Reland "Use reference counted pointers for ApkAssets"

This reverts commit cf6e79f809034386b04ae551db815ab087f76c0a

Updates:
    Prepare the shared pointers for the whole operation at once
    instead of re-locking them on each iteration.
    Still a regression of about 5% for changing theme's
    AssetManager object, vs the original 40%

    + change the log message to a warning as it doesn't break
      the app

Original comment:

    Use reference counted pointers for ApkAssets

    The primary reason for memory corruption is freed ApkAssets
    Java expected them to only be freed in the finalizers, but
    there are explicit close() calls now, destroying objects that
    are still in use in some AssetManager2 objects

    This CL makes sure those AssetManagers don't assume ApkAssets
    always exist, but instead tries to lock them in memory for any
    access

    It also adds logging in case of deleting an assets object with
    any weak pointers still existing. Those will get into the
    bugreports attached to related bugs to help with investigation.

    Benchmarks don't regress, and the device appears to be working.
    Given that the crashes used to be pretty rare, let's wait for
    any new reports or lack of those.

    + add a missing .clang-format file to the jni directory
    + enabled C++23 in the project that uses AssetManager headers

    Bug: 197260547
    Bug: 276922628
    Test: unit tests + boot + benchmarks
    Old change id: I495fd9e012fe370a1f725dbb0265b4ee1be8d805

Change-Id: Id668fbcf07db17b09691a344c04e98df83006f97
diff --git a/cmds/idmap2/idmap2/Lookup.cpp b/cmds/idmap2/idmap2/Lookup.cpp
index f41e57c..add0d8d 100644
--- a/cmds/idmap2/idmap2/Lookup.cpp
+++ b/cmds/idmap2/idmap2/Lookup.cpp
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
     return Error("failed to parse config");
   }
 
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets>> apk_assets;
+  std::vector<AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr> apk_assets;
   std::string target_path;
   std::string target_package_name;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < idmap_paths.size(); i++) {
@@ -217,24 +217,21 @@
     apk_assets.push_back(std::move(overlay_apk));
   }
 
-  // AssetManager2::SetApkAssets requires raw ApkAssets pointers, not unique_ptrs
-  std::vector<const ApkAssets*> raw_pointer_apk_assets;
-  std::transform(apk_assets.cbegin(), apk_assets.cend(), std::back_inserter(raw_pointer_apk_assets),
-                 [](const auto& p) -> const ApkAssets* { return p.get(); });
-  AssetManager2 am;
-  am.SetApkAssets(raw_pointer_apk_assets);
-  am.SetConfiguration(config);
+  {
+    // Make sure |apk_assets| vector outlives the asset manager as it doesn't own the assets.
+    AssetManager2 am(apk_assets, config);
 
-  const Result<ResourceId> resid = ParseResReference(am, resid_str, target_package_name);
-  if (!resid) {
-    return Error(resid.GetError(), "failed to parse resource ID");
-  }
+    const Result<ResourceId> resid = ParseResReference(am, resid_str, target_package_name);
+    if (!resid) {
+      return Error(resid.GetError(), "failed to parse resource ID");
+    }
 
-  const Result<std::string> value = GetValue(&am, *resid);
-  if (!value) {
-    return Error(value.GetError(), "resource 0x%08x not found", *resid);
+    const Result<std::string> value = GetValue(&am, *resid);
+    if (!value) {
+      return Error(value.GetError(), "resource 0x%08x not found", *resid);
+    }
+    std::cout << *value << std::endl;
   }
-  std::cout << *value << std::endl;
 
   return Unit{};
 }
diff --git a/cmds/idmap2/libidmap2/ResourceContainer.cpp b/cmds/idmap2/libidmap2/ResourceContainer.cpp
index 0e35904..7869fbd 100644
--- a/cmds/idmap2/libidmap2/ResourceContainer.cpp
+++ b/cmds/idmap2/libidmap2/ResourceContainer.cpp
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@
 }
 
 struct ResState {
-  std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> apk_assets;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr apk_assets;
   const LoadedArsc* arsc;
   const LoadedPackage* package;
   std::unique_ptr<AssetManager2> am;
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@
     }
 
     state.am = std::make_unique<AssetManager2>();
-    if (!state.am->SetApkAssets({state.apk_assets.get()})) {
+    if (!state.am->SetApkAssets({state.apk_assets})) {
       return Error("failed to create asset manager");
     }
 
diff --git a/cmds/idmap2/tests/ResourceUtilsTests.cpp b/cmds/idmap2/tests/ResourceUtilsTests.cpp
index 6914208..011040b 100644
--- a/cmds/idmap2/tests/ResourceUtilsTests.cpp
+++ b/cmds/idmap2/tests/ResourceUtilsTests.cpp
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
     apk_assets_ = ApkAssets::Load(GetTargetApkPath());
     ASSERT_THAT(apk_assets_, NotNull());
 
-    am_.SetApkAssets({apk_assets_.get()});
+    am_.SetApkAssets({apk_assets_});
   }
 
   const AssetManager2& GetAssetManager() {
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 
  private:
   AssetManager2 am_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> apk_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr apk_assets_;
 };
 
 TEST_F(ResourceUtilsTests, ResToTypeEntryName) {
diff --git a/core/jni/android_content_res_ApkAssets.cpp b/core/jni/android_content_res_ApkAssets.cpp
index e9ada23..52a9578 100644
--- a/core/jni/android_content_res_ApkAssets.cpp
+++ b/core/jni/android_content_res_ApkAssets.cpp
@@ -74,17 +74,37 @@
   FORMAT_DIRECTORY = 3,
 };
 
