
+            assertVisibleState(latest)
 
-        job.cancel()
-        verify(controller).removeCallback(callbackCaptor.value)
-    }
+            job.cancel()
+            verify(controller).removeCallback(callbackCaptor.value)
+        }
 
     @Test
-    fun affordance_scannerPreferenceChanged_deliversVisibleModel() = runBlockingTest {
-        var latest: KeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig.LockScreenState? = null
-        val job = underTest.lockScreenState.onEach { latest = it }.launchIn(this)
-        val callbackCaptor = argumentCaptor<QRCodeScannerController.Callback>()
-        verify(controller).addCallback(callbackCaptor.capture())
+    fun affordance_scannerPreferenceChanged_deliversVisibleModel() =
+        runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
+            var latest: KeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig.LockScreenState? = null
+            val job = underTest.lockScreenState.onEach { latest = it }.launchIn(this)
+            val callbackCaptor = argumentCaptor<QRCodeScannerController.Callback>()
+            verify(controller).addCallback(callbackCaptor.capture())
 
-        whenever(controller.isEnabledForLockScreenButton).thenReturn(true)
-        callbackCaptor.value.onQRCodeScannerPreferenceChanged()
+            whenever(controller.isEnabledForLockScreenButton).thenReturn(true)
+            callbackCaptor.value.onQRCodeScannerPreferenceChanged()
 
-        assertVisibleState(latest)
+            assertVisibleState(latest)
 
-        job.cancel()
-        verify(controller).removeCallback(callbackCaptor.value)
-    }
+            job.cancel()
+            verify(controller).removeCallback(callbackCaptor.value)
+        }
 
     @Test
-    fun affordance_scannerPreferenceChanged_deliversNone() = runBlockingTest {
+    fun affordance_scannerPreferenceChanged_deliversNone() = runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
         var latest: KeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig.LockScreenState? = null
         val job = underTest.lockScreenState.onEach { latest = it }.launchIn(this)
         val callbackCaptor = argumentCaptor<QRCodeScannerController.Callback>()
@@ -128,30 +131,29 @@
     fun onQuickAffordanceTriggered() {
         assertThat(underTest.onTriggered(mock()))
             .isEqualTo(
-                OnTriggeredResult.StartActivity(
-                    intent = INTENT_1,
-                    canShowWhileLocked = true,
-                )
+                OnTriggeredResult.StartActivity(intent = INTENT_1, canShowWhileLocked = true)
             )
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun getPickerScreenState_enabledIfConfiguredOnDevice_isEnabledForPickerState() = runTest {
-        whenever(controller.isAllowedOnLockScreen).thenReturn(true)
-        whenever(controller.isAbleToLaunchScannerActivity).thenReturn(true)
+    fun getPickerScreenState_enabledIfConfiguredOnDevice_isEnabledForPickerState() =
+        runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
+            whenever(controller.isAllowedOnLockScreen).thenReturn(true)
+            whenever(controller.isAbleToLaunchScannerActivity).thenReturn(true)
 
-        assertThat(underTest.getPickerScreenState())
-            .isEqualTo(KeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig.PickerScreenState.Default())
-    }
+            assertThat(underTest.getPickerScreenState())
+                .isEqualTo(KeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig.PickerScreenState.Default())
+        }
 
     @Test
-    fun getPickerScreenState_disabledIfConfiguredOnDevice_isDisabledForPickerState() = runTest {
-        whenever(controller.isAllowedOnLockScreen).thenReturn(true)
-        whenever(controller.isAbleToLaunchScannerActivity).thenReturn(false)
+    fun getPickerScreenState_disabledIfConfiguredOnDevice_isDisabledForPickerState() =
+        runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
+            whenever(controller.isAllowedOnLockScreen).thenReturn(true)
+            whenever(controller.isAbleToLaunchScannerActivity).thenReturn(false)
 
-        assertThat(underTest.getPickerScreenState())
-            .isEqualTo(KeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig.PickerScreenState.UnavailableOnDevice)
-    }
+            assertThat(underTest.getPickerScreenState())
+                .isEqualTo(KeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig.PickerScreenState.UnavailableOnDevice)
+        }
 
     private fun assertVisibleState(latest: KeyguardQuickAffordanceConfig.LockScreenState?) {
         assertThat(latest)
diff --git a/packages/SystemUI/tests/src/com/android/systemui/broadcast/BroadcastDispatcherTest.kt b/packages/SystemUI/tests/src/com/android/systemui/broadcast/BroadcastDispatcherTest.kt
index 2c17181..bfbdc50 100644
--- a/packages/SystemUI/tests/src/com/android/systemui/broadcast/BroadcastDispatcherTest.kt
+++ b/packages/SystemUI/tests/src/com/android/systemui/broadcast/BroadcastDispatcherTest.kt
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@
 import android.os.Looper
 import android.os.PatternMatcher
 import android.os.UserHandle
-import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
 import android.testing.AndroidTestingRunner
 import android.testing.TestableLooper
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
 import com.android.systemui.SysuiTestCase
 import com.android.systemui.broadcast.logging.BroadcastDispatcherLogger
 import com.android.systemui.dump.DumpManager
@@ -40,8 +40,9 @@
 import junit.framework.Assert.assertSame
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.collect
 import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.UnconfinedTestDispatcher
 import kotlinx.coroutines.test.advanceUntilIdle
-import kotlinx.coroutines.test.runBlockingTest
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.runTest
 import org.junit.Before
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
@@ -68,39 +69,28 @@
         val DEFAULT_PERMISSION: String? = null
 
         fun <T> capture(argumentCaptor: ArgumentCaptor<T>): T = argumentCaptor.capture()
+
         const val TEST_ACTION = "TEST_ACTION"
         const val TEST_SCHEME = "TEST_SCHEME"
         const val TEST_PATH = "TEST_PATH"
         const val TEST_TYPE = "test/type"
     }
 
-    @Mock
-    private lateinit var mockContext: Context
-    @Mock
-    private lateinit var mockUBRUser0: UserBroadcastDispatcher
-    @Mock
-    private lateinit var mockUBRUser1: UserBroadcastDispatcher
-    @Mock
-    private lateinit var broadcastReceiver: BroadcastReceiver
-    @Mock
-    private lateinit var broadcastReceiverOther: BroadcastReceiver
-    @Mock
-    private lateinit var intentFilter: IntentFilter
-    @Mock
-    private lateinit var intentFilterOther: IntentFilter
-    @Mock
-    private lateinit var mockHandler: Handler
-    @Mock
-    private lateinit var logger: BroadcastDispatcherLogger
-    @Mock
-    private lateinit var userTracker: UserTracker
-    @Mock
-    private lateinit var removalPendingStore: PendingRemovalStore
+    @Mock private lateinit var mockContext: Context
+    @Mock private lateinit var mockUBRUser0: UserBroadcastDispatcher
+    @Mock private lateinit var mockUBRUser1: UserBroadcastDispatcher
+    @Mock private lateinit var broadcastReceiver: BroadcastReceiver
+    @Mock private lateinit var broadcastReceiverOther: BroadcastReceiver
+    @Mock private lateinit var intentFilter: IntentFilter
+    @Mock private lateinit var intentFilterOther: IntentFilter
+    @Mock private lateinit var mockHandler: Handler
+    @Mock private lateinit var logger: BroadcastDispatcherLogger
+    @Mock private lateinit var userTracker: UserTracker
+    @Mock private lateinit var removalPendingStore: PendingRemovalStore
 
     private lateinit var mainExecutor: Executor
 
-    @Captor
-    private lateinit var argumentCaptor: ArgumentCaptor<ReceiverData>
+    @Captor private lateinit var argumentCaptor: ArgumentCaptor<ReceiverData>
 
     private lateinit var testableLooper: TestableLooper
     private lateinit var broadcastDispatcher: BroadcastDispatcher
@@ -112,7 +102,8 @@
         mainExecutor = FakeExecutor(FakeSystemClock())
         `when`(mockContext.mainExecutor).thenReturn(mainExecutor)
 
-        broadcastDispatcher = TestBroadcastDispatcher(
+        broadcastDispatcher =
+            TestBroadcastDispatcher(
                 mockContext,
                 mainExecutor,
                 testableLooper.looper,
@@ -121,7 +112,8 @@
                 logger,
                 userTracker,
                 removalPendingStore,
-                mapOf(0 to mockUBRUser0, 1 to mockUBRUser1))
+                mapOf(0 to mockUBRUser0, 1 to mockUBRUser1),
+            )
 
         // These should be valid filters
         `when`(intentFilter.countActions()).thenReturn(1)
@@ -131,10 +123,18 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testAddingReceiverToCorrectUBR() {
-        broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiverWithHandler(broadcastReceiver, intentFilter,
-                mockHandler, user0)
         broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiverWithHandler(
-                broadcastReceiverOther, intentFilterOther, mockHandler, user1)
+            broadcastReceiver,
+            intentFilter,
+            mockHandler,
+            user0,
+        )
+        broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiverWithHandler(
+            broadcastReceiverOther,
+            intentFilterOther,
+            mockHandler,
+            user1,
+        )
 
         testableLooper.processAllMessages()
 
@@ -152,7 +152,11 @@
     fun testAddingReceiverToCorrectUBR_executor() {
         broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiver(broadcastReceiver, intentFilter, mainExecutor, user0)
         broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiver(
-                broadcastReceiverOther, intentFilterOther, mainExecutor, user1)
+            broadcastReceiverOther,
+            intentFilterOther,
+            mainExecutor,
+            user1,
+        )
 
         testableLooper.processAllMessages()
 
@@ -169,7 +173,10 @@
     @Test
     fun testAddReceiverDefaultFlag_handler() {
         broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiverWithHandler(
-                broadcastReceiver, intentFilter, mockHandler)
+            broadcastReceiver,
+            intentFilter,
+            mockHandler,
+        )
         testableLooper.processAllMessages()
 
         verify(mockUBRUser0).registerReceiver(capture(argumentCaptor), eq(DEFAULT_FLAG))
@@ -183,7 +190,11 @@
         val flag = 3
 
         broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiverWithHandler(
-                broadcastReceiver, intentFilter, mockHandler, flags = flag)
+            broadcastReceiver,
+            intentFilter,
+            mockHandler,
+            flags = flag,
+        )
         testableLooper.processAllMessages()
 
         verify(mockUBRUser0).registerReceiver(capture(argumentCaptor), eq(flag))
@@ -212,7 +223,7 @@
             broadcastReceiver,
             intentFilter,
             flags = flag,
-            permission = permission
+            permission = permission,
         )
         testableLooper.processAllMessages()
 
@@ -250,10 +261,18 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testRemovingReceiversRemovesFromAllUBR() {
-        broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiverWithHandler(broadcastReceiver, intentFilter,
-                mockHandler, user0)
-        broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiverWithHandler(broadcastReceiver, intentFilter,
-                mockHandler, user1)
+        broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiverWithHandler(
+            broadcastReceiver,
+            intentFilter,
+            mockHandler,
+            user0,
+        )
+        broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiverWithHandler(
+            broadcastReceiver,
+            intentFilter,
+            mockHandler,
+            user1,
+        )
 
         broadcastDispatcher.unregisterReceiver(broadcastReceiver)
 
@@ -265,10 +284,18 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testRemoveReceiverFromUser() {
-        broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiverWithHandler(broadcastReceiver, intentFilter,
-                mockHandler, user0)
-        broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiverWithHandler(broadcastReceiver, intentFilter,
-                mockHandler, user1)
+        broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiverWithHandler(
+            broadcastReceiver,
+            intentFilter,
+            mockHandler,
+            user0,
+        )
+        broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiverWithHandler(
+            broadcastReceiver,
+            intentFilter,
+            mockHandler,
+            user1,
+        )
 
         broadcastDispatcher.unregisterReceiverForUser(broadcastReceiver, user0)
 
@@ -282,13 +309,17 @@
     fun testRegisterCurrentAsActualUser() {
         `when`(userTracker.userId).thenReturn(user1.identifier)
 
-        broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiverWithHandler(broadcastReceiver, intentFilter,
-                mockHandler, UserHandle.CURRENT)
+        broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiverWithHandler(
+            broadcastReceiver,
+            intentFilter,
+            mockHandler,
+            UserHandle.CURRENT,
+        )
 
         testableLooper.processAllMessages()
 
-        verify(mockUBRUser1).registerReceiver(
-                capture(argumentCaptor), eq(Context.RECEIVER_EXPORTED))
+        verify(mockUBRUser1)
+            .registerReceiver(capture(argumentCaptor), eq(Context.RECEIVER_EXPORTED))
         assertSame(broadcastReceiver, argumentCaptor.value.receiver)
     }
 
@@ -300,41 +331,38 @@
 
     @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException::class)
     fun testFilterMustNotContainDataScheme() {
-        val testFilter = IntentFilter(TEST_ACTION).apply {
-            addDataScheme(TEST_SCHEME)
-        }
+        val testFilter = IntentFilter(TEST_ACTION).apply { addDataScheme(TEST_SCHEME) }
         broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiver(broadcastReceiver, testFilter)
     }
 
     @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException::class)
     fun testFilterMustNotContainDataAuthority() {
-        val testFilter = IntentFilter(TEST_ACTION).apply {
-            addDataAuthority(mock(IntentFilter.AuthorityEntry::class.java))
-        }
+        val testFilter =
+            IntentFilter(TEST_ACTION).apply {
+                addDataAuthority(mock(IntentFilter.AuthorityEntry::class.java))
+            }
         broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiver(broadcastReceiver, testFilter)
     }
 
     @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException::class)
     fun testFilterMustNotContainDataPath() {
-        val testFilter = IntentFilter(TEST_ACTION).apply {
-            addDataPath(TEST_PATH, PatternMatcher.PATTERN_LITERAL)
-        }
+        val testFilter =
+            IntentFilter(TEST_ACTION).apply {
+                addDataPath(TEST_PATH, PatternMatcher.PATTERN_LITERAL)
+            }
         broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiver(broadcastReceiver, testFilter)
     }
 
     @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException::class)
     fun testFilterMustNotContainDataType() {
-        val testFilter = IntentFilter(TEST_ACTION).apply {
-            addDataType(TEST_TYPE)
-        }
+        val testFilter = IntentFilter(TEST_ACTION).apply { addDataType(TEST_TYPE) }
         broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiver(broadcastReceiver, testFilter)
     }
 
     @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException::class)
     fun testFilterMustNotSetPriority() {
-        val testFilter = IntentFilter(TEST_ACTION).apply {
-            priority = IntentFilter.SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY
-        }
+        val testFilter =
+            IntentFilter(TEST_ACTION).apply { priority = IntentFilter.SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY }
         broadcastDispatcher.registerReceiver(broadcastReceiver, testFilter)
     }
 
@@ -366,12 +394,14 @@
 
         val inOrderUser0 = inOrder(mockUBRUser0, removalPendingStore)
         inOrderUser0.verify(mockUBRUser0).unregisterReceiver(broadcastReceiver)
-        inOrderUser0.verify(removalPendingStore)
+        inOrderUser0
+            .verify(removalPendingStore)
             .clearPendingRemoval(broadcastReceiver, UserHandle.USER_ALL)
 
         val inOrderUser1 = inOrder(mockUBRUser1, removalPendingStore)
         inOrderUser1.verify(mockUBRUser1).unregisterReceiver(broadcastReceiver)
-        inOrderUser1.verify(removalPendingStore)
+        inOrderUser1
+            .verify(removalPendingStore)
             .clearPendingRemoval(broadcastReceiver, UserHandle.USER_ALL)
     }
 
@@ -385,21 +415,21 @@
 
         val inOrderUser1 = inOrder(mockUBRUser1, removalPendingStore)
         inOrderUser1.verify(mockUBRUser1).unregisterReceiver(broadcastReceiver)
-        inOrderUser1.verify(removalPendingStore)
+        inOrderUser1
+            .verify(removalPendingStore)
             .clearPendingRemoval(broadcastReceiver, user1.identifier)
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun testBroadcastFlow() = runBlockingTest {
-        val flow = broadcastDispatcher.broadcastFlow(intentFilter, user1) { intent, receiver ->
-            intent to receiver
-        }
+    fun testBroadcastFlow() = runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
+        val flow =
+            broadcastDispatcher.broadcastFlow(intentFilter, user1) { intent, receiver ->
+                intent to receiver
+            }
 
         // Collect the values into collectedValues.
         val collectedValues = mutableListOf<Pair<Intent, BroadcastReceiver>>()
-        val job = launch {
-            flow.collect { collectedValues.add(it) }
-        }
+        val job = launch { flow.collect { collectedValues.add(it) } }
 
         testableLooper.processAllMessages()
         verify(mockUBRUser1).registerReceiver(capture(argumentCaptor), eq(DEFAULT_FLAG))
@@ -436,17 +466,18 @@
         logger: BroadcastDispatcherLogger,
         userTracker: UserTracker,
         removalPendingStore: PendingRemovalStore,
-        var mockUBRMap: Map<Int, UserBroadcastDispatcher>
-    ) : BroadcastDispatcher(
-        context,
-        mainExecutor,
-        backgroundRunningLooper,
-        backgroundRunningExecutor,
-        dumpManager,
-        logger,
-        userTracker,
-        removalPendingStore
-    ) {
+        var mockUBRMap: Map<Int, UserBroadcastDispatcher>,
+    ) :
+        BroadcastDispatcher(
+            context,
+            mainExecutor,
+            backgroundRunningLooper,
+            backgroundRunningExecutor,
+            dumpManager,
+            logger,
+            userTracker,
+            removalPendingStore,
+        ) {
         override fun createUBRForUser(userId: Int): UserBroadcastDispatcher {
             return mockUBRMap.getOrDefault(userId, mock(UserBroadcastDispatcher::class.java))
         }
diff --git a/packages/Vcn/service-b/Android.bp b/packages/Vcn/service-b/Android.bp
index a462297..03ef4e6 100644
--- a/packages/Vcn/service-b/Android.bp
+++ b/packages/Vcn/service-b/Android.bp
@@ -19,6 +19,19 @@
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
+filegroup {
+    name: "vcn-location-sources",
+    srcs: select(release_flag("RELEASE_MOVE_VCN_TO_MAINLINE"), {
+        true: [
+            "vcn-location-flag/module/com/android/server/vcn/VcnLocation.java",
+        ],
+        default: [
+            "vcn-location-flag/platform/com/android/server/vcn/VcnLocation.java",
+        ],
+    }),
+    visibility: ["//frameworks/base/services/core"],
+}
+
 java_library {
     name: "service-connectivity-b-pre-jarjar",
     sdk_version: "system_server_current",
diff --git a/packages/Vcn/service-b/vcn-location-flag/module/com/android/server/vcn/VcnLocation.java b/packages/Vcn/service-b/vcn-location-flag/module/com/android/server/vcn/VcnLocation.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c7d24d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/Vcn/service-b/vcn-location-flag/module/com/android/server/vcn/VcnLocation.java
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.vcn;
+
+/**
+ * Class to represent that VCN is in a mainline module
+ *
+ * <p>This class is used to check whether VCN is in the non-updatable platform or in a mainline
+ * module.
+ */
+// When VCN is in a mainline module, this class (module/com/android/server/vcn/VcnLocation.java)
+// will be built in to the vcn-location-sources filegroup. When VCN is in the non-updatable
+// platform, platform/com/android/server/vcn/VcnLocation.java will be built in to the filegroup
+public class VcnLocation {
+    /** Indicate that VCN is the platform */
+    public static final boolean IS_VCN_IN_MAINLINE = true;
+}
diff --git a/packages/Vcn/service-b/vcn-location-flag/platform/com/android/server/vcn/VcnLocation.java b/packages/Vcn/service-b/vcn-location-flag/platform/com/android/server/vcn/VcnLocation.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6c82a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/Vcn/service-b/vcn-location-flag/platform/com/android/server/vcn/VcnLocation.java
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.vcn;
+
+/**
+ * Class to represent that VCN is in the platform
+ *
+ * <p>This class is used to check whether VCN is in the non-updatable platform or in a mainline
+ * module.
+ */
+// When VCN is in a mainline module, module/com/android/server/vcn/VcnLocation.java
+// will be built in to the vcn-location-sources filegroup. When VCN is in the non-updatable
+// platform, this class (platform/com/android/server/vcn/VcnLocation.java) will be built in to the
+// filegroup
+public class VcnLocation {
+    /** Indicate that VCN is the platform */
+    public static final boolean IS_VCN_IN_MAINLINE = false;
+}
diff --git a/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodAwareTestRunner.java b/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodAwareTestRunner.java
index 9b71f80..de3c5f2 100644
--- a/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodAwareTestRunner.java
+++ b/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodAwareTestRunner.java
@@ -133,9 +133,6 @@
 
         Log.v(TAG, "RavenwoodAwareTestRunner starting for " + testClass.getCanonicalName());
 
-        // This is needed to make AndroidJUnit4ClassRunner happy.
-        InstrumentationRegistry.registerInstance(null, Bundle.EMPTY);
-
         // Hook point to allow more customization.
         runAnnotatedMethodsOnRavenwood(RavenwoodTestRunnerInitializing.class, null);
 
diff --git a/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodConfigState.java b/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodConfigState.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 870a10a..0000000
--- a/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodConfigState.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package android.platform.test.ravenwood;
-
-import static com.android.ravenwood.common.RavenwoodCommonUtils.RAVENWOOD_EMPTY_RESOURCES_APK;
-
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
-
-import android.annotation.Nullable;
-import android.app.ResourcesManager;
-import android.content.res.Resources;
-import android.view.DisplayAdjustments;
-
-import java.io.File;
-import java.util.HashMap;
-
-/**
- * Used to store various states associated with {@link RavenwoodConfig} that's inly needed
- * in junit-impl.
- *
- * We don't want to put it in junit-src to avoid having to recompile all the downstream
- * dependencies after changing this class.
- *
- * All members must be called from the runner's main thread.
- */
-public class RavenwoodConfigState {
-    private static final String TAG = "RavenwoodConfigState";
-
-    private final RavenwoodConfig mConfig;
-
-    // TODO: Move the other contexts from RavenwoodConfig to here too? They're used by
-    // RavenwoodRule too, but RavenwoodRule can probably use InstrumentationRegistry?
-    RavenwoodContext mSystemServerContext;
-
-    public RavenwoodConfigState(RavenwoodConfig config) {
-        mConfig = config;
-    }
-
-    /** Map from path -> resources. */
-    private final HashMap<File, Resources> mCachedResources = new HashMap<>();
-
-    /**
-     * Load {@link Resources} from an APK, with cache.
-     */
-    public Resources loadResources(@Nullable File apkPath) {
-        var cached = mCachedResources.get(apkPath);
-        if (cached != null) {
-            return cached;
-        }
-
-        var fileToLoad = apkPath != null ? apkPath : new File(RAVENWOOD_EMPTY_RESOURCES_APK);
-
-        assertTrue("File " + fileToLoad + " doesn't exist.", fileToLoad.isFile());
-
-        final String path = fileToLoad.getAbsolutePath();
-        final var emptyPaths = new String[0];
-
-        ResourcesManager.getInstance().initializeApplicationPaths(path, emptyPaths);
-
-        final var ret = ResourcesManager.getInstance().getResources(null, path,
-                emptyPaths, emptyPaths, emptyPaths,
-                emptyPaths, null, null,
-                new DisplayAdjustments().getCompatibilityInfo(),
-                RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController.class.getClassLoader(), null);
-
-        assertNotNull(ret);
-
-        mCachedResources.put(apkPath, ret);
-        return ret;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodRunnerState.java b/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodRunnerState.java
index ec00e8f..6dfcf4ce 100644
--- a/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodRunnerState.java
+++ b/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodRunnerState.java
@@ -15,24 +15,23 @@
  */
 package android.platform.test.ravenwood;
 
-import static com.android.ravenwood.common.RavenwoodCommonUtils.ensureIsPublicMember;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
-import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
-
-import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Pair;
 
-import com.android.ravenwood.common.RavenwoodRuntimeException;
+import com.android.ravenwood.RavenwoodRuntimeNative;
 
-import org.junit.ClassRule;
-import org.junit.Rule;
-import org.junit.rules.TestRule;
 import org.junit.runner.Description;
 
-import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
 
 /**
- * Used to store various states associated with the current test runner that's inly needed
+ * Used to store various states associated with the current test runner that's only needed
  * in junit-impl.
  *
  * We don't want to put it in junit-src to avoid having to recompile all the downstream
@@ -42,6 +41,11 @@
  */
 public final class RavenwoodRunnerState {
     private static final String TAG = "RavenwoodRunnerState";
+    private static final String RAVENWOOD_RULE_ERROR =
+            "RavenwoodRule(s) are not executed in the correct order";
+
+    private static final List<Pair<RavenwoodRule, RavenwoodPropertyState>> sActiveProperties =
+            new ArrayList<>();
 
     private final RavenwoodAwareTestRunner mRunner;
 
@@ -52,207 +56,95 @@
         mRunner = runner;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * The RavenwoodConfig used to configure the current Ravenwood environment.
-     * This can either come from mConfig or mRule.
-     */
-    private RavenwoodConfig mCurrentConfig;
-    /**
-     * The RavenwoodConfig declared in the test class
-     */
-    private RavenwoodConfig mConfig;
-    /**
-     * The RavenwoodRule currently in effect, declared in the test class
-     */
-    private RavenwoodRule mRule;
-    private boolean mHasRavenwoodRule;
     private Description mMethodDescription;
 
-    public RavenwoodConfig getConfig() {
-        return mCurrentConfig;
-    }
-
     public void enterTestRunner() {
         Log.i(TAG, "enterTestRunner: " + mRunner);
-
-        mHasRavenwoodRule = hasRavenwoodRule(mRunner.mTestJavaClass);
-        mConfig = extractConfiguration(mRunner.mTestJavaClass);
-
-        if (mConfig != null) {
-            if (mHasRavenwoodRule) {
-                fail("RavenwoodConfig and RavenwoodRule cannot be used in the same class."
-                        + " Suggest migrating to RavenwoodConfig.");
-            }
-            mCurrentConfig = mConfig;
-        } else if (!mHasRavenwoodRule) {
-            // If no RavenwoodConfig and no RavenwoodRule, use a default config
-            mCurrentConfig = new RavenwoodConfig.Builder().build();
-        }
-
-        if (mCurrentConfig != null) {
-            RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController.init(mRunner);
-        }
+        RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController.initForRunner();
     }
 
     public void enterTestClass() {
         Log.i(TAG, "enterTestClass: " + mRunner.mTestJavaClass.getName());
-
-        if (mCurrentConfig != null) {
-            RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController.init(mRunner);
-        }
     }
 
     public void exitTestClass() {
         Log.i(TAG, "exitTestClass: " + mRunner.mTestJavaClass.getName());
-        try {
-            if (mCurrentConfig != null) {
-                RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController.reset();
-            }
-        } finally {
-            mConfig = null;
-            mRule = null;
-        }
+        assertTrue(RAVENWOOD_RULE_ERROR, sActiveProperties.isEmpty());
+        RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController.exitTestClass();
     }
 
     public void enterTestMethod(Description description) {
         mMethodDescription = description;
+        RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController.initForMethod();
     }
 
     public void exitTestMethod() {
         mMethodDescription = null;
-        RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController.reinit();
     }
 
     public void enterRavenwoodRule(RavenwoodRule rule) {
-        if (!mHasRavenwoodRule) {
-            fail("If you have a RavenwoodRule in your test, make sure the field type is"
-                    + " RavenwoodRule so Ravenwood can detect it.");
-        }
-        if (mRule != null) {
-            fail("Multiple nesting RavenwoodRule's are detected in the same class,"
-                    + " which is not supported.");
-        }
-        mRule = rule;
-        if (mCurrentConfig == null) {
-            mCurrentConfig = rule.getConfiguration();
-        }
-        RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController.init(mRunner);
+        pushTestProperties(rule);
     }
 
     public void exitRavenwoodRule(RavenwoodRule rule) {
-        if (mRule != rule) {
-            fail("RavenwoodRule did not take effect.");
-        }
-        mRule = null;
+        popTestProperties(rule);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @return a configuration from a test class, if any.
-     */
-    @Nullable
-    private static RavenwoodConfig extractConfiguration(Class<?> testClass) {
-        var field = findConfigurationField(testClass);
-        if (field == null) {
-            return null;
+    static class RavenwoodPropertyState {
+
+        final List<Pair<String, String>> mBackup;
+        final Set<String> mKeyReadable;
+        final Set<String> mKeyWritable;
+
+        RavenwoodPropertyState(RavenwoodTestProperties props) {
+            mBackup = props.mValues.keySet().stream()
+                    .map(key -> Pair.create(key, RavenwoodRuntimeNative.getSystemProperty(key)))
+                    .toList();
+            mKeyReadable = Set.copyOf(props.mKeyReadable);
+            mKeyWritable = Set.copyOf(props.mKeyWritable);
         }
 
-        try {
-            return (RavenwoodConfig) field.get(null);
-        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
-            throw new RavenwoodRuntimeException("Failed to fetch from the configuration field", e);
+        boolean isKeyAccessible(String key, boolean write) {
+            return write ? mKeyWritable.contains(key) : mKeyReadable.contains(key);
         }
-    }
 