-Guarded<std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets>>& ApkAssetsFromLong(jlong ptr) {
-    return *reinterpret_cast<Guarded<std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets>>*>(ptr);
+Guarded<AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr>& ApkAssetsFromLong(jlong ptr) {
+  return *reinterpret_cast<Guarded<AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr>*>(ptr);
 }
 
-static jlong CreateGuardedApkAssets(std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> assets) {
-    auto guarded_assets = new Guarded<std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets>>(std::move(assets));
-    return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(guarded_assets);
+static jlong CreateGuardedApkAssets(AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr assets) {
+  auto guarded_assets = new Guarded<AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr>(std::move(assets));
+  return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(guarded_assets);
 }
 
-static void DeleteGuardedApkAssets(Guarded<std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets>>& apk_assets) {
-    delete &apk_assets;
+static void DeleteGuardedApkAssets(Guarded<AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr>& apk_assets) {
+  apk_assets.safeDelete([&apk_assets](AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr* assets) {
+    if (!assets) {
+      ALOGW("ApkAssets: Double delete of native assets object %p, ignored", &apk_assets);
+    } else if (!*assets) {
+      ALOGW("ApkAssets: Empty native assets pointer in native assets object %p", &apk_assets);
+    } else {
+      // |RefBase| increments |StrongCount| for each |sp<>| instance, and |WeakCount| for
+      // both |sp<>| and |wp<>| instances. This means the actual |wp<>| instance count
+      // is |WeakCount - StrongCount|.
+      const auto useCount = (*assets)->getStrongCount();
+      const auto weakCount = (*assets)->getWeakRefs()->getWeakCount() - useCount;
+      if (useCount > 1) {
+        ALOGW("ApkAssets: Deleting an object '%s' with %d > 1 strong and %d weak references",
+              (*assets)->GetDebugName().c_str(), int(useCount), int(weakCount));
+      } else if (weakCount > 0) {
+        ALOGW("ApkAssets: Deleting an ApkAssets object '%s' with %d weak references",
+              (*assets)->GetDebugName().c_str(), int(weakCount));
+      }
+    }
+  });
+  delete &apk_assets;
 }
 
 class LoaderAssetsProvider : public AssetsProvider {
@@ -209,7 +229,7 @@
   ATRACE_NAME(base::StringPrintf("LoadApkAssets(%s)", path.c_str()).c_str());
 
   auto loader_assets = LoaderAssetsProvider::Create(env, assets_provider);
-  std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> apk_assets;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr apk_assets;
   switch (format) {
     case FORMAT_APK: {
         auto assets = MultiAssetsProvider::Create(std::move(loader_assets),
@@ -269,7 +289,7 @@
   }
 
   auto loader_assets = LoaderAssetsProvider::Create(env, assets_provider);
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> apk_assets;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr apk_assets;
   switch (format) {
     case FORMAT_APK: {
         auto assets =
@@ -336,7 +356,7 @@
   }
 
   auto loader_assets = LoaderAssetsProvider::Create(env, assets_provider);
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> apk_assets;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr apk_assets;
   switch (format) {
     case FORMAT_APK: {
         auto assets =
@@ -374,11 +394,17 @@
 
 static jlong NativeLoadEmpty(JNIEnv* env, jclass /*clazz*/, jint flags, jobject assets_provider) {
   auto apk_assets = ApkAssets::Load(LoaderAssetsProvider::Create(env, assets_provider), flags);
+  if (apk_assets == nullptr) {
+    const std::string error_msg =
+        base::StringPrintf("Failed to load empty assets with provider %p", (void*)assets_provider);
+    jniThrowException(env, "java/io/IOException", error_msg.c_str());
+    return 0;
+  }
   return CreateGuardedApkAssets(std::move(apk_assets));
 }
 
 static void NativeDestroy(JNIEnv* /*env*/, jclass /*clazz*/, jlong ptr) {
-    DeleteGuardedApkAssets(ApkAssetsFromLong(ptr));
+  DeleteGuardedApkAssets(ApkAssetsFromLong(ptr));
 }
 
 static jstring NativeGetAssetPath(JNIEnv* env, jclass /*clazz*/, jlong ptr) {
diff --git a/core/jni/android_content_res_ApkAssets.h b/core/jni/android_content_res_ApkAssets.h
index 7e525dc..8159a53 100644
--- a/core/jni/android_content_res_ApkAssets.h
+++ b/core/jni/android_content_res_ApkAssets.h
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@
 #define ANDROID_CONTENT_RES_APKASSETS_H
 
 #include "androidfw/ApkAssets.h"
+#include "androidfw/AssetManager2.h"
 #include "androidfw/MutexGuard.h"
-
 #include "jni.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
-Guarded<std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets>>& ApkAssetsFromLong(jlong ptr);
+Guarded<AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr>& ApkAssetsFromLong(jlong ptr);
 