-    /**
-     * @return true if the current target class (or its super classes) has any @Rule / @ClassRule
-     * fields of type RavenwoodRule.
-     *
-     * Note, this check won't detect cases where a Rule is of type
-     * {@link TestRule} and still be a {@link RavenwoodRule}. But that'll be detected at runtime
-     * as a failure, in {@link #enterRavenwoodRule}.
-     */
-    private static boolean hasRavenwoodRule(Class<?> testClass) {
-        for (var field : testClass.getDeclaredFields()) {
-            if (!field.isAnnotationPresent(Rule.class)
-                    && !field.isAnnotationPresent(ClassRule.class)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (field.getType().equals(RavenwoodRule.class)) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        // JUnit supports rules as methods, so we need to check them too.
-        for (var method : testClass.getDeclaredMethods()) {
-            if (!method.isAnnotationPresent(Rule.class)
-                    && !method.isAnnotationPresent(ClassRule.class)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (method.getReturnType().equals(RavenwoodRule.class)) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        // Look into the super class.
-        if (!testClass.getSuperclass().equals(Object.class)) {
-            return hasRavenwoodRule(testClass.getSuperclass());
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Find and return a field with @RavenwoodConfig.Config, which must be of type
-     * RavenwoodConfig.
-     */
-    @Nullable
-    private static Field findConfigurationField(Class<?> testClass) {
-        Field foundField = null;
-
-        for (var field : testClass.getDeclaredFields()) {
-            final var hasAnot = field.isAnnotationPresent(RavenwoodConfig.Config.class);
-            final var isType = field.getType().equals(RavenwoodConfig.class);
-
-            if (hasAnot) {
-                if (isType) {
-                    // Good, use this field.
-                    if (foundField != null) {
-                        fail(String.format(
-                                "Class %s has multiple fields with %s",
-                                testClass.getCanonicalName(),
-                                "@RavenwoodConfig.Config"));
-                    }
-                    // Make sure it's static public
-                    ensureIsPublicMember(field, true);
-
-                    foundField = field;
+        void restore() {
+            mBackup.forEach(pair -> {
+                if (pair.second == null) {
+                    RavenwoodRuntimeNative.removeSystemProperty(pair.first);
                 } else {
-                    fail(String.format(
-                            "Field %s.%s has %s but type is not %s",
-                            testClass.getCanonicalName(),
-                            field.getName(),
-                            "@RavenwoodConfig.Config",
-                            "RavenwoodConfig"));
-                    return null; // unreachable
+                    RavenwoodRuntimeNative.setSystemProperty(pair.first, pair.second);
                 }
-            } else {
-                if (isType) {
-                    fail(String.format(
-                            "Field %s.%s does not have %s but type is %s",
-                            testClass.getCanonicalName(),
-                            field.getName(),
-                            "@RavenwoodConfig.Config",
-                            "RavenwoodConfig"));
-                    return null; // unreachable
-                } else {
-                    // Unrelated field, ignore.
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
+            });
         }
-        if (foundField != null) {
-            return foundField;
+    }
+
+    private static void pushTestProperties(RavenwoodRule rule) {
+        sActiveProperties.add(Pair.create(rule, new RavenwoodPropertyState(rule.mProperties)));
+        rule.mProperties.mValues.forEach(RavenwoodRuntimeNative::setSystemProperty);
+    }
+
+    private static void popTestProperties(RavenwoodRule rule) {
+        var pair = sActiveProperties.removeLast();
+        assertNotNull(RAVENWOOD_RULE_ERROR, pair);
+        assertEquals(RAVENWOOD_RULE_ERROR, rule, pair.first);
+        pair.second.restore();
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")  // Called from native code (ravenwood_sysprop.cpp)
+    private static void checkSystemPropertyAccess(String key, boolean write) {
+        if (write && RavenwoodSystemProperties.sDefaultValues.containsKey(key)) {
+            // The default core values should never be modified
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Setting core system property '" + key + "' is not allowed");
         }
-        if (!testClass.getSuperclass().equals(Object.class)) {
-            return findConfigurationField(testClass.getSuperclass());
+
+        final boolean result = RavenwoodSystemProperties.isKeyAccessible(key, write)
+                || sActiveProperties.stream().anyMatch(p -> p.second.isKeyAccessible(key, write));
+
+        if (!result) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException((write ? "Write" : "Read")
+                    + " access to system property '" + key + "' denied via RavenwoodRule");
         }
-        return null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController.java b/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController.java
index 979076e..e730a29 100644
--- a/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController.java
+++ b/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController.java
@@ -16,8 +16,11 @@
 
 package android.platform.test.ravenwood;
 
+import static android.os.Process.FIRST_APPLICATION_UID;
+import static android.os.UserHandle.SYSTEM;
 import static android.platform.test.ravenwood.RavenwoodSystemServer.ANDROID_PACKAGE_NAME;
 
+import static com.android.ravenwood.common.RavenwoodCommonUtils.RAVENWOOD_EMPTY_RESOURCES_APK;
 import static com.android.ravenwood.common.RavenwoodCommonUtils.RAVENWOOD_INST_RESOURCE_APK;
 import static com.android.ravenwood.common.RavenwoodCommonUtils.RAVENWOOD_RESOURCE_APK;
 import static com.android.ravenwood.common.RavenwoodCommonUtils.RAVENWOOD_VERBOSE_LOGGING;
@@ -25,7 +28,9 @@
 import static com.android.ravenwood.common.RavenwoodCommonUtils.parseNullableInt;
 import static com.android.ravenwood.common.RavenwoodCommonUtils.withDefault;
 
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
@@ -53,6 +58,7 @@
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.system.Os;
 import android.util.Log;
+import android.view.DisplayAdjustments;
 
 import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry;
 
@@ -62,7 +68,6 @@
 import com.android.ravenwood.RavenwoodRuntimeNative;
 import com.android.ravenwood.RavenwoodRuntimeState;
 import com.android.ravenwood.common.RavenwoodCommonUtils;
-import com.android.ravenwood.common.RavenwoodRuntimeException;
 import com.android.ravenwood.common.SneakyThrow;
 import com.android.server.LocalServices;
 import com.android.server.compat.PlatformCompat;
@@ -74,8 +79,10 @@
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.PrintStream;
 import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Random;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
 import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
@@ -85,8 +92,7 @@
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
 
 /**
- * Responsible for initializing and de-initializing the environment, according to a
- * {@link RavenwoodConfig}.
+ * Responsible for initializing and the environment.
  */
 public class RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController {
     private static final String TAG = "RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController";
@@ -113,8 +119,6 @@
 
     private static ScheduledFuture<?> sPendingTimeout;
 
-    private static long sOriginalIdentityToken = -1;
-
     /**
      * When enabled, attempt to detect uncaught exceptions from background threads.
      */
@@ -147,6 +151,10 @@
         return res;
     }
 
+    /** Map from path -> resources. */
+    private static final HashMap<File, Resources> sCachedResources = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Set<String> sAdoptedPermissions = Collections.emptySet();
+
     private static final Object sInitializationLock = new Object();
 
     @GuardedBy("sInitializationLock")
@@ -155,15 +163,16 @@
     @GuardedBy("sInitializationLock")
     private static Throwable sExceptionFromGlobalInit;
 
-    private static RavenwoodAwareTestRunner sRunner;
-    private static RavenwoodSystemProperties sProps;
-
     private static final int DEFAULT_TARGET_SDK_LEVEL = VERSION_CODES.CUR_DEVELOPMENT;
     private static final String DEFAULT_PACKAGE_NAME = "com.android.ravenwoodtests.defaultname";
 
+    private static final int sMyPid = new Random().nextInt(100, 32768);
     private static int sTargetSdkLevel;
     private static String sTestPackageName;
     private static String sTargetPackageName;
+    private static Instrumentation sInstrumentation;
+    private static final long sCallingIdentity =
+            packBinderIdentityToken(false, FIRST_APPLICATION_UID, sMyPid);
 
     /**
      * Initialize the global environment.
@@ -182,7 +191,7 @@
                     Log.e(TAG, "globalInit() failed", th);
 
                     sExceptionFromGlobalInit = th;
-                    throw th;
+                    SneakyThrow.sneakyThrow(th);
                 }
             } else {
                 // Subsequent calls. If the first call threw, just throw the same error, to prevent
@@ -197,10 +206,13 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private static void globalInitInner() {
+    private static void globalInitInner() throws IOException {
         if (RAVENWOOD_VERBOSE_LOGGING) {
             Log.v(TAG, "globalInit() called here...", new RuntimeException("NOT A CRASH"));
         }
+        if (ENABLE_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTION_DETECTION) {
+            Thread.setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler(sUncaughtExceptionHandler);
+        }
 
         // Some process-wide initialization. (maybe redirect stdout/stderr)
         RavenwoodCommonUtils.loadJniLibrary(LIBRAVENWOOD_INITIALIZER_NAME);
@@ -220,7 +232,6 @@
 
         // Do the basic set up for the android sysprops.
         RavenwoodSystemProperties.initialize();
-        setSystemProperties(null);
 
         // Do this after loading RAVENWOOD_NATIVE_RUNTIME_NAME (which backs Os.setenv()),
         // before loadFrameworkNativeCode() (which uses $ANDROID_LOG_TAGS).
@@ -251,6 +262,74 @@
         loadRavenwoodProperties();
 
         assertMockitoVersion();
+
+        Log.i(TAG, "TargetPackageName=" + sTargetPackageName);
+        Log.i(TAG, "TestPackageName=" + sTestPackageName);
+        Log.i(TAG, "TargetSdkLevel=" + sTargetSdkLevel);
+
+        RavenwoodRuntimeState.sUid = FIRST_APPLICATION_UID;
+        RavenwoodRuntimeState.sPid = sMyPid;
+        RavenwoodRuntimeState.sTargetSdkLevel = sTargetSdkLevel;
+
+        ServiceManager.init$ravenwood();
+        LocalServices.removeAllServicesForTest();
+
+        ActivityManager.init$ravenwood(SYSTEM.getIdentifier());
+
+        final var main = new HandlerThread(MAIN_THREAD_NAME);
+        main.start();
+        Looper.setMainLooperForTest(main.getLooper());
+
+        final boolean isSelfInstrumenting =
+                Objects.equals(sTestPackageName, sTargetPackageName);
+
+        // This will load the resources from the apk set to `resource_apk` in the build file.
+        // This is supposed to be the "target app"'s resources.
+        final Supplier<Resources> targetResourcesLoader = () -> {
+            var file = new File(RAVENWOOD_RESOURCE_APK);
+            return loadResources(file.exists() ? file : null);
+        };
+
+        // Set up test context's (== instrumentation context's) resources.
+        // If the target package name == test package name, then we use the main resources.
+        final Supplier<Resources> instResourcesLoader;
+        if (isSelfInstrumenting) {
+            instResourcesLoader = targetResourcesLoader;
+        } else {
+            instResourcesLoader = () -> {
+                var file = new File(RAVENWOOD_INST_RESOURCE_APK);
+                return loadResources(file.exists() ? file : null);
+            };
+        }
+
+        var instContext = new RavenwoodContext(
+                sTestPackageName, main, instResourcesLoader);
+        var targetContext = new RavenwoodContext(
+                sTargetPackageName, main, targetResourcesLoader);
+
+        // Set up app context.
+        var appContext = new RavenwoodContext(sTargetPackageName, main, targetResourcesLoader);
+        appContext.setApplicationContext(appContext);
+        if (isSelfInstrumenting) {
+            instContext.setApplicationContext(appContext);
+            targetContext.setApplicationContext(appContext);
+        } else {
+            // When instrumenting into another APK, the test context doesn't have an app context.
+            targetContext.setApplicationContext(appContext);
+        }
+
+        final Supplier<Resources> systemResourcesLoader = () -> loadResources(null);
+
+        var systemServerContext =
+                new RavenwoodContext(ANDROID_PACKAGE_NAME, main, systemResourcesLoader);
+
+        sInstrumentation = new Instrumentation();
+        sInstrumentation.basicInit(instContext, targetContext, null);
+        InstrumentationRegistry.registerInstance(sInstrumentation, Bundle.EMPTY);
+
+        RavenwoodSystemServer.init(systemServerContext);
+
+        initializeCompatIds();
     }
 
     private static void loadRavenwoodProperties() {
@@ -265,134 +344,41 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Initialize the environment.
+     * Partially reset and initialize before each test class invocation
      */
-    public static void init(RavenwoodAwareTestRunner runner) {
-        if (RAVENWOOD_VERBOSE_LOGGING) {
-            Log.v(TAG, "init() called here: " + runner, new RuntimeException("STACKTRACE"));
-        }
-        if (sRunner == runner) {
-            return;
-        }
-        if (sRunner != null) {
-            reset();
-        }
-        sRunner = runner;
-        try {
-            initInner(runner.mState.getConfig());
-        } catch (Exception th) {
-            Log.e(TAG, "init() failed", th);
+    public static void initForRunner() {
+        var targetContext = sInstrumentation.getTargetContext();
+        var instContext = sInstrumentation.getContext();
+        // We need to recreate the mock UiAutomation for each test class, because sometimes tests
+        // will call Mockito.framework().clearInlineMocks() after execution.
+        sInstrumentation.basicInit(instContext, targetContext, createMockUiAutomation());
 
-            RavenwoodCommonUtils.runIgnoringException(()-> reset());
+        // Reset some global state
+        Process_ravenwood.reset();
+        DeviceConfig_host.reset();
+        Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(sCallingIdentity);
 
-            SneakyThrow.sneakyThrow(th);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void initInner(RavenwoodConfig config) throws IOException {
-        if (ENABLE_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTION_DETECTION) {
-            maybeThrowPendingUncaughtException(false);
-            Thread.setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler(sUncaughtExceptionHandler);
-        }
-
-        config.mTargetPackageName = sTargetPackageName;
-        config.mTestPackageName = sTestPackageName;
-        config.mTargetSdkLevel = sTargetSdkLevel;
-
-        Log.i(TAG, "TargetPackageName=" + sTargetPackageName);
-        Log.i(TAG, "TestPackageName=" + sTestPackageName);
-        Log.i(TAG, "TargetSdkLevel=" + sTargetSdkLevel);
-
-        RavenwoodRuntimeState.sUid = config.mUid;
-        RavenwoodRuntimeState.sPid = config.mPid;
-        RavenwoodRuntimeState.sTargetSdkLevel = config.mTargetSdkLevel;
-        sOriginalIdentityToken = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
-        reinit();
-        setSystemProperties(config.mSystemProperties);
-
-        ServiceManager.init$ravenwood();
-        LocalServices.removeAllServicesForTest();
-
-        ActivityManager.init$ravenwood(config.mCurrentUser);
-
-        final var main = new HandlerThread(MAIN_THREAD_NAME);
-        main.start();
-        Looper.setMainLooperForTest(main.getLooper());
-
-        final boolean isSelfInstrumenting =
-                Objects.equals(config.mTestPackageName, config.mTargetPackageName);
-
-        // This will load the resources from the apk set to `resource_apk` in the build file.
-        // This is supposed to be the "target app"'s resources.
-        final Supplier<Resources> targetResourcesLoader = () -> {
-            var file = new File(RAVENWOOD_RESOURCE_APK);
-            return config.mState.loadResources(file.exists() ? file : null);
-        };
-
-        // Set up test context's (== instrumentation context's) resources.
-        // If the target package name == test package name, then we use the main resources.
-        final Supplier<Resources> instResourcesLoader;
-        if (isSelfInstrumenting) {
-            instResourcesLoader = targetResourcesLoader;
-        } else {
-            instResourcesLoader = () -> {
-                var file = new File(RAVENWOOD_INST_RESOURCE_APK);
-                return config.mState.loadResources(file.exists() ? file : null);
-            };
-        }
-
-        var instContext = new RavenwoodContext(
-                config.mTestPackageName, main, instResourcesLoader);
-        var targetContext = new RavenwoodContext(
-                config.mTargetPackageName, main, targetResourcesLoader);
-
-        // Set up app context.
-        var appContext = new RavenwoodContext(
-                config.mTargetPackageName, main, targetResourcesLoader);
-        appContext.setApplicationContext(appContext);
-        if (isSelfInstrumenting) {
-            instContext.setApplicationContext(appContext);
-            targetContext.setApplicationContext(appContext);
-        } else {
-            // When instrumenting into another APK, the test context doesn't have an app context.
-            targetContext.setApplicationContext(appContext);
-        }
-        config.mInstContext = instContext;
-        config.mTargetContext = targetContext;
-
-        final Supplier<Resources> systemResourcesLoader = () -> config.mState.loadResources(null);
-
-        config.mState.mSystemServerContext =
-                new RavenwoodContext(ANDROID_PACKAGE_NAME, main, systemResourcesLoader);
-
-        // Prepare other fields.
-        config.mInstrumentation = new Instrumentation();
-        config.mInstrumentation.basicInit(instContext, targetContext, createMockUiAutomation());
-        InstrumentationRegistry.registerInstance(config.mInstrumentation, Bundle.EMPTY);
-
-        RavenwoodSystemServer.init(config);
-
-        initializeCompatIds(config);
+        SystemProperties.clearChangeCallbacksForTest();
 
         if (ENABLE_TIMEOUT_STACKS) {
             sPendingTimeout = sTimeoutExecutor.schedule(
                     RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController::dumpStacks,
                     TIMEOUT_MILLIS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
         }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Partially re-initialize after each test method invocation
-     */
-    public static void reinit() {
-        // sRunner could be null, if there was a failure in the initialization.
-        if (sRunner != null) {
-            var config = sRunner.mState.getConfig();
-            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(packBinderIdentityToken(false, config.mUid, config.mPid));
+        if (ENABLE_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTION_DETECTION) {
+            maybeThrowPendingUncaughtException(false);
         }
     }
 
-    private static void initializeCompatIds(RavenwoodConfig config) {
+    /**
+     * Partially reset and initialize before each test method invocation
+     */
+    public static void initForMethod() {
+        // TODO(b/375272444): this is a hacky workaround to ensure binder identity
+        Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(sCallingIdentity);
+    }
+
+    private static void initializeCompatIds() {
         // Set up compat-IDs for the app side.
         // TODO: Inside the system server, all the compat-IDs should be enabled,
         // Due to the `AppCompatCallbacks.install(new long[0], new long[0])` call in
@@ -400,8 +386,8 @@
 
         // Compat framework only uses the package name and the target SDK level.
         ApplicationInfo appInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
-        appInfo.packageName = config.mTargetPackageName;
-        appInfo.targetSdkVersion = config.mTargetSdkLevel;
+        appInfo.packageName = sTargetPackageName;
+        appInfo.targetSdkVersion = sTargetSdkLevel;
 
         PlatformCompat platformCompat = null;
         try {
@@ -418,65 +404,42 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * De-initialize.
-     *
-     * Note, we call this method when init() fails too, so this method should deal with
-     * any partially-initialized states.
+     * Load {@link Resources} from an APK, with cache.
      */
-    public static void reset() {
-        if (RAVENWOOD_VERBOSE_LOGGING) {
-            Log.v(TAG, "reset() called here", new RuntimeException("STACKTRACE"));
+    private static Resources loadResources(@Nullable File apkPath) {
+        var cached = sCachedResources.get(apkPath);
+        if (cached != null) {
+            return cached;
         }
-        if (sRunner == null) {
-            throw new RavenwoodRuntimeException("Internal error: reset() already called");
-        }
-        var config = sRunner.mState.getConfig();
-        sRunner = null;
 
+        var fileToLoad = apkPath != null ? apkPath : new File(RAVENWOOD_EMPTY_RESOURCES_APK);
+
+        assertTrue("File " + fileToLoad + " doesn't exist.", fileToLoad.isFile());
+
+        final String path = fileToLoad.getAbsolutePath();
+        final var emptyPaths = new String[0];
+
+        ResourcesManager.getInstance().initializeApplicationPaths(path, emptyPaths);
+
+        final var ret = ResourcesManager.getInstance().getResources(null, path,
+                emptyPaths, emptyPaths, emptyPaths,
+                emptyPaths, null, null,
+                new DisplayAdjustments().getCompatibilityInfo(),
+                RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController.class.getClassLoader(), null);
+
+        assertNotNull(ret);
+
+        sCachedResources.put(apkPath, ret);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A callback when a test class finishes its execution, mostly only for debugging.
+     */
+    public static void exitTestClass() {
         if (ENABLE_TIMEOUT_STACKS) {
             sPendingTimeout.cancel(false);
         }
-
-        RavenwoodSystemServer.reset(config);
-
-        InstrumentationRegistry.registerInstance(null, Bundle.EMPTY);
-        config.mInstrumentation = null;
-        if (config.mInstContext != null) {
-            ((RavenwoodContext) config.mInstContext).cleanUp();
-            config.mInstContext = null;
-        }
-        if (config.mTargetContext != null) {
-            ((RavenwoodContext) config.mTargetContext).cleanUp();
-            config.mTargetContext = null;
-        }
-        if (config.mState.mSystemServerContext != null) {
-            config.mState.mSystemServerContext.cleanUp();
-        }
-
-        if (Looper.getMainLooper() != null) {
-            Looper.getMainLooper().quit();
-        }
-        Looper.clearMainLooperForTest();
-
-        ActivityManager.reset$ravenwood();
-
-        LocalServices.removeAllServicesForTest();
-        ServiceManager.reset$ravenwood();
-
-        setSystemProperties(null);
-        if (sOriginalIdentityToken != -1) {
-            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(sOriginalIdentityToken);
-        }
-        RavenwoodRuntimeState.reset();
-        Process_ravenwood.reset();
-        DeviceConfig_host.reset();
-
-        try {
-            ResourcesManager.setInstance(null); // Better structure needed.
-        } catch (Exception e) {
-            // AOSP-CHANGE: AOSP doesn't support resources yet.
-        }
-
         if (ENABLE_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTION_DETECTION) {
             maybeThrowPendingUncaughtException(true);
         }
@@ -521,19 +484,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Set the current configuration to the actual SystemProperties.
-     */
-    private static void setSystemProperties(@Nullable RavenwoodSystemProperties systemProperties) {
-        SystemProperties.clearChangeCallbacksForTest();
-        RavenwoodRuntimeNative.clearSystemProperties();
-        if (systemProperties == null) systemProperties = new RavenwoodSystemProperties();
-        sProps = new RavenwoodSystemProperties(systemProperties, true);
-        for (var entry : systemProperties.getValues().entrySet()) {
-            RavenwoodRuntimeNative.setSystemProperty(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
-        }
-    }
-
     private static final String MOCKITO_ERROR = "FATAL: Unsupported Mockito detected!"
             + " Your test or its dependencies use one of the \"mockito-target-*\""
             + " modules as static library, which is unusable on host side."
@@ -558,40 +508,31 @@
 
     // TODO: use the real UiAutomation class instead of a mock
     private static UiAutomation createMockUiAutomation() {
-        final Set[] adoptedPermission = { Collections.emptySet() };
+        sAdoptedPermissions = Collections.emptySet();
         var mock = mock(UiAutomation.class, inv -> {
             HostTestUtils.onThrowMethodCalled();
             return null;
         });
         doAnswer(inv -> {
-            adoptedPermission[0] = UiAutomation.ALL_PERMISSIONS;
+            sAdoptedPermissions = UiAutomation.ALL_PERMISSIONS;
             return null;
         }).when(mock).adoptShellPermissionIdentity();
         doAnswer(inv -> {
             if (inv.getArgument(0) == null) {
-                adoptedPermission[0] = UiAutomation.ALL_PERMISSIONS;
+                sAdoptedPermissions = UiAutomation.ALL_PERMISSIONS;
             } else {
-                adoptedPermission[0] = Set.of(inv.getArguments());
+                sAdoptedPermissions = (Set) Set.of(inv.getArguments());
             }
             return null;
         }).when(mock).adoptShellPermissionIdentity(any());
         doAnswer(inv -> {
-            adoptedPermission[0] = Collections.emptySet();
+            sAdoptedPermissions = Collections.emptySet();
             return null;
         }).when(mock).dropShellPermissionIdentity();
-        doAnswer(inv -> adoptedPermission[0]).when(mock).getAdoptedShellPermissions();
+        doAnswer(inv -> sAdoptedPermissions).when(mock).getAdoptedShellPermissions();
         return mock;
     }
 
-    @SuppressWarnings("unused")  // Called from native code (ravenwood_sysprop.cpp)
-    private static void checkSystemPropertyAccess(String key, boolean write) {
-        boolean result = write ? sProps.isKeyWritable(key) : sProps.isKeyReadable(key);
-        if (!result) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException((write ? "Write" : "Read")
-                    + " access to system property '" + key + "' denied via RavenwoodConfig");
-        }
-    }
-
     private static void dumpCommandLineArgs() {
         Log.i(TAG, "JVM arguments:");
 
diff --git a/ravenwood/junit-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodSystemProperties.java b/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodSystemProperties.java
similarity index 74%
rename from ravenwood/junit-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodSystemProperties.java
rename to ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodSystemProperties.java
index 9bd376a..c545baa 100644
--- a/ravenwood/junit-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodSystemProperties.java
+++ b/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodSystemProperties.java
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-
 package android.platform.test.ravenwood;
 
 import static com.android.ravenwood.common.RavenwoodCommonUtils.RAVENWOOD_VERBOSE_LOGGING;
@@ -21,26 +20,30 @@
 
 import android.util.Log;
 
+import com.android.ravenwood.RavenwoodRuntimeNative;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
 
+/**
+ * A class to manage the core default system properties of the Ravenwood environment.
+ */
 public class RavenwoodSystemProperties {
     private static final String TAG = "RavenwoodSystemProperties";
 
-    /** We pull in propeties from this file. */
+    /** We pull in properties from this file. */
     private static final String RAVENWOOD_BUILD_PROP = "ravenwood-data/ravenwood-build.prop";
 
     /** This is the actual build.prop we use to build the device (contents depends on lunch). */
     private static final String DEVICE_BUILD_PROP = "ravenwood-data/build.prop";
 
     /** The default values. */
-    private static final Map<String, String> sDefaultValues = new HashMap<>();
+    static final Map<String, String> sDefaultValues = new HashMap<>();
 
     private static final String[] PARTITIONS = {
             "bootimage",
@@ -91,7 +94,7 @@
                 var deviceValue = deviceProps.get(deviceKey);
                 if (deviceValue == null) {
                     throw new RuntimeException("Failed to initialize system properties. Key '"
-                             + deviceKey + "' doesn't exist in the device side build.prop");
+                            + deviceKey + "' doesn't exist in the device side build.prop");
                 }
                 value = deviceValue;
             } else {
@@ -115,6 +118,7 @@
                 }
             }
         }
+
         if (RAVENWOOD_VERBOSE_LOGGING) {
             // Dump all properties for local debugging.
             Log.v(TAG, "All system properties:");
@@ -122,35 +126,12 @@
                 Log.v(TAG, "" + key + "=" + sDefaultValues.get(key));
             }
         }
+
+        // Actually set the system properties
+        sDefaultValues.forEach(RavenwoodRuntimeNative::setSystemProperty);
     }
 
-    private volatile boolean mIsImmutable;
-
-    private final Map<String, String> mValues = new HashMap<>();
-
-    /** Set of additional keys that should be considered readable */
-    private final Set<String> mKeyReadable = new HashSet<>();
-
-    /** Set of additional keys that should be considered writable */
-    private final Set<String> mKeyWritable = new HashSet<>();
-
-    public RavenwoodSystemProperties() {
-        mValues.putAll(sDefaultValues);
-    }
-
-    /** Copy constructor */
-    public RavenwoodSystemProperties(RavenwoodSystemProperties source, boolean immutable) {
-        mKeyReadable.addAll(source.mKeyReadable);
-        mKeyWritable.addAll(source.mKeyWritable);
-        mValues.putAll(source.mValues);
-        mIsImmutable = immutable;
-    }
-
-    public Map<String, String> getValues() {
-        return new HashMap<>(mValues);
-    }
-
-    public boolean isKeyReadable(String key) {
+    private static boolean isKeyReadable(String key) {
         final String root = getKeyRoot(key);
 
         if (root.startsWith("debug.")) return true;
@@ -183,10 +164,10 @@
                 return true;
         }
 
-        return mKeyReadable.contains(key);
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public boolean isKeyWritable(String key) {
+    private static boolean isKeyWritable(String key) {
         final String root = getKeyRoot(key);
 
         if (root.startsWith("debug.")) return true;
@@ -194,42 +175,11 @@
         // For PropertyInvalidatedCache
         if (root.startsWith("cache_key.")) return true;
 
-        return mKeyWritable.contains(key);
+        return false;
     }
 
-    private void ensureNotImmutable() {
-        if (mIsImmutable) {
-            throw new RuntimeException("Unable to update immutable instance");
-        }
-    }
-
-    public void setValue(String key, Object value) {
-        ensureNotImmutable();
-
-        final String valueString = (value == null) ? null : String.valueOf(value);
-        if ((valueString == null) || valueString.isEmpty()) {
-            mValues.remove(key);
-        } else {
-            mValues.put(key, valueString);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public void setAccessNone(String key) {
-        ensureNotImmutable();
-        mKeyReadable.remove(key);
-        mKeyWritable.remove(key);
-    }
-
-    public void setAccessReadOnly(String key) {
-        ensureNotImmutable();
-        mKeyReadable.add(key);
-        mKeyWritable.remove(key);
-    }
-
-    public void setAccessReadWrite(String key) {
-        ensureNotImmutable();
-        mKeyReadable.add(key);
-        mKeyWritable.add(key);
+    static boolean isKeyAccessible(String key, boolean write) {
+        return write ? isKeyWritable(key) : isKeyReadable(key);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodSystemServer.java b/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodSystemServer.java
index 438a2bf..3346635 100644
--- a/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodSystemServer.java
+++ b/ravenwood/junit-impl-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodSystemServer.java
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 import com.android.server.compat.PlatformCompatNative;
 import com.android.server.utils.TimingsTraceAndSlog;
 