 } // namespace android
 
diff --git a/core/jni/android_util_AssetManager.cpp b/core/jni/android_util_AssetManager.cpp
index a2205eb..d3bfcbd 100644
--- a/core/jni/android_util_AssetManager.cpp
+++ b/core/jni/android_util_AssetManager.cpp
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@
   ATRACE_NAME("AssetManager::SetApkAssets");
 
   const jsize apk_assets_len = env->GetArrayLength(apk_assets_array);
-  std::vector<const ApkAssets*> apk_assets;
+  std::vector<AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr> apk_assets;
   apk_assets.reserve(apk_assets_len);
   for (jsize i = 0; i < apk_assets_len; i++) {
     jobject obj = env->GetObjectArrayElement(apk_assets_array, i);
@@ -310,9 +310,14 @@
     if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
       return;
     }
-
+    if (!apk_assets_native_ptr) {
+      ALOGW("Got a closed ApkAssets instance at index %d for AssetManager %p", i, (void*)ptr);
+      std::string msg = StringPrintf("ApkAssets at index %d is closed, native pointer is null", i);
+      jniThrowException(env, "java/lang/IllegalArgumentException", msg.c_str());
+      return;
+    }
     auto scoped_assets = ScopedLock(ApkAssetsFromLong(apk_assets_native_ptr));
-    apk_assets.push_back(scoped_assets->get());
+    apk_assets.emplace_back(*scoped_assets);
   }
 
   ScopedLock<AssetManager2> assetmanager(AssetManagerFromLong(ptr));
@@ -720,31 +725,36 @@
     }
 
     if (attr_value.type == Res_value::TYPE_STRING) {
-      const ApkAssets* apk_assets = assetmanager->GetApkAssets()[attr_value.cookie];
-      const ResStringPool* pool = apk_assets->GetLoadedArsc()->GetStringPool();
+      auto apk_assets_weak = assetmanager->GetApkAssets()[attr_value.cookie];
+      if (auto apk_assets = apk_assets_weak.promote()) {
+        const ResStringPool* pool = apk_assets->GetLoadedArsc()->GetStringPool();
 
-      jstring java_string;
-      if (auto str_utf8 = pool->string8At(attr_value.data); str_utf8.has_value()) {
+        jstring java_string;
+        if (auto str_utf8 = pool->string8At(attr_value.data); str_utf8.has_value()) {
           java_string = env->NewStringUTF(str_utf8->data());
-      } else {
+        } else {
           auto str_utf16 = pool->stringAt(attr_value.data);
           if (!str_utf16.has_value()) {
-              return nullptr;
+            return nullptr;
           }
-          java_string = env->NewString(reinterpret_cast<const jchar*>(str_utf16->data()),
-                                       str_utf16->size());
+          java_string =
+              env->NewString(reinterpret_cast<const jchar*>(str_utf16->data()), str_utf16->size());
+        }
+
+        // Check for errors creating the strings (if malformed or no memory).
+        if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+          return nullptr;
+        }
+
+        env->SetObjectArrayElement(array, i, java_string);
+
+        // If we have a large amount of string in our array, we might overflow the
+        // local reference table of the VM.
+        env->DeleteLocalRef(java_string);
+      } else {
+        ALOGW("NativeGetResourceStringArray: an expired assets object #%d / %d", i,
+              attr_value.cookie);
       }
-
-      // Check for errors creating the strings (if malformed or no memory).
-      if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
-        return nullptr;
-      }
-
-      env->SetObjectArrayElement(array, i, java_string);
-
-      // If we have a large amount of string in our array, we might overflow the
-      // local reference table of the VM.
-      env->DeleteLocalRef(java_string);
     }
   }
   return array;
diff --git a/libs/androidfw/ApkAssets.cpp b/libs/androidfw/ApkAssets.cpp
index 15aaae2..f0c6395 100644
--- a/libs/androidfw/ApkAssets.cpp
+++ b/libs/androidfw/ApkAssets.cpp
@@ -27,39 +27,34 @@
 
 constexpr const char* kResourcesArsc = "resources.arsc";
 
-ApkAssets::ApkAssets(std::unique_ptr<Asset> resources_asset,
+ApkAssets::ApkAssets(PrivateConstructorUtil, std::unique_ptr<Asset> resources_asset,
                      std::unique_ptr<LoadedArsc> loaded_arsc,
-                     std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
-                     package_property_t property_flags,
-                     std::unique_ptr<Asset> idmap_asset,
-                     std::unique_ptr<LoadedIdmap> loaded_idmap)
+                     std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets, package_property_t property_flags,
+                     std::unique_ptr<Asset> idmap_asset, std::unique_ptr<LoadedIdmap> loaded_idmap)
     : resources_asset_(std::move(resources_asset)),
       loaded_arsc_(std::move(loaded_arsc)),
       assets_provider_(std::move(assets)),
       property_flags_(property_flags),
       idmap_asset_(std::move(idmap_asset)),
-      loaded_idmap_(std::move(loaded_idmap)) {}
+      loaded_idmap_(std::move(loaded_idmap)) {
+}
 