-import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.Set;
 
 public class RavenwoodSystemServer {
@@ -68,27 +68,24 @@
     private static TimingsTraceAndSlog sTimings;
     private static SystemServiceManager sServiceManager;
 
-    public static void init(RavenwoodConfig config) {
+    public static void init(Context systemServerContext) {
         // Always start PlatformCompat, regardless of the requested services.
         // PlatformCompat is not really a SystemService, so it won't receive boot phases / etc.
         // This initialization code is copied from SystemServer.java.
-        PlatformCompat platformCompat = new PlatformCompat(config.mState.mSystemServerContext);
+        PlatformCompat platformCompat = new PlatformCompat(systemServerContext);
         ServiceManager.addService(Context.PLATFORM_COMPAT_SERVICE, platformCompat);
         ServiceManager.addService(Context.PLATFORM_COMPAT_NATIVE_SERVICE,
                 new PlatformCompatNative(platformCompat));
 
-        // Avoid overhead if no services required
-        if (config.mServicesRequired.isEmpty()) return;
-
         sStartedServices = new ArraySet<>();
         sTimings = new TimingsTraceAndSlog();
-        sServiceManager = new SystemServiceManager(config.mState.mSystemServerContext);
+        sServiceManager = new SystemServiceManager(systemServerContext);
         sServiceManager.setStartInfo(false,
                 SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(),
                 SystemClock.uptimeMillis());
         LocalServices.addService(SystemServiceManager.class, sServiceManager);
 
-        startServices(config.mServicesRequired);
+        startServices(sKnownServices.keySet());
         sServiceManager.sealStartedServices();
 
         // TODO: expand to include additional boot phases when relevant
@@ -96,7 +93,7 @@
         sServiceManager.startBootPhase(sTimings, SystemService.PHASE_BOOT_COMPLETED);
     }
 
-    public static void reset(RavenwoodConfig config) {
+    public static void reset() {
         // TODO: consider introducing shutdown boot phases
 
         LocalServices.removeServiceForTest(SystemServiceManager.class);
@@ -105,7 +102,7 @@
         sStartedServices = null;
     }
 
-    private static void startServices(List<Class<?>> serviceClasses) {
+    private static void startServices(Collection<Class<?>> serviceClasses) {
         for (Class<?> serviceClass : serviceClasses) {
             // Quietly ignore duplicate requests if service already started
             if (sStartedServices.contains(serviceClass)) continue;
diff --git a/ravenwood/junit-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodConfig.java b/ravenwood/junit-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodConfig.java
index 7ca9239..3ed0f50 100644
--- a/ravenwood/junit-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodConfig.java
+++ b/ravenwood/junit-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodConfig.java
@@ -15,21 +15,13 @@
  */
 package android.platform.test.ravenwood;
 
-import static android.os.Process.FIRST_APPLICATION_UID;
-import static android.os.UserHandle.SYSTEM;
-
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
-import android.app.Instrumentation;
-import android.content.Context;
 
 import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
 import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
 import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
 import java.lang.annotation.Target;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 
 /**
  * @deprecated This class will be removed. Reach out to g/ravenwood if you need any features in it.
@@ -45,37 +37,10 @@
     public @interface Config {
     }
 
-    private static final int NOBODY_UID = 9999;
-
-    private static final AtomicInteger sNextPid = new AtomicInteger(100);
-
-    int mCurrentUser = SYSTEM.getIdentifier();
-
-    /**
-     * Unless the test author requests differently, run as "nobody", and give each collection of
-     * tests its own unique PID.
-     */
-    int mUid = FIRST_APPLICATION_UID;
-    int mPid = sNextPid.getAndIncrement();
-
-    String mTestPackageName;
-    String mTargetPackageName;
-
-    int mTargetSdkLevel;
-
-    final RavenwoodSystemProperties mSystemProperties = new RavenwoodSystemProperties();
-
-    final List<Class<?>> mServicesRequired = new ArrayList<>();
-
-    volatile Context mInstContext;
-    volatile Context mTargetContext;
-    volatile Instrumentation mInstrumentation;
-
     /**
      * Stores internal states / methods associated with this config that's only needed in
      * junit-impl.
      */
-    final RavenwoodConfigState mState = new RavenwoodConfigState(this);
     private RavenwoodConfig() {
     }
 
@@ -159,34 +124,11 @@
             return this;
         }
 
-        Builder setSystemPropertyImmutableReal(@NonNull String key,
-                @Nullable Object value) {
-            mConfig.mSystemProperties.setValue(key, value);
-            mConfig.mSystemProperties.setAccessReadOnly(key);
-            return this;
-        }
-
-        Builder setSystemPropertyMutableReal(@NonNull String key,
-                @Nullable Object value) {
-            mConfig.mSystemProperties.setValue(key, value);
-            mConfig.mSystemProperties.setAccessReadWrite(key);
-            return this;
-        }
-
         /**
-         * Configure the set of system services that are required for this test to operate.
-         *
-         * For example, passing {@code android.hardware.SerialManager.class} as an argument will
-         * ensure that the underlying service is created, initialized, and ready to use for the
-         * duration of the test. The {@code SerialManager} instance can be obtained via
-         * {@code RavenwoodRule.getContext()} and {@code Context.getSystemService()}, and
-         * {@code SerialManagerInternal} can be obtained via {@code LocalServices.getService()}.
+         * @deprecated no longer used. All supported services are available.
          */
+        @Deprecated
         public Builder setServicesRequired(@NonNull Class<?>... services) {
-            mConfig.mServicesRequired.clear();
-            for (Class<?> service : services) {
-                mConfig.mServicesRequired.add(service);
-            }
             return this;
         }
 
diff --git a/ravenwood/junit-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodRule.java b/ravenwood/junit-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodRule.java
index 5681a90..e49d3d9 100644
--- a/ravenwood/junit-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodRule.java
+++ b/ravenwood/junit-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodRule.java
@@ -92,19 +92,11 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private final RavenwoodConfig mConfiguration;
-
-    public RavenwoodRule() {
-        mConfiguration = new RavenwoodConfig.Builder().build();
-    }
-
-    private RavenwoodRule(RavenwoodConfig config) {
-        mConfiguration = config;
-    }
+    final RavenwoodTestProperties mProperties = new RavenwoodTestProperties();
 
     public static class Builder {
-        private final RavenwoodConfig.Builder mBuilder =
-                new RavenwoodConfig.Builder();
+
+        private final RavenwoodRule mRule = new RavenwoodRule();
 
         public Builder() {
         }
@@ -152,7 +144,8 @@
          * Has no effect on non-Ravenwood environments.
          */
         public Builder setSystemPropertyImmutable(@NonNull String key, @Nullable Object value) {
-            mBuilder.setSystemPropertyImmutableReal(key, value);
+            mRule.mProperties.setValue(key, value);
+            mRule.mProperties.setAccessReadOnly(key);
             return this;
         }
 
@@ -167,26 +160,21 @@
          * Has no effect on non-Ravenwood environments.
          */
         public Builder setSystemPropertyMutable(@NonNull String key, @Nullable Object value) {
-            mBuilder.setSystemPropertyMutableReal(key, value);
+            mRule.mProperties.setValue(key, value);
+            mRule.mProperties.setAccessReadWrite(key);
             return this;
         }
 
         /**
-         * Configure the set of system services that are required for this test to operate.
-         *
-         * For example, passing {@code android.hardware.SerialManager.class} as an argument will
-         * ensure that the underlying service is created, initialized, and ready to use for the
-         * duration of the test. The {@code SerialManager} instance can be obtained via
-         * {@code RavenwoodRule.getContext()} and {@code Context.getSystemService()}, and
-         * {@code SerialManagerInternal} can be obtained via {@code LocalServices.getService()}.
+         * @deprecated no longer used. All supported services are available.
          */
+        @Deprecated
         public Builder setServicesRequired(@NonNull Class<?>... services) {
-            mBuilder.setServicesRequired(services);
             return this;
         }
 
         public RavenwoodRule build() {
-            return new RavenwoodRule(mBuilder.build());
+            return mRule;
         }
     }
 
@@ -227,7 +215,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public Statement apply(Statement base, Description description) {
-        if (!RavenwoodConfig.isOnRavenwood()) {
+        if (!IS_ON_RAVENWOOD) {
             return base;
         }
         return new Statement() {
@@ -296,8 +284,4 @@
     public static RavenwoodPrivate private$ravenwood() {
         return sRavenwoodPrivate;
     }
-
-    RavenwoodConfig getConfiguration() {
-        return mConfiguration;
-    }
 }
diff --git a/ravenwood/junit-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodTestProperties.java b/ravenwood/junit-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodTestProperties.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66a26b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ravenwood/junit-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodTestProperties.java
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.platform.test.ravenwood;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * A class to store system properties defined by tests.
+ */
+public class RavenwoodTestProperties {
+    final Map<String, String> mValues = new HashMap<>();
+
+    /** Set of additional keys that should be considered readable */
+    final Set<String> mKeyReadable = new HashSet<>();
+
+    /** Set of additional keys that should be considered writable */
+    final Set<String> mKeyWritable = new HashSet<>();
+
+    public void setValue(String key, Object value) {
+        final String valueString = (value == null) ? null : String.valueOf(value);
+        if ((valueString == null) || valueString.isEmpty()) {
+            mValues.remove(key);
+        } else {
+            mValues.put(key, valueString);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setAccessNone(String key) {
+        mKeyReadable.remove(key);
+        mKeyWritable.remove(key);
+    }
+
+    public void setAccessReadOnly(String key) {
+        mKeyReadable.add(key);
+        mKeyWritable.remove(key);
+    }
+
+    public void setAccessReadWrite(String key) {
+        mKeyReadable.add(key);
+        mKeyWritable.add(key);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ravenwood/junit-stub-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodConfigState.java b/ravenwood/junit-stub-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodConfigState.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d3d8b9..0000000
--- a/ravenwood/junit-stub-src/android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodConfigState.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package android.platform.test.ravenwood;
-
-/** Stub class. The actual implementation is in junit-impl-src. */
-public class RavenwoodConfigState {
-    public RavenwoodConfigState(RavenwoodConfig config) {
-    }
-}
diff --git a/ravenwood/runtime-helper-src/libcore-fake/com/android/ravenwood/RavenwoodRuntimeNative.java b/ravenwood/runtime-helper-src/libcore-fake/com/android/ravenwood/RavenwoodRuntimeNative.java
index 7b940b4..9a78989 100644
--- a/ravenwood/runtime-helper-src/libcore-fake/com/android/ravenwood/RavenwoodRuntimeNative.java
+++ b/ravenwood/runtime-helper-src/libcore-fake/com/android/ravenwood/RavenwoodRuntimeNative.java
@@ -56,7 +56,11 @@
 
     public static native boolean setSystemProperty(String key, String value);
 
-    public static native void clearSystemProperties();
+    public static native boolean removeSystemProperty(String key);
+
+    public static void clearSystemProperties() {
+        removeSystemProperty(null);
+    }
 
     public static native int gettid();
 
diff --git a/ravenwood/runtime-jni/jni_helper.h b/ravenwood/runtime-jni/jni_helper.h
index 561fb3b..25d7519 100644
--- a/ravenwood/runtime-jni/jni_helper.h
+++ b/ravenwood/runtime-jni/jni_helper.h
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 constexpr const char* kCommonUtils = "com/android/ravenwood/common/RavenwoodCommonUtils";
 constexpr const char* kRuntimeEnvController =
         "android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodRuntimeEnvironmentController";
+constexpr const char* kRunnerState = "android/platform/test/ravenwood/RavenwoodRunnerState";
 constexpr const char* kRuntimeNative = "com/android/ravenwood/RavenwoodRuntimeNative";
 
 // We have to explicitly decode the string to real UTF-8, because when using GetStringUTFChars
diff --git a/ravenwood/runtime-jni/ravenwood_sysprop.cpp b/ravenwood/runtime-jni/ravenwood_sysprop.cpp
index aafc426..a78aa8d 100644
--- a/ravenwood/runtime-jni/ravenwood_sysprop.cpp
+++ b/ravenwood/runtime-jni/ravenwood_sysprop.cpp
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
 // ---- JNI ----
 
 static JavaVM* gVM = nullptr;
-static jclass gEnvController = nullptr;
+static jclass gRunnerState = nullptr;
 static jmethodID gCheckSystemPropertyAccess;
 
 static void reloadNativeLibrary(JNIEnv* env, jclass, jstring javaPath) {
@@ -128,11 +128,11 @@
 
 // Call back into Java code to check property access
 static void check_system_property_access(const char* key, bool write) {
-    if (gVM != nullptr && gEnvController != nullptr) {
+    if (gVM != nullptr && gRunnerState != nullptr) {
         JNIEnv* env;
         if (gVM->GetEnv((void**)&env, JNI_VERSION_1_4) >= 0) {
             ALOGI("%s access to system property '%s'", write ? "Write" : "Read", key);
-            env->CallStaticVoidMethod(gEnvController, gCheckSystemPropertyAccess,
+            env->CallStaticVoidMethod(gRunnerState, gCheckSystemPropertyAccess,
                                       env->NewStringUTF(key), write ? JNI_TRUE : JNI_FALSE);
             return;
         }
@@ -155,16 +155,29 @@
     return property_set(key.c_str(), value.c_str()) ? JNI_TRUE : JNI_FALSE;
 }
 
-static void clearSystemProperties(JNIEnv*, jclass) {
+static jboolean removeSystemProperty(JNIEnv* env, jclass, jstring javaKey) {
     std::lock_guard lock(g_properties_lock);
-    g_properties.clear();
+
+    if (javaKey == nullptr) {
+        g_properties.clear();
+        return JNI_TRUE;
+    } else {
+        ScopedUtfChars key(env, javaKey);
+        auto it = g_properties.find(key);
+        if (it != g_properties.end()) {
+            g_properties.erase(it);
+            return JNI_TRUE;
+        } else {
+            return JNI_FALSE;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 static const JNINativeMethod sMethods[] = {
         {"reloadNativeLibrary", "(Ljava/lang/String;)V", (void*)reloadNativeLibrary},
         {"getSystemProperty", "(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;", (void*)getSystemProperty},
         {"setSystemProperty", "(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)Z", (void*)setSystemProperty},
-        {"clearSystemProperties", "()V", (void*)clearSystemProperties},
+        {"removeSystemProperty", "(Ljava/lang/String;)Z", (void*)removeSystemProperty},
 };
 
 extern "C" jint JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm, void* /* reserved */) {
@@ -174,9 +187,9 @@
     gVM = vm;
 
     // Fetch several references for future use
-    gEnvController = FindGlobalClassOrDie(env, kRuntimeEnvController);
+    gRunnerState = FindGlobalClassOrDie(env, kRunnerState);
     gCheckSystemPropertyAccess =
-            GetStaticMethodIDOrDie(env, gEnvController, "checkSystemPropertyAccess",
+            GetStaticMethodIDOrDie(env, gRunnerState, "checkSystemPropertyAccess",
                                    "(Ljava/lang/String;Z)V");
 
     // Expose raw property methods as JNI methods
diff --git a/ravenwood/tests/bivalenttest/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/bivalenttest/RavenwoodMultipleRuleTest.java b/ravenwood/tests/bivalenttest/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/bivalenttest/RavenwoodMultipleRuleTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index c25d2b4..0000000
--- a/ravenwood/tests/bivalenttest/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/bivalenttest/RavenwoodMultipleRuleTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package com.android.ravenwoodtest.bivalenttest;
-
-import android.platform.test.ravenwood.RavenwoodConfig;
-import android.platform.test.ravenwood.RavenwoodRule;
-
-import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4;
-
-import org.junit.Assume;
-import org.junit.Rule;
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.junit.rules.ExpectedException;
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-
-/**
- * Make sure having multiple RavenwoodRule's is detected.
- * (But only when running on ravenwod. Otherwise it'll be ignored.)
- */
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-public class RavenwoodMultipleRuleTest {
-
-    @Rule(order = Integer.MIN_VALUE)
-    public final ExpectedException mExpectedException = ExpectedException.none();
-
-    @Rule
-    public final RavenwoodRule mRavenwood1 = new RavenwoodRule();
-
-    @Rule
-    public final RavenwoodRule mRavenwood2 = new RavenwoodRule();
-
-    public RavenwoodMultipleRuleTest() {
-        // We can't call it within the test method because the exception happens before
-        // calling the method, so set it up here.
-        if (RavenwoodConfig.isOnRavenwood()) {
-            mExpectedException.expectMessage("Multiple nesting RavenwoodRule");
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testMultipleRulesNotAllowed() {
-        Assume.assumeTrue(RavenwoodConfig.isOnRavenwood());
-    }
-}
diff --git a/ravenwood/tests/coretest/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/runnercallbacktests/RavenwoodRuleValidationTest.java b/ravenwood/tests/coretest/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/runnercallbacktests/RavenwoodRuleValidationTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9e73db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ravenwood/tests/coretest/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/runnercallbacktests/RavenwoodRuleValidationTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests;
+
+import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
+
+import android.os.SystemProperties;
+import android.platform.test.annotations.NoRavenizer;
+import android.platform.test.ravenwood.RavenwoodRule;
+
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.TestRule;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+/**
+ * Test for RavenwoodRule.
+ */
+@NoRavenizer // This class shouldn't be executed with RavenwoodAwareTestRunner.
+public class RavenwoodRuleValidationTest extends RavenwoodRunnerTestBase {
+
+    public static class RuleInBaseClass {
+        static String PROPERTY_KEY = "debug.ravenwood.prop.in.base";
+        static String PROPERTY_VAL = "ravenwood";
+        @Rule
+        public final RavenwoodRule mRavenwood1 = new RavenwoodRule.Builder()
+                .setSystemPropertyImmutable(PROPERTY_KEY, PROPERTY_VAL).build();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make sure that RavenwoodRule in a base class takes effect.
+     */
+    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
+    @Expected("""
+    testRunStarted: classes
+    testSuiteStarted: classes
+    testSuiteStarted: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRuleValidationTest$RuleInBaseClassSuccessTest
+    testStarted: testRuleInBaseClass(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRuleValidationTest$RuleInBaseClassSuccessTest)
+    testFinished: testRuleInBaseClass(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRuleValidationTest$RuleInBaseClassSuccessTest)
+    testSuiteFinished: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRuleValidationTest$RuleInBaseClassSuccessTest
+    testSuiteFinished: classes
+    testRunFinished: 1,0,0,0
+    """)
+    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
+    public static class RuleInBaseClassSuccessTest extends RuleInBaseClass {
+
+        @Test
+        public void testRuleInBaseClass() {
+            assertThat(SystemProperties.get(PROPERTY_KEY)).isEqualTo(PROPERTY_VAL);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Same as {@link RuleInBaseClass}, but the type of the rule field is not {@link RavenwoodRule}.
+     */
+    public abstract static class RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClass {
+        static String PROPERTY_KEY = "debug.ravenwood.prop.in.base.different.type";
+        static String PROPERTY_VAL = "ravenwood";
+        @Rule
+        public final TestRule mRavenwood1 = new RavenwoodRule.Builder()
+                .setSystemPropertyImmutable(PROPERTY_KEY, PROPERTY_VAL).build();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make sure that RavenwoodRule in a base class takes effect, even if the field type is not
+     */
+    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
+    @Expected("""
+    testRunStarted: classes
+    testSuiteStarted: classes
+    testSuiteStarted: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRuleValidationTest$RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClassSuccessTest
+    testStarted: testRuleInBaseClass(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRuleValidationTest$RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClassSuccessTest)
+    testFinished: testRuleInBaseClass(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRuleValidationTest$RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClassSuccessTest)
+    testSuiteFinished: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRuleValidationTest$RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClassSuccessTest
+    testSuiteFinished: classes
+    testRunFinished: 1,0,0,0
+    """)
+    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
+    public static class RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClassSuccessTest extends RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClass {
+
+        @Test
+        public void testRuleInBaseClass() {
+            assertThat(SystemProperties.get(PROPERTY_KEY)).isEqualTo(PROPERTY_VAL);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ravenwood/tests/coretest/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/runnercallbacktests/RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest.java b/ravenwood/tests/coretest/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/runnercallbacktests/RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index f94b98b..0000000
--- a/ravenwood/tests/coretest/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/runnercallbacktests/RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,484 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests;
-
-import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
-
-import android.platform.test.annotations.NoRavenizer;
-import android.platform.test.ravenwood.RavenwoodConfig;
-import android.platform.test.ravenwood.RavenwoodRule;
-
-import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4;
-import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry;
-
-import org.junit.Ignore;
-import org.junit.Rule;
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.junit.rules.TestRule;
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-
-
-/**
- * Test for @Config field extraction and validation.
- *
- * TODO(b/377765941) Most of the tests here will be obsolete and deleted with b/377765941, but
- * some of the tests may need to be re-implemented one way or another. (e.g. the package name
- * test.) Until that happens, we'll keep all tests here but add an {@code @Ignore} instead.
- */
-@NoRavenizer // This class shouldn't be executed with RavenwoodAwareTestRunner.
-public class RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest extends RavenwoodRunnerTestBase {
-    public abstract static class ConfigInBaseClass {
-        static String PACKAGE_NAME = "com.ConfigInBaseClass";
-
-        @RavenwoodConfig.Config
-        public static RavenwoodConfig sConfig = new RavenwoodConfig.Builder()
-                .setPackageName(PACKAGE_NAME).build();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Make sure a config in the base class is detected.
-     */
-    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
-    @Expected("""
-    testRunStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ConfigInBaseClassTest
-    testStarted: test(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ConfigInBaseClassTest)
-    testFinished: test(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ConfigInBaseClassTest)
-    testSuiteFinished: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ConfigInBaseClassTest
-    testSuiteFinished: classes
-    testRunFinished: 1,0,0,0
-    """)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
-    @Ignore // Package name is no longer set via config.
-    public static class ConfigInBaseClassTest extends ConfigInBaseClass {
-        @Test
-        public void test() {
-            assertThat(InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getContext().getPackageName())
-                    .isEqualTo(PACKAGE_NAME);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Make sure a config in the base class is detected.
-     */
-    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
-    @Expected("""
-    testRunStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ConfigOverridingTest
-    testStarted: test(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ConfigOverridingTest)
-    testFinished: test(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ConfigOverridingTest)
-    testSuiteFinished: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ConfigOverridingTest
-    testSuiteFinished: classes
-    testRunFinished: 1,0,0,0
-    """)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
-    @Ignore // Package name is no longer set via config.
-    public static class ConfigOverridingTest extends ConfigInBaseClass {
-        static String PACKAGE_NAME_OVERRIDE = "com.ConfigOverridingTest";
-
-        @RavenwoodConfig.Config
-        public static RavenwoodConfig sConfig = new RavenwoodConfig.Builder()
-                .setPackageName(PACKAGE_NAME_OVERRIDE).build();
-
-        @Test
-        public void test() {
-            assertThat(InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getContext().getPackageName())
-                    .isEqualTo(PACKAGE_NAME_OVERRIDE);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Test to make sure that if a test has a config error, the failure would be reported from
-     * each test method.
-     */
-    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
-    @Expected("""
-    testRunStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: classes
-    testStarted: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ErrorMustBeReportedFromEachTest)
-    testFailure: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ErrorMustBeReportedFromEachTest.sConfig expected to be public static
-    testFinished: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ErrorMustBeReportedFromEachTest)
-    testSuiteFinished: classes
-    testRunFinished: 1,1,0,0
-    """)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
-    public static class ErrorMustBeReportedFromEachTest {
-        @RavenwoodConfig.Config
-        private static RavenwoodConfig sConfig = // Invalid because it's private.
-                new RavenwoodConfig.Builder().build();
-
-        @Test
-        public void testMethod1() {
-        }
-
-        @Test
-        public void testMethod2() {
-        }
-
-        @Test
-        public void testMethod3() {
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Invalid because there are two @Config's.
-     */
-    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
-    @Expected("""
-    testRunStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: classes
-    testStarted: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$DuplicateConfigTest)
-    testFailure: Class com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest.DuplicateConfigTest has multiple fields with @RavenwoodConfig.Config
-    testFinished: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$DuplicateConfigTest)
-    testSuiteFinished: classes
-    testRunFinished: 1,1,0,0
-    """)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
-    public static class DuplicateConfigTest {
-
-        @RavenwoodConfig.Config
-        public static RavenwoodConfig sConfig1 =
-                new RavenwoodConfig.Builder().build();
-
-        @RavenwoodConfig.Config
-        public static RavenwoodConfig sConfig2 =
-                new RavenwoodConfig.Builder().build();
-
-        @Test
-        public void testConfig() {
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @Config's must be static.
-     */
-    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
-    @Expected("""
-    testRunStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: classes
-    testStarted: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$NonStaticConfigTest)
-    testFailure: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$NonStaticConfigTest.sConfig expected to be public static
-    testFinished: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$NonStaticConfigTest)
-    testSuiteFinished: classes
-    testRunFinished: 1,1,0,0
-    """)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
-    public static class NonStaticConfigTest {
-
-        @RavenwoodConfig.Config
-        public RavenwoodConfig sConfig =
-                new RavenwoodConfig.Builder().build();
-
-        @Test
-        public void testConfig() {
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @Config's must be public.
-     */
-    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
-    @Expected("""
-    testRunStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: classes
-    testStarted: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$NonPublicConfigTest)
-    testFailure: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$NonPublicConfigTest.sConfig expected to be public static
-    testFinished: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$NonPublicConfigTest)
-    testSuiteFinished: classes
-    testRunFinished: 1,1,0,0
-    """)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
-    public static class NonPublicConfigTest {
-
-        @RavenwoodConfig.Config
-        RavenwoodConfig sConfig =
-                new RavenwoodConfig.Builder().build();
-
-        @Test
-        public void testConfig() {
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @Config's must be of type RavenwoodConfig.
-     */
-    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
-    @Expected("""
-    testRunStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: classes
-    testStarted: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$WrongTypeConfigTest)
-    testFailure: Field com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest.WrongTypeConfigTest.sConfig has @RavenwoodConfig.Config but type is not RavenwoodConfig
-    testFinished: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$WrongTypeConfigTest)
-    testSuiteFinished: classes
-    testRunFinished: 1,1,0,0
-    """)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
-    public static class WrongTypeConfigTest {
-
-        @RavenwoodConfig.Config
-        public static Object sConfig =
-                new RavenwoodConfig.Builder().build();
-
-        @Test
-        public void testConfig() {
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @Rule must be of type RavenwoodRule.
-     */
-    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
-    @Expected("""
-    testRunStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$WrongTypeRuleTest
-    testStarted: testConfig(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$WrongTypeRuleTest)
-    testFailure: If you have a RavenwoodRule in your test, make sure the field type is RavenwoodRule so Ravenwood can detect it.
-    testFinished: testConfig(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$WrongTypeRuleTest)
-    testSuiteFinished: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$WrongTypeRuleTest
-    testSuiteFinished: classes
-    testRunFinished: 1,1,0,0
-    """)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
-    public static class WrongTypeRuleTest {
-
-        @Rule
-        public TestRule mRule = new RavenwoodRule.Builder().build();
-
-        @Test
-        public void testConfig() {
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Config can't be used with a (instance) Rule.
-     */
-    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
-    @Expected("""
-    testRunStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: classes
-    testStarted: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$WithInstanceRuleTest)
-    testFailure: RavenwoodConfig and RavenwoodRule cannot be used in the same class. Suggest migrating to RavenwoodConfig.
-    testFinished: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$WithInstanceRuleTest)
-    testSuiteFinished: classes
-    testRunFinished: 1,1,0,0
-    """)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
-    public static class WithInstanceRuleTest {
-
-        @RavenwoodConfig.Config
-        public static RavenwoodConfig sConfig =
-                new RavenwoodConfig.Builder().build();
-
-        @Rule
-        public RavenwoodRule mRule = new RavenwoodRule.Builder().build();
-
-        @Test
-        public void testConfig() {
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Config can't be used with a (static) Rule.
-     */
-    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
-    @Expected("""
-    testRunStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: classes
-    testStarted: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$WithStaticRuleTest)
-    testFailure: Failed to instantiate class androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
-    testFinished: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$WithStaticRuleTest)
-    testSuiteFinished: classes
-    testRunFinished: 1,1,0,0
-    """)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
-    public static class WithStaticRuleTest {
-
-        @RavenwoodConfig.Config
-        public static RavenwoodConfig sConfig =
-                new RavenwoodConfig.Builder().build();
-
-        @Rule
-        public static RavenwoodRule sRule = new RavenwoodRule.Builder().build();
-
-        @Test
-        public void testConfig() {
-        }
-    }
-
-    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
-    @Expected("""
-    testRunStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$DuplicateRulesTest
-    testStarted: testMultipleRulesNotAllowed(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$DuplicateRulesTest)
-    testFailure: Multiple nesting RavenwoodRule's are detected in the same class, which is not supported.
-    testFinished: testMultipleRulesNotAllowed(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$DuplicateRulesTest)
-    testSuiteFinished: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$DuplicateRulesTest
-    testSuiteFinished: classes
-    testRunFinished: 1,1,0,0
-    """)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
-    public static class DuplicateRulesTest {
-
-        @Rule
-        public final RavenwoodRule mRavenwood1 = new RavenwoodRule();
-
-        @Rule
-        public final RavenwoodRule mRavenwood2 = new RavenwoodRule();
-
-        @Test
-        public void testMultipleRulesNotAllowed() {
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static class RuleInBaseClass {
-        static String PACKAGE_NAME = "com.RuleInBaseClass";
-        @Rule
-        public final RavenwoodRule mRavenwood1 = new RavenwoodRule.Builder()
-                .setPackageName(PACKAGE_NAME).build();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Make sure that RavenwoodRule in a base class takes effect.
-     */
-    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
-    @Expected("""
-    testRunStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$RuleInBaseClassSuccessTest
-    testStarted: testRuleInBaseClass(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$RuleInBaseClassSuccessTest)
-    testFinished: testRuleInBaseClass(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$RuleInBaseClassSuccessTest)
-    testSuiteFinished: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$RuleInBaseClassSuccessTest
-    testSuiteFinished: classes
-    testRunFinished: 1,0,0,0
-    """)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
-    @Ignore // Package name is no longer set via config.
-    public static class RuleInBaseClassSuccessTest extends RuleInBaseClass {
-
-        @Test
-        public void testRuleInBaseClass() {
-            assertThat(InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getContext().getPackageName())
-                    .isEqualTo(PACKAGE_NAME);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Make sure that having a config and a rule in a base class should fail.
-     * RavenwoodRule.
-     */
-    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
-    @Expected("""
-    testRunStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: classes
-    testStarted: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ConfigWithRuleInBaseClassTest)
-    testFailure: RavenwoodConfig and RavenwoodRule cannot be used in the same class. Suggest migrating to RavenwoodConfig.
-    testFinished: initializationError(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ConfigWithRuleInBaseClassTest)
-    testSuiteFinished: classes
-    testRunFinished: 1,1,0,0
-    """)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
-    public static class ConfigWithRuleInBaseClassTest extends RuleInBaseClass {
-        @RavenwoodConfig.Config
-        public static RavenwoodConfig sConfig = new RavenwoodConfig.Builder().build();
-
-        @Test
-        public void test() {
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Same as {@link RuleInBaseClass}, but the type of the rule field is not {@link RavenwoodRule}.
-     */
-    public abstract static class RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClass {
-        static String PACKAGE_NAME = "com.RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClass";
-        @Rule
-        public final TestRule mRavenwood1 = new RavenwoodRule.Builder()
-                .setPackageName(PACKAGE_NAME).build();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Make sure that RavenwoodRule in a base class takes effect, even if the field type is not
-     */
-    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
-    @Expected("""
-    testRunStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClassSuccessTest
-    testStarted: testRuleInBaseClass(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClassSuccessTest)
-    testFailure: If you have a RavenwoodRule in your test, make sure the field type is RavenwoodRule so Ravenwood can detect it.
-    testFinished: testRuleInBaseClass(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClassSuccessTest)
-    testSuiteFinished: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClassSuccessTest
-    testSuiteFinished: classes
-    testRunFinished: 1,1,0,0
-    """)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
-    @Ignore // Package name is no longer set via config.
-    public static class RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClassSuccessTest extends RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClass {
-
-        @Test
-        public void testRuleInBaseClass() {
-            assertThat(InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getContext().getPackageName())
-                    .isEqualTo(PACKAGE_NAME);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Make sure that having a config and a rule in a base class should fail, even if the field type is not
-     * RavenwoodRule.
-     */
-    @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:OFF
-    @Expected("""
-    testRunStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: classes
-    testSuiteStarted: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ConfigWithRuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClassTest
-    testStarted: test(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ConfigWithRuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClassTest)
-    testFailure: If you have a RavenwoodRule in your test, make sure the field type is RavenwoodRule so Ravenwood can detect it.
-    testFinished: test(com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ConfigWithRuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClassTest)
-    testSuiteFinished: com.android.ravenwoodtest.runnercallbacktests.RavenwoodRunnerConfigValidationTest$ConfigWithRuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClassTest
-    testSuiteFinished: classes
-    testRunFinished: 1,1,0,0
-    """)
-    // CHECKSTYLE:ON
-    public static class ConfigWithRuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClassTest extends RuleWithDifferentTypeInBaseClass {
-        @RavenwoodConfig.Config
-        public static RavenwoodConfig sConfig = new RavenwoodConfig.Builder().build();
-
-        @Test
-        public void test() {
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/ravenwood/tests/runtime-test/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/runtimetest/IdentityTest.java b/ravenwood/tests/runtime-test/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/runtimetest/IdentityTest.java
index 8e04b69..271c27f 100644
--- a/ravenwood/tests/runtime-test/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/runtimetest/IdentityTest.java
+++ b/ravenwood/tests/runtime-test/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/runtimetest/IdentityTest.java
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  */
 package com.android.ravenwoodtest.runtimetest;
 