-std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> ApkAssets::Load(const std::string& path, package_property_t flags) {
+ApkAssetsPtr ApkAssets::Load(const std::string& path, package_property_t flags) {
   return Load(ZipAssetsProvider::Create(path, flags), flags);
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> ApkAssets::LoadFromFd(base::unique_fd fd,
-                                                 const std::string& debug_name,
-                                                 package_property_t flags,
-                                                 off64_t offset,
-                                                 off64_t len) {
+ApkAssetsPtr ApkAssets::LoadFromFd(base::unique_fd fd, const std::string& debug_name,
+                                   package_property_t flags, off64_t offset, off64_t len) {
   return Load(ZipAssetsProvider::Create(std::move(fd), debug_name, offset, len), flags);
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> ApkAssets::Load(std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
-                                           package_property_t flags) {
+ApkAssetsPtr ApkAssets::Load(std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets, package_property_t flags) {
   return LoadImpl(std::move(assets), flags, nullptr /* idmap_asset */, nullptr /* loaded_idmap */);
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> ApkAssets::LoadTable(std::unique_ptr<Asset> resources_asset,
-                                                std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
-                                                package_property_t flags) {
+ApkAssetsPtr ApkAssets::LoadTable(std::unique_ptr<Asset> resources_asset,
+                                  std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
+                                  package_property_t flags) {
   if (resources_asset == nullptr) {
     return {};
   }
@@ -67,8 +62,7 @@
                   nullptr /* loaded_idmap */);
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> ApkAssets::LoadOverlay(const std::string& idmap_path,
-                                                  package_property_t flags) {
+ApkAssetsPtr ApkAssets::LoadOverlay(const std::string& idmap_path, package_property_t flags) {
   CHECK((flags & PROPERTY_LOADER) == 0U) << "Cannot load RROs through loaders";
   auto idmap_asset = AssetsProvider::CreateAssetFromFile(idmap_path);
   if (idmap_asset == nullptr) {
@@ -103,10 +97,10 @@
                   std::move(loaded_idmap));
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> ApkAssets::LoadImpl(std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
-                                               package_property_t property_flags,
-                                               std::unique_ptr<Asset> idmap_asset,
-                                               std::unique_ptr<LoadedIdmap> loaded_idmap) {
+ApkAssetsPtr ApkAssets::LoadImpl(std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
+                                 package_property_t property_flags,
+                                 std::unique_ptr<Asset> idmap_asset,
+                                 std::unique_ptr<LoadedIdmap> loaded_idmap) {
   if (assets == nullptr) {
     return {};
   }
@@ -125,11 +119,11 @@
                   std::move(idmap_asset), std::move(loaded_idmap));
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> ApkAssets::LoadImpl(std::unique_ptr<Asset> resources_asset,
-                                               std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
-                                               package_property_t property_flags,
-                                               std::unique_ptr<Asset> idmap_asset,
-                                               std::unique_ptr<LoadedIdmap> loaded_idmap) {
+ApkAssetsPtr ApkAssets::LoadImpl(std::unique_ptr<Asset> resources_asset,
+                                 std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
+                                 package_property_t property_flags,
+                                 std::unique_ptr<Asset> idmap_asset,
+                                 std::unique_ptr<LoadedIdmap> loaded_idmap) {
   if (assets == nullptr ) {
     return {};
   }
@@ -155,10 +149,9 @@
     return {};
   }
 
-  return std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets>(new ApkAssets(std::move(resources_asset),
-                                                  std::move(loaded_arsc), std::move(assets),
-                                                  property_flags, std::move(idmap_asset),
-                                                  std::move(loaded_idmap)));
+  return ApkAssetsPtr::make(PrivateConstructorUtil{}, std::move(resources_asset),
+                            std::move(loaded_arsc), std::move(assets), property_flags,
+                            std::move(idmap_asset), std::move(loaded_idmap));
 }
 
 std::optional<std::string_view> ApkAssets::GetPath() const {
@@ -174,4 +167,5 @@
   return IsLoader() || ((!loaded_idmap_ || loaded_idmap_->IsUpToDate())
                         && assets_provider_->IsUpToDate());
 }
+
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/androidfw/AssetManager2.cpp b/libs/androidfw/AssetManager2.cpp
index bc46cf5..94dbfb5 100644
--- a/libs/androidfw/AssetManager2.cpp
+++ b/libs/androidfw/AssetManager2.cpp
@@ -91,13 +91,14 @@
   StringPoolRef entry_string_ref;
 };
 
-AssetManager2::AssetManager2() {
-  memset(&configuration_, 0, sizeof(configuration_));
+AssetManager2::AssetManager2(ApkAssetsList apk_assets, const ResTable_config& configuration)
+    : configuration_(configuration) {
+  // Don't invalidate caches here as there's nothing cached yet.
+  SetApkAssets(apk_assets, false);
 }
 
-bool AssetManager2::SetApkAssets(std::vector<const ApkAssets*> apk_assets, bool invalidate_caches) {
-  apk_assets_ = std::move(apk_assets);
-  BuildDynamicRefTable();
+bool AssetManager2::SetApkAssets(ApkAssetsList apk_assets, bool invalidate_caches) {
+  BuildDynamicRefTable(apk_assets);
   RebuildFilterList();
   if (invalidate_caches) {
     InvalidateCaches(static_cast<uint32_t>(-1));
@@ -105,7 +106,13 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-void AssetManager2::BuildDynamicRefTable() {
+bool AssetManager2::SetApkAssets(std::initializer_list<ApkAssetsPtr> apk_assets,
+                                 bool invalidate_caches) {
+  return SetApkAssets(ApkAssetsList(apk_assets.begin(), apk_assets.size()), invalidate_caches);
+}
+
+void AssetManager2::BuildDynamicRefTable(ApkAssetsList apk_assets) {
+  apk_assets_.assign(apk_assets.begin(), apk_assets.end());
   package_groups_.clear();
   package_ids_.fill(0xff);
 