-import static android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE;
 import static android.os.Process.FIRST_APPLICATION_UID;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
@@ -23,7 +22,6 @@
 import android.os.Binder;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Process;
-import android.platform.test.ravenwood.RavenwoodConfig;
 import android.system.Os;
 
 import com.android.ravenwood.RavenwoodRuntimeState;
@@ -34,13 +32,6 @@
 
 public class IdentityTest {
 
-    @RavenwoodConfig.Config
-    public static final RavenwoodConfig sConfig =
-            new RavenwoodConfig.Builder()
-                    .setTargetSdkLevel(UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
-                    .setProcessApp()
-                    .build();
-
     @Test
     public void testUid() {
         assertEquals(FIRST_APPLICATION_UID, RavenwoodRuntimeState.sUid);
@@ -60,7 +51,7 @@
     @Test
     public void testTargetSdkLevel() {
         assertEquals(Build.VERSION_CODES.CUR_DEVELOPMENT, RavenwoodRuntimeState.CUR_DEVELOPMENT);
-        assertEquals(UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE, RavenwoodRuntimeState.sTargetSdkLevel);
-        assertEquals(UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE, VMRuntime.getRuntime().getTargetSdkVersion());
+        assertEquals(RavenwoodRuntimeState.sTargetSdkLevel,
+                VMRuntime.getRuntime().getTargetSdkVersion());
     }
 }
diff --git a/ravenwood/tests/runtime-test/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/runtimetest/SystemPropertyTest.java b/ravenwood/tests/runtime-test/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/runtimetest/SystemPropertyTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70bf204
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ravenwood/tests/runtime-test/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/runtimetest/SystemPropertyTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.android.ravenwoodtest.runtimetest;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import android.os.SystemProperties;
+import android.platform.test.ravenwood.RavenwoodRule;
+
+import org.junit.ClassRule;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.TestRule;
+import org.junit.runners.model.Statement;
+
+public class SystemPropertyTest {
+
+    private static final String PROP_KEY_1 = "debug.ravenwood.prop1";
+    private static final String PROP_VAL_1 = "ravenwood.1";
+    private static final String PROP_KEY_2 = "debug.ravenwood.prop2";
+    private static final String PROP_VAL_2 = "ravenwood.2";
+    private static final String PROP_KEY_3 = "debug.ravenwood.prop3";
+    private static final String PROP_VAL_3 = "ravenwood.3";
+    private static final String PROP_VAL_4 = "ravenwood.4";
+
+    @ClassRule(order = 0)
+    public static TestRule mCheckClassRule = (base, description) -> new Statement() {
+        @Override
+        public void evaluate() throws Throwable {
+            assertTrue(SystemProperties.get(PROP_KEY_1).isEmpty());
+            assertTrue(SystemProperties.get(PROP_KEY_3).isEmpty());
+            try {
+                base.evaluate();
+            } finally {
+                assertTrue(SystemProperties.get(PROP_KEY_1).isEmpty());
+                assertTrue(SystemProperties.get(PROP_KEY_3).isEmpty());
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    @ClassRule(order = 1)
+    public static RavenwoodRule mClassRule = new RavenwoodRule.Builder()
+            .setSystemPropertyImmutable(PROP_KEY_1, PROP_VAL_1)
+            .setSystemPropertyImmutable(PROP_KEY_3, PROP_VAL_4)
+            .build();
+
+    @Rule(order = 0)
+    public TestRule mCheckRule = (base, description) -> new Statement() {
+        @Override
+        public void evaluate() throws Throwable {
+            assertTrue(SystemProperties.get(PROP_KEY_2).isEmpty());
+            assertEquals(SystemProperties.get(PROP_KEY_3), PROP_VAL_4);
+            try {
+                base.evaluate();
+            } finally {
+                assertTrue(SystemProperties.get(PROP_KEY_2).isEmpty());
+                assertEquals(SystemProperties.get(PROP_KEY_3), PROP_VAL_4);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    @Rule(order = 1)
+    public RavenwoodRule mRule = new RavenwoodRule.Builder()
+            .setSystemPropertyImmutable(PROP_KEY_2, PROP_VAL_2)
+            .setSystemPropertyImmutable(PROP_KEY_3, PROP_VAL_3)
+            .build();
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRavenwoodRuleSetProperty() {
+        assertEquals(SystemProperties.get(PROP_KEY_1), PROP_VAL_1);
+        assertEquals(SystemProperties.get(PROP_KEY_2), PROP_VAL_2);
+        assertEquals(SystemProperties.get(PROP_KEY_3), PROP_VAL_3);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ravenwood/tests/services-test/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/servicestest/RavenwoodServicesTest.java b/ravenwood/tests/services-test/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/servicestest/RavenwoodServicesTest.java
index 4aae1e1..e83a247 100644
--- a/ravenwood/tests/services-test/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/servicestest/RavenwoodServicesTest.java
+++ b/ravenwood/tests/services-test/test/com/android/ravenwoodtest/servicestest/RavenwoodServicesTest.java
@@ -24,8 +24,6 @@
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.hardware.SerialManager;
 import android.hardware.SerialManagerInternal;
-import android.platform.test.ravenwood.RavenwoodConfig;
-import android.platform.test.ravenwood.RavenwoodConfig.Config;
 
 import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4;
 import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry;
@@ -42,12 +40,6 @@
 public class RavenwoodServicesTest {
     private static final String TEST_VIRTUAL_PORT = "virtual:example";
 
-    @Config
-    public static final RavenwoodConfig sRavenwood = new RavenwoodConfig.Builder()
-            .setProcessSystem()
-            .setServicesRequired(SerialManager.class)
-            .build();
-
     private Context mContext;
 
     @Before
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/ActivityManagerShellCommand.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/ActivityManagerShellCommand.java
index 02e2c39..9201f696 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/ActivityManagerShellCommand.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/ActivityManagerShellCommand.java
@@ -1353,6 +1353,12 @@
             heapFile = "/data/local/tmp/heapdump-" + logNameTimeString + ".prof";
         }
 
+        String argAfterHeapFile = getNextArg();
+        if (argAfterHeapFile != null) {
+            err.println("Error: Arguments cannot be placed after the heap file");
+            return -1;
+        }
+
         // Writes an error message to stderr on failure
         ParcelFileDescriptor fd = openFileForSystem(heapFile, "w");
         if (fd == null) {
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/OWNERS b/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/OWNERS
index 6f99673..d731912 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/OWNERS
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/OWNERS
@@ -64,6 +64,9 @@
 # Activity Security
 per-file ActivityManager* = file:/ACTIVITY_SECURITY_OWNERS
 
+# Aconfig Flags
+per-file flags.aconfig = [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
+
 # Londoners
 [email protected] #{LAST_RESORT_SUGGESTION}
 [email protected] #{LAST_RESORT_SUGGESTION}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/app/GameManagerService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/app/GameManagerService.java
index 8c5152f..6f8dc10 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/app/GameManagerService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/app/GameManagerService.java
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@
 import com.android.server.ServiceThread;
 import com.android.server.SystemService;
 import com.android.server.SystemService.TargetUser;
+import com.android.server.utils.LazyJniRegistrar;
 import com.android.server.wm.ActivityTaskManagerInternal;
 import com.android.server.wm.CompatScaleProvider;
 
@@ -158,6 +159,10 @@
     private static final String GAME_MODE_INTERVENTION_LIST_FILE_NAME =
             "game_mode_intervention.list";
 
+    static {
+        LazyJniRegistrar.registerGameManagerService();
+    }
+
     private final Context mContext;
     private final Object mLock = new Object();
     private final Object mDeviceConfigLock = new Object();
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/utils/LazyJniRegistrar.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/utils/LazyJniRegistrar.java
index ac4a92e..6d29e9e 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/utils/LazyJniRegistrar.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/utils/LazyJniRegistrar.java
@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@
     /** Registers native methods for ConsumerIrService. */
     public static native void registerConsumerIrService();
 
+    /** Registers native methods for GameManagerService. */
+    public static native void registerGameManagerService();
+
     /** Registers native methods for VrManagerService. */
     public static native void registerVrManagerService();
 }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/utils/WatchableImpl.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/utils/WatchableImpl.java
index 8a04ccf..fec4351 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/utils/WatchableImpl.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/utils/WatchableImpl.java
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
     /**
      * The list of observers.
      */
+    @GuardedBy("mObservers")
     protected final ArrayList<Watcher> mObservers = new ArrayList<>();
 
     /**
@@ -83,7 +84,9 @@
      * @return The number of registered observers.
      */
     public int registeredObserverCount() {
-        return mObservers.size();
+        synchronized (mObservers) {
+            return mObservers.size();
+        }
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/wm/OWNERS b/services/core/java/com/android/server/wm/OWNERS
index 2401f90..c7667b4 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/wm/OWNERS
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/wm/OWNERS
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 [email protected]
 [email protected]
 [email protected]
[email protected]
 
 # Files related to background activity launches
 per-file Background*Start* = set noparent
diff --git a/services/core/jni/Android.bp b/services/core/jni/Android.bp
index c4bdcf4..9ae4611 100644
--- a/services/core/jni/Android.bp
+++ b/services/core/jni/Android.bp
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@
         "com_android_server_adb_AdbDebuggingManager.cpp",
         "com_android_server_am_BatteryStatsService.cpp",
         "com_android_server_biometrics_SurfaceToNativeHandleConverter.cpp",
-        "com_android_server_ConsumerIrService.cpp",
         "com_android_server_companion_virtual_InputController.cpp",
         "com_android_server_companion_virtual_VirtualDeviceImpl.cpp",
         "com_android_server_devicepolicy_CryptoTestHelper.cpp",
@@ -63,7 +62,6 @@
         "com_android_server_SystemServer.cpp",
         "com_android_server_tv_TvUinputBridge.cpp",
         "com_android_server_tv_TvInputHal.cpp",
-        "com_android_server_vr_VrManagerService.cpp",
         "com_android_server_UsbAlsaJackDetector.cpp",
         "com_android_server_UsbAlsaMidiDevice.cpp",
         "com_android_server_UsbDeviceManager.cpp",
@@ -75,14 +73,13 @@
         "com_android_server_am_LowMemDetector.cpp",
         "com_android_server_pm_PackageManagerShellCommandDataLoader.cpp",
         "com_android_server_sensor_SensorService.cpp",
-        "com_android_server_utils_LazyJniRegistrar.cpp",
         "com_android_server_wm_TaskFpsCallbackController.cpp",
         "onload.cpp",
         ":lib_cachedAppOptimizer_native",
         ":lib_freezer_native",
-        ":lib_gameManagerService_native",
         ":lib_oomConnection_native",
         ":lib_anrTimer_native",
+        ":lib_lazilyRegisteredServices_native",
     ],
 
     include_dirs: [
@@ -248,13 +245,6 @@
 }
 
 filegroup {
-    name: "lib_gameManagerService_native",
-    srcs: [
-        "com_android_server_app_GameManagerService.cpp",
-    ],
-}
-
-filegroup {
     name: "lib_oomConnection_native",
     srcs: ["com_android_server_am_OomConnection.cpp"],
 }
@@ -265,3 +255,13 @@
         "com_android_server_utils_AnrTimer.cpp",
     ],
 }
+
+filegroup {
+    name: "lib_lazilyRegisteredServices_native",
+    srcs: [
+        "com_android_server_ConsumerIrService.cpp",
+        "com_android_server_app_GameManagerService.cpp",
+        "com_android_server_utils_LazyJniRegistrar.cpp",
+        "com_android_server_vr_VrManagerService.cpp",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/services/core/jni/com_android_server_utils_LazyJniRegistrar.cpp b/services/core/jni/com_android_server_utils_LazyJniRegistrar.cpp
index ad7781e..0c0f8b02 100644
--- a/services/core/jni/com_android_server_utils_LazyJniRegistrar.cpp
+++ b/services/core/jni/com_android_server_utils_LazyJniRegistrar.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 // Forward declared per-class registration methods.
 int register_android_server_ConsumerIrService(JNIEnv* env);
+int register_android_server_app_GameManagerService(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_android_server_vr_VrManagerService(JNIEnv* env);
 
 namespace {
@@ -33,12 +34,17 @@
     register_android_server_ConsumerIrService(env);
 }
 
+void registerGameManagerService(JNIEnv* env, jclass) {
+    register_android_server_app_GameManagerService(env);
+}
+
 void registerVrManagerService(JNIEnv* env, jclass) {
     register_android_server_vr_VrManagerService(env);
 }
 
 static const JNINativeMethod sJniRegistrarMethods[] = {
         {"registerConsumerIrService", "()V", (void*)registerConsumerIrService},
+        {"registerGameManagerService", "()V", (void*)registerGameManagerService},
         {"registerVrManagerService", "()V", (void*)registerVrManagerService},
 };
 
diff --git a/services/core/jni/onload.cpp b/services/core/jni/onload.cpp
index c170ae9..df37ec3 100644
--- a/services/core/jni/onload.cpp
+++ b/services/core/jni/onload.cpp
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@
 int register_android_server_sensor_SensorService(JavaVM* vm, JNIEnv* env);
 int register_android_server_companion_virtual_InputController(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_android_server_companion_virtual_VirtualDeviceImpl(JNIEnv* env);
-int register_android_server_app_GameManagerService(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_com_android_server_wm_TaskFpsCallbackController(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_com_android_server_display_DisplayControl(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_com_android_server_SystemClockTime(JNIEnv* env);
@@ -131,7 +130,6 @@
     register_android_server_sensor_SensorService(vm, env);
     register_android_server_companion_virtual_InputController(env);
     register_android_server_companion_virtual_VirtualDeviceImpl(env);
-    register_android_server_app_GameManagerService(env);
     register_com_android_server_wm_TaskFpsCallbackController(env);
     register_com_android_server_display_DisplayControl(env);
     register_com_android_server_SystemClockTime(env);
diff --git a/services/tests/mockingservicestests/jni/Android.bp b/services/tests/mockingservicestests/jni/Android.bp
index 00543a8..94d4b95 100644
--- a/services/tests/mockingservicestests/jni/Android.bp
+++ b/services/tests/mockingservicestests/jni/Android.bp
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
     srcs: [
         ":lib_cachedAppOptimizer_native",
         ":lib_freezer_native",
-        ":lib_gameManagerService_native",
         ":lib_oomConnection_native",
+        ":lib_lazilyRegisteredServices_native",
         "onload.cpp",
     ],
 
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@
         "[email protected]",
         "[email protected]",
         "[email protected]",
+        "[email protected]",
+        "[email protected]",
         "[email protected]",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/services/tests/mockingservicestests/jni/onload.cpp b/services/tests/mockingservicestests/jni/onload.cpp
index cb246d1..9b4c817 100644
--- a/services/tests/mockingservicestests/jni/onload.cpp
+++ b/services/tests/mockingservicestests/jni/onload.cpp
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@
 namespace android {
 int register_android_server_am_CachedAppOptimizer(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_android_server_am_Freezer(JNIEnv* env);
-int register_android_server_app_GameManagerService(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_android_server_am_OomConnection(JNIEnv* env);
+int register_android_server_utils_LazyJniRegistrar(JNIEnv* env);
 };
 
 using namespace android;
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
     ALOG_ASSERT(env, "Could not retrieve the env!");
     register_android_server_am_CachedAppOptimizer(env);
     register_android_server_am_Freezer(env);
-    register_android_server_app_GameManagerService(env);
     register_android_server_am_OomConnection(env);
+    register_android_server_utils_LazyJniRegistrar(env);
     return JNI_VERSION_1_4;
 }
diff --git a/services/tests/servicestests/jni/Android.bp b/services/tests/servicestests/jni/Android.bp
index 0a31037..e738c19 100644
--- a/services/tests/servicestests/jni/Android.bp
+++ b/services/tests/servicestests/jni/Android.bp
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@
     srcs: [
         ":lib_cachedAppOptimizer_native",
         ":lib_freezer_native",
-        ":lib_gameManagerService_native",
         ":lib_oomConnection_native",
         ":lib_anrTimer_native",
+        ":lib_lazilyRegisteredServices_native",
         "onload.cpp",
     ],
 
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@
         "[email protected]",
         "[email protected]",
         "[email protected]",
+        "[email protected]",
+        "[email protected]",
         "[email protected]",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/services/tests/servicestests/jni/onload.cpp b/services/tests/servicestests/jni/onload.cpp
index 25487c5..ad979c6 100644
--- a/services/tests/servicestests/jni/onload.cpp
+++ b/services/tests/servicestests/jni/onload.cpp
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@
 
 namespace android {
 int register_android_server_am_CachedAppOptimizer(JNIEnv* env);
-int register_android_server_app_GameManagerService(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_android_server_am_OomConnection(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_android_server_utils_AnrTimer(JNIEnv *env);
+int register_android_server_utils_LazyJniRegistrar(JNIEnv* env);
 };
 
 using namespace android;
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@
     }
     ALOG_ASSERT(env, "Could not retrieve the env!");
     register_android_server_am_CachedAppOptimizer(env);
-    register_android_server_app_GameManagerService(env);
     register_android_server_am_OomConnection(env);
     register_android_server_utils_AnrTimer(env);
+    register_android_server_utils_LazyJniRegistrar(env);
     return JNI_VERSION_1_4;
 }
diff --git a/tools/systemfeatures/Android.bp b/tools/systemfeatures/Android.bp
index e6d0a3d..2ebede3 100644
--- a/tools/systemfeatures/Android.bp
+++ b/tools/systemfeatures/Android.bp
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
     srcs: [
         "src/**/*.java",
         "src/**/*.kt",
+        ":framework-metalava-annotations",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "guava",
@@ -26,6 +27,12 @@
     static_libs: ["systemfeatures-gen-lib"],
 }
 
+java_plugin {
+    name: "systemfeatures-metadata-processor",
+    processor_class: "com.android.systemfeatures.SystemFeaturesMetadataProcessor",
+    static_libs: ["systemfeatures-gen-lib"],
+}
+
 genrule {
     name: "systemfeatures-gen-tests-srcs",
     cmd: "$(location systemfeatures-gen-tool) com.android.systemfeatures.RwNoFeatures --readonly=false > $(location RwNoFeatures.java) && " +
@@ -61,6 +68,7 @@
         "systemfeatures-gen-lib",
         "truth",
     ],
+    plugins: ["systemfeatures-metadata-processor"],
 }
 
 // Rename the goldens as they may be copied into the source tree, and we don't
diff --git a/tools/systemfeatures/src/com/android/systemfeatures/SystemFeaturesMetadataProcessor.kt b/tools/systemfeatures/src/com/android/systemfeatures/SystemFeaturesMetadataProcessor.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..100d869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/systemfeatures/src/com/android/systemfeatures/SystemFeaturesMetadataProcessor.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.systemfeatures
+
+import android.annotation.SdkConstant
+import com.squareup.javapoet.FieldSpec
+import com.squareup.javapoet.JavaFile
+import com.squareup.javapoet.TypeSpec
+import java.io.IOException
+import javax.annotation.processing.AbstractProcessor
+import javax.annotation.processing.ProcessingEnvironment
+import javax.annotation.processing.RoundEnvironment
+import javax.lang.model.SourceVersion
+import javax.lang.model.element.Modifier
+import javax.lang.model.element.TypeElement
+import javax.tools.Diagnostic
+
+/*
+ * Simple Java code generator for computing metadata for system features.
+ *
+ * <p>The output is a single class file, `com.android.internal.pm.SystemFeaturesMetadata`, with
+ * properties computed from feature constant definitions in the PackageManager class. This
+ * class is only produced if the processed environment includes PackageManager; all other
+ * invocations are ignored.
+ */
+class SystemFeaturesMetadataProcessor : AbstractProcessor() {
+
+    private lateinit var packageManagerType: TypeElement
+
+    override fun getSupportedSourceVersion(): SourceVersion = SourceVersion.latestSupported()
+
+    override fun getSupportedAnnotationTypes() = setOf(SDK_CONSTANT_ANNOTATION_NAME)
+
+    override fun init(processingEnv: ProcessingEnvironment) {
+        super.init(processingEnv)
+        packageManagerType =
+            processingEnv.elementUtils.getTypeElement("android.content.pm.PackageManager")!!
+    }
+
+    override fun process(annotations: Set<TypeElement>, roundEnv: RoundEnvironment): Boolean {
+        if (roundEnv.processingOver()) {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        // We're only interested in feature constants defined in PackageManager.
+        var featureCount = 0
+        roundEnv.getElementsAnnotatedWith(SdkConstant::class.java).forEach {
+            if (
+                it.enclosingElement == packageManagerType &&
+                    it.getAnnotation(SdkConstant::class.java).value ==
+                        SdkConstant.SdkConstantType.FEATURE
+            ) {
+                featureCount++
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (featureCount == 0) {
+            // This is fine, and happens for any environment that doesn't include PackageManager.
+            return false
+        }
+
+        val systemFeatureMetadata =
+            TypeSpec.classBuilder("SystemFeaturesMetadata")
+                .addModifiers(Modifier.PUBLIC, Modifier.FINAL)
+                .addJavadoc("@hide")
+                .addField(
+                    FieldSpec.builder(Int::class.java, "SDK_FEATURE_COUNT")
+                        .addModifiers(Modifier.PUBLIC, Modifier.STATIC, Modifier.FINAL)
+                        .addJavadoc(
+                            "The number of `@SdkConstant` features defined in PackageManager."
+                        )
+                        .addJavadoc("@hide")
+                        .initializer("\$L", featureCount)
+                        .build()
+                )
+                .build()
+
+        try {
+            JavaFile.builder("com.android.internal.pm", systemFeatureMetadata)
+                .skipJavaLangImports(true)
+                .build()
+                .writeTo(processingEnv.filer)
+        } catch (e: IOException) {
+            processingEnv.messager.printMessage(
+                Diagnostic.Kind.ERROR,
+                "Failed to write file: ${e.message}",
+            )
+        }
+
+        return true
+    }
+
+    companion object {
+        private val SDK_CONSTANT_ANNOTATION_NAME = SdkConstant::class.qualifiedName
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tools/systemfeatures/tests/src/PackageManager.java b/tools/systemfeatures/tests/src/PackageManager.java
index db67048..839a937 100644
--- a/tools/systemfeatures/tests/src/PackageManager.java
+++ b/tools/systemfeatures/tests/src/PackageManager.java
@@ -16,14 +16,33 @@
 
 package android.content.pm;
 
+import android.annotation.SdkConstant;
+import android.annotation.SdkConstant.SdkConstantType;
+
 /** Stub for testing */
 public class PackageManager {
+    @SdkConstant(SdkConstantType.FEATURE)
     public static final String FEATURE_AUTO = "automotive";
+
+    @SdkConstant(SdkConstantType.FEATURE)
     public static final String FEATURE_PC = "pc";
+
+    @SdkConstant(SdkConstantType.FEATURE)
     public static final String FEATURE_VULKAN = "vulkan";
+
+    @SdkConstant(SdkConstantType.FEATURE)
     public static final String FEATURE_WATCH = "watch";
+
+    @SdkConstant(SdkConstantType.FEATURE)
     public static final String FEATURE_WIFI = "wifi";
 
+    @SdkConstant(SdkConstantType.INTENT_CATEGORY)
+    public static final String FEATURE_INTENT_CATEGORY = "intent_category_with_feature_name_prefix";
+
+    public static final String FEATURE_NOT_ANNOTATED = "not_annotated";
+
+    public static final String NOT_FEATURE = "not_feature";
+
     /** @hide */
     public boolean hasSystemFeature(String featureName, int version) {
         return false;
diff --git a/tools/systemfeatures/tests/src/SystemFeaturesMetadataProcessorTest.java b/tools/systemfeatures/tests/src/SystemFeaturesMetadataProcessorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ffb5b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/systemfeatures/tests/src/SystemFeaturesMetadataProcessorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.systemfeatures;
+
+import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
+
+import com.android.internal.pm.SystemFeaturesMetadata;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public class SystemFeaturesMetadataProcessorTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSdkFeatureCount() {
+        // See the fake PackageManager definition in this directory.
+        // It defines 5 annotated features, and any/all other constants should be ignored.
+        assertThat(SystemFeaturesMetadata.SDK_FEATURE_COUNT).isEqualTo(5);
+    }
+}