@@ -116,16 +123,19 @@
 
   // Overlay resources are not directly referenced by an application so their resource ids
   // can change throughout the application's lifetime. Assign overlay package ids last.
-  std::vector<const ApkAssets*> sorted_apk_assets(apk_assets_);
-  std::stable_partition(sorted_apk_assets.begin(), sorted_apk_assets.end(), [](const ApkAssets* a) {
-    return !a->IsOverlay();
-  });
+  std::vector<const ApkAssets*> sorted_apk_assets;
+  sorted_apk_assets.reserve(apk_assets_.size());
+  for (auto& asset : apk_assets) {
+    sorted_apk_assets.push_back(asset.get());
+  }
+  std::stable_partition(sorted_apk_assets.begin(), sorted_apk_assets.end(),
+                        [](auto a) { return !a->IsOverlay(); });
 
   // The assets cookie must map to the position of the apk assets in the unsorted apk assets list.
   std::unordered_map<const ApkAssets*, ApkAssetsCookie> apk_assets_cookies;
-  apk_assets_cookies.reserve(apk_assets_.size());
-  for (size_t i = 0, n = apk_assets_.size(); i < n; i++) {
-    apk_assets_cookies[apk_assets_[i]] = static_cast<ApkAssetsCookie>(i);
+  apk_assets_cookies.reserve(apk_assets.size());
+  for (size_t i = 0, n = apk_assets.size(); i < n; i++) {
+    apk_assets_cookies[apk_assets[i].get()] = static_cast<ApkAssetsCookie>(i);
   }
 
   // 0x01 is reserved for the android package.
@@ -242,7 +252,8 @@
 
   std::string list;
   for (const auto& apk_assets : apk_assets_) {
-    base::StringAppendF(&list, "%s,", apk_assets->GetDebugName().c_str());
+    auto assets = apk_assets.promote();
+    base::StringAppendF(&list, "%s,", assets ? assets->GetDebugName().c_str() : "nullptr");
   }
   LOG(INFO) << "ApkAssets: " << list;
 
@@ -279,7 +290,8 @@
   if (cookie < 0 || static_cast<size_t>(cookie) >= apk_assets_.size()) {
     return nullptr;
   }
-  return apk_assets_[cookie]->GetLoadedArsc()->GetStringPool();
+  auto assets = apk_assets_[cookie].promote();
+  return assets ? assets->GetLoadedArsc()->GetStringPool() : nullptr;
 }
 
 const DynamicRefTable* AssetManager2::GetDynamicRefTableForPackage(uint32_t package_id) const {
@@ -331,7 +343,11 @@
                                             std::string* out) const {
   uint8_t package_id = 0U;
   for (const auto& apk_assets : apk_assets_) {
-    const LoadedArsc* loaded_arsc = apk_assets->GetLoadedArsc();
+    auto assets = apk_assets.promote();
+    if (!assets) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    const LoadedArsc* loaded_arsc = assets->GetLoadedArsc();
     if (loaded_arsc == nullptr) {
       continue;
     }
@@ -384,8 +400,10 @@
 }
 
 bool AssetManager2::ContainsAllocatedTable() const {
-  return std::find_if(apk_assets_.begin(), apk_assets_.end(),
-                      std::mem_fn(&ApkAssets::IsTableAllocated)) != apk_assets_.end();
+  return std::find_if(apk_assets_.begin(), apk_assets_.end(), [](auto&& assets_weak) {
+           auto assets = assets_weak.promote();
+           return assets && assets->IsTableAllocated();
+         }) != apk_assets_.end();
 }
 
 void AssetManager2::SetConfiguration(const ResTable_config& configuration) {
@@ -398,8 +416,8 @@
   }
 }
 
-std::set<const ApkAssets*> AssetManager2::GetNonSystemOverlays() const {
-  std::set<const ApkAssets*> non_system_overlays;
+std::set<AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr> AssetManager2::GetNonSystemOverlays() const {
+  std::set<ApkAssetsPtr> non_system_overlays;
   for (const PackageGroup& package_group : package_groups_) {
     bool found_system_package = false;
     for (const ConfiguredPackage& package : package_group.packages_) {
@@ -411,7 +429,9 @@
 
     if (!found_system_package) {
       for (const ConfiguredOverlay& overlay : package_group.overlays_) {
-        non_system_overlays.insert(apk_assets_[overlay.cookie]);
+        if (auto asset = apk_assets_[overlay.cookie].promote()) {
+          non_system_overlays.insert(std::move(asset));
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -423,21 +443,24 @@
     bool exclude_system, bool exclude_mipmap) const {
   ATRACE_NAME("AssetManager::GetResourceConfigurations");
   const auto non_system_overlays =
-      (exclude_system) ? GetNonSystemOverlays() : std::set<const ApkAssets*>();
+      exclude_system ? GetNonSystemOverlays() : std::set<ApkAssetsPtr>();
 
   std::set<ResTable_config> configurations;
   for (const PackageGroup& package_group : package_groups_) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < package_group.packages_.size(); i++) {
       const ConfiguredPackage& package = package_group.packages_[i];
-      if (exclude_system && package.loaded_package_->IsSystem()) {
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      auto apk_assets = apk_assets_[package_group.cookies_[i]];
-      if (exclude_system && apk_assets->IsOverlay() &&
-          non_system_overlays.find(apk_assets) == non_system_overlays.end()) {
-        // Exclude overlays that target system resources.
-        continue;
+      if (exclude_system) {
+        if (package.loaded_package_->IsSystem()) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (!non_system_overlays.empty()) {
+          // Exclude overlays that target only system resources.
+          auto apk_assets = apk_assets_[package_group.cookies_[i]].promote();
+          if (apk_assets && apk_assets->IsOverlay() &&
+              non_system_overlays.find(apk_assets) == non_system_overlays.end()) {
+            continue;
+          }
+        }
       }
 
       auto result = package.loaded_package_->CollectConfigurations(exclude_mipmap, &configurations);
@@ -454,20 +477,23 @@
   ATRACE_NAME("AssetManager::GetResourceLocales");
   std::set<std::string> locales;
   const auto non_system_overlays =
-      (exclude_system) ? GetNonSystemOverlays() : std::set<const ApkAssets*>();
+      exclude_system ? GetNonSystemOverlays() : std::set<ApkAssetsPtr>();
 
   for (const PackageGroup& package_group : package_groups_) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < package_group.packages_.size(); i++) {
       const ConfiguredPackage& package = package_group.packages_[i];
-      if (exclude_system && package.loaded_package_->IsSystem()) {
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      auto apk_assets = apk_assets_[package_group.cookies_[i]];
-      if (exclude_system && apk_assets->IsOverlay() &&
-          non_system_overlays.find(apk_assets) == non_system_overlays.end()) {
-        // Exclude overlays that target system resources.
-        continue;
+      if (exclude_system) {
+        if (package.loaded_package_->IsSystem()) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (!non_system_overlays.empty()) {
+          // Exclude overlays that target only system resources.
+          auto apk_assets = apk_assets_[package_group.cookies_[i]].promote();
+          if (apk_assets && apk_assets->IsOverlay() &&
+              non_system_overlays.find(apk_assets) == non_system_overlays.end()) {
+            continue;
+          }
+        }
       }
 
       package.loaded_package_->CollectLocales(merge_equivalent_languages, &locales);
@@ -492,13 +518,12 @@
   ATRACE_NAME("AssetManager::OpenDir");
 
   std::string full_path = "assets/" + dirname;
-  std::unique_ptr<SortedVector<AssetDir::FileInfo>> files =
-      util::make_unique<SortedVector<AssetDir::FileInfo>>();
+  auto files = util::make_unique<SortedVector<AssetDir::FileInfo>>();
 
   // Start from the back.
   for (auto iter = apk_assets_.rbegin(); iter != apk_assets_.rend(); ++iter) {
-    const ApkAssets* apk_assets = *iter;
-    if (apk_assets->IsOverlay()) {
+    auto apk_assets = iter->promote();
+    if (!apk_assets || apk_assets->IsOverlay()) {
       continue;
     }
 
@@ -527,14 +552,15 @@
                                                    Asset::AccessMode mode,
                                                    ApkAssetsCookie* out_cookie) const {
   for (int32_t i = apk_assets_.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    const auto assets = apk_assets_[i].promote();
     // Prevent RRO from modifying assets and other entries accessed by file
     // path. Explicitly asking for a path in a given package (denoted by a
     // cookie) is still OK.
-    if (apk_assets_[i]->IsOverlay()) {
+    if (!assets || assets->IsOverlay()) {
       continue;
     }
 
-    std::unique_ptr<Asset> asset = apk_assets_[i]->GetAssetsProvider()->Open(filename, mode);
+    std::unique_ptr<Asset> asset = assets->GetAssetsProvider()->Open(filename, mode);
     if (asset) {
       if (out_cookie != nullptr) {
         *out_cookie = i;
@@ -555,7 +581,8 @@
   if (cookie < 0 || static_cast<size_t>(cookie) >= apk_assets_.size()) {
     return {};
   }
-  return apk_assets_[cookie]->GetAssetsProvider()->Open(filename, mode);
+  auto assets = apk_assets_[cookie].promote();
+  return assets ? assets->GetAssetsProvider()->Open(filename, mode) : nullptr;
 }
 
 base::expected<FindEntryResult, NullOrIOError> AssetManager2::FindEntry(
@@ -603,90 +630,97 @@
   }
 
   bool overlaid = false;
-  if (!stop_at_first_match && !ignore_configuration && !apk_assets_[result->cookie]->IsLoader()) {
-    for (const auto& id_map : package_group.overlays_) {
-      auto overlay_entry = id_map.overlay_res_maps_.Lookup(resid);
-      if (!overlay_entry) {
-        // No id map entry exists for this target resource.
-        continue;
-      }
-      if (overlay_entry.IsInlineValue()) {
-        // The target resource is overlaid by an inline value not represented by a resource.
-        ConfigDescription best_frro_config;
-        Res_value best_frro_value;
-        bool frro_found = false;
-        for( const auto& [config, value] : overlay_entry.GetInlineValue()) {
-          if ((!frro_found || config.isBetterThan(best_frro_config, desired_config))
-              && config.match(*desired_config)) {
-            frro_found = true;
-            best_frro_config = config;
-            best_frro_value = value;
-          }
-        }
-        if (!frro_found) {
+  if (!stop_at_first_match && !ignore_configuration) {
+    auto assets = apk_assets_[result->cookie].promote();
+    if (!assets) {
+      ALOGE("Found expired ApkAssets #%d for resource ID 0x%08x.", result->cookie, resid);
+      return base::unexpected(std::nullopt);
+    }
+    if (!assets->IsLoader()) {
+      for (const auto& id_map : package_group.overlays_) {
+        auto overlay_entry = id_map.overlay_res_maps_.Lookup(resid);
+        if (!overlay_entry) {
+          // No id map entry exists for this target resource.
           continue;
         }
-        result->entry = best_frro_value;
+        if (overlay_entry.IsInlineValue()) {
+          // The target resource is overlaid by an inline value not represented by a resource.
+          ConfigDescription best_frro_config;
+          Res_value best_frro_value;
+          bool frro_found = false;
+          for( const auto& [config, value] : overlay_entry.GetInlineValue()) {
+            if ((!frro_found || config.isBetterThan(best_frro_config, desired_config))
+                && config.match(*desired_config)) {
+              frro_found = true;
+              best_frro_config = config;
+              best_frro_value = value;
+            }
+          }
+          if (!frro_found) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          result->entry = best_frro_value;
+          result->dynamic_ref_table = id_map.overlay_res_maps_.GetOverlayDynamicRefTable();
+          result->cookie = id_map.cookie;
+
+          if (UNLIKELY(logging_enabled)) {
+            last_resolution_.steps.push_back(
+                Resolution::Step{Resolution::Step::Type::OVERLAID_INLINE, result->cookie, String8()});
+            if (auto path = assets->GetPath()) {
+              const std::string overlay_path = path->data();
+              if (IsFabricatedOverlay(overlay_path)) {
+                // FRRO don't have package name so we use the creating package here.
+                String8 frro_name = String8("FRRO");
+                // Get the first part of it since the expected one should be like
+                // {overlayPackageName}-{overlayName}-{4 alphanumeric chars}.frro
+                // under /data/resource-cache/.
+                const std::string name = overlay_path.substr(overlay_path.rfind('/') + 1);
+                const size_t end = name.find('-');
+                if (frro_name.size() != overlay_path.size() && end != std::string::npos) {
+                  frro_name.append(base::StringPrintf(" created by %s",
+                                                      name.substr(0 /* pos */,
+                                                                  end).c_str()).c_str());
+                }
+                last_resolution_.best_package_name = frro_name;
+              } else {
+                last_resolution_.best_package_name = result->package_name->c_str();
+              }
+            }
+            overlaid = true;
+          }
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        auto overlay_result = FindEntry(overlay_entry.GetResourceId(), density_override,
+                                        false /* stop_at_first_match */,
+                                        false /* ignore_configuration */);
+        if (UNLIKELY(IsIOError(overlay_result))) {
+          return base::unexpected(overlay_result.error());
+        }
+        if (!overlay_result.has_value()) {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        if (!overlay_result->config.isBetterThan(result->config, desired_config)
+            && overlay_result->config.compare(result->config) != 0) {
+          // The configuration of the entry for the overlay must be equal to or better than the target
+          // configuration to be chosen as the better value.
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        result->cookie = overlay_result->cookie;
+        result->entry = overlay_result->entry;
+        result->config = overlay_result->config;
         result->dynamic_ref_table = id_map.overlay_res_maps_.GetOverlayDynamicRefTable();
-        result->cookie = id_map.cookie;
 
         if (UNLIKELY(logging_enabled)) {
           last_resolution_.steps.push_back(
-              Resolution::Step{Resolution::Step::Type::OVERLAID_INLINE, result->cookie, String8()});
-          if (auto path = apk_assets_[result->cookie]->GetPath()) {
-            const std::string overlay_path = path->data();
-            if (IsFabricatedOverlay(overlay_path)) {
-              // FRRO don't have package name so we use the creating package here.
-              String8 frro_name = String8("FRRO");
-              // Get the first part of it since the expected one should be like
-              // {overlayPackageName}-{overlayName}-{4 alphanumeric chars}.frro
-              // under /data/resource-cache/.
-              const std::string name = overlay_path.substr(overlay_path.rfind('/') + 1);
-              const size_t end = name.find('-');
-              if (frro_name.size() != overlay_path.size() && end != std::string::npos) {
-                frro_name.append(base::StringPrintf(" created by %s",
-                                                    name.substr(0 /* pos */,
-                                                                end).c_str()).c_str());
-              }
-              last_resolution_.best_package_name = frro_name;
-            } else {
-              last_resolution_.best_package_name = result->package_name->c_str();
-            }
-          }
+              Resolution::Step{Resolution::Step::Type::OVERLAID, overlay_result->cookie,
+                               overlay_result->config.toString()});
+          last_resolution_.best_package_name =
+              overlay_result->package_name->c_str();
           overlaid = true;
         }
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      auto overlay_result = FindEntry(overlay_entry.GetResourceId(), density_override,
-                                      false /* stop_at_first_match */,
-                                      false /* ignore_configuration */);
-      if (UNLIKELY(IsIOError(overlay_result))) {
-        return base::unexpected(overlay_result.error());
-      }
-      if (!overlay_result.has_value()) {
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      if (!overlay_result->config.isBetterThan(result->config, desired_config)
-          && overlay_result->config.compare(result->config) != 0) {
-        // The configuration of the entry for the overlay must be equal to or better than the target
-        // configuration to be chosen as the better value.
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      result->cookie = overlay_result->cookie;
-      result->entry = overlay_result->entry;
-      result->config = overlay_result->config;
-      result->dynamic_ref_table = id_map.overlay_res_maps_.GetOverlayDynamicRefTable();
-
-      if (UNLIKELY(logging_enabled)) {
-        last_resolution_.steps.push_back(
-            Resolution::Step{Resolution::Step::Type::OVERLAID, overlay_result->cookie,
-                             overlay_result->config.toString()});
-        last_resolution_.best_package_name =
-            overlay_result->package_name->c_str();
-        overlaid = true;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -859,7 +893,9 @@
   }
 
   const uint32_t resid = last_resolution_.resid;
-  const auto package = apk_assets_[cookie]->GetLoadedArsc()->GetPackageById(get_package_id(resid));
+  auto assets = apk_assets_[cookie].promote();
+  const auto package =
+      assets ? assets->GetLoadedArsc()->GetPackageById(get_package_id(resid)) : nullptr;
 
   std::string resource_name_string;
   if (package != nullptr) {
@@ -890,7 +926,9 @@
       continue;
     }
     const auto prefix = kStepStrings[int(step.type) - int(Resolution::Step::Type::INITIAL)];
-    log_stream << "\n\t" << prefix << ": " << apk_assets_[step.cookie]->GetDebugName();
+    auto assets = apk_assets_[step.cookie].promote();
+    log_stream << "\n\t" << prefix << ": " << (assets ? assets->GetDebugName() : "<null>")
+               << " #" << step.cookie;
     if (!step.config_name.isEmpty()) {
       log_stream << " - " << step.config_name;
     }
@@ -1554,12 +1592,20 @@
 
     // Determine which ApkAssets are loaded in both theme AssetManagers.
     const auto& src_assets = source.asset_manager_->GetApkAssets();
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < src_assets.size(); i++) {
-      const ApkAssets* src_asset = src_assets[i];
+    const auto& dest_assets = asset_manager_->GetApkAssets();
+    std::vector<AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr> promoted_src_assets;
+    promoted_src_assets.reserve(src_assets.size());
+    for (const auto& src_asset : src_assets) {
+      promoted_src_assets.emplace_back(src_asset.promote());
+    }
 
-      const auto& dest_assets = asset_manager_->GetApkAssets();
-      for (size_t j = 0; j < dest_assets.size(); j++) {
-        const ApkAssets* dest_asset = dest_assets[j];
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < dest_assets.size(); j++) {
+      auto dest_asset = dest_assets[j].promote();
+      if (!dest_asset) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < promoted_src_assets.size(); i++) {
+        const auto& src_asset = promoted_src_assets[i];
         if (src_asset != dest_asset) {
           // ResourcesManager caches and reuses ApkAssets when the same apk must be present in
           // multiple AssetManagers. Two ApkAssets point to the same version of the same resources
diff --git a/libs/androidfw/LoadedArsc.cpp b/libs/androidfw/LoadedArsc.cpp
index c0fdfe2..fbfae5e 100644
--- a/libs/androidfw/LoadedArsc.cpp
+++ b/libs/androidfw/LoadedArsc.cpp
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@
 }
 
 base::expected<std::monostate, IOError> LoadedPackage::CollectConfigurations(
-    bool exclude_mipmap, std::set<ResTable_config>* out_configs) const {\
+    bool exclude_mipmap, std::set<ResTable_config>* out_configs) const {
   for (const auto& type_spec : type_specs_) {
     if (exclude_mipmap) {
       const int type_idx = type_spec.first - 1;
diff --git a/libs/androidfw/include/androidfw/ApkAssets.h b/libs/androidfw/include/androidfw/ApkAssets.h
index 6f88f41..1fa6752 100644
--- a/libs/androidfw/include/androidfw/ApkAssets.h
+++ b/libs/androidfw/include/androidfw/ApkAssets.h
@@ -17,12 +17,13 @@
 #ifndef APKASSETS_H_
 #define APKASSETS_H_
 
+#include <utils/RefBase.h>
+
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
 #include "android-base/macros.h"
 #include "android-base/unique_fd.h"
-
 #include "androidfw/Asset.h"
 #include "androidfw/AssetsProvider.h"
 #include "androidfw/Idmap.h"
@@ -31,34 +32,33 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
+class ApkAssets;
+
+using ApkAssetsPtr = sp<ApkAssets>;
+
 // Holds an APK.
-class ApkAssets {
+class ApkAssets : public RefBase {
  public:
   // Creates an ApkAssets from a path on device.
-  static std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> Load(const std::string& path,
-                                         package_property_t flags = 0U);
+  static ApkAssetsPtr Load(const std::string& path, package_property_t flags = 0U);
 
   // Creates an ApkAssets from an open file descriptor.
-  static std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> LoadFromFd(base::unique_fd fd,
-                                               const std::string& debug_name,
-                                               package_property_t flags = 0U,
-                                               off64_t offset = 0,
-                                               off64_t len = AssetsProvider::kUnknownLength);
+  static ApkAssetsPtr LoadFromFd(base::unique_fd fd, const std::string& debug_name,
+                                 package_property_t flags = 0U, off64_t offset = 0,
+                                 off64_t len = AssetsProvider::kUnknownLength);
 
   // Creates an ApkAssets from an AssetProvider.
   // The ApkAssets will take care of destroying the AssetsProvider when it is destroyed.
-  static std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> Load(std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
-                                         package_property_t flags = 0U);
+  static ApkAssetsPtr Load(std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets, package_property_t flags = 0U);
 
   // Creates an ApkAssets from the given asset file representing a resources.arsc.
-  static std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> LoadTable(std::unique_ptr<Asset> resources_asset,
-                                              std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
-                                              package_property_t flags = 0U);
+  static ApkAssetsPtr LoadTable(std::unique_ptr<Asset> resources_asset,
+                                std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
+                                package_property_t flags = 0U);
 
   // Creates an ApkAssets from an IDMAP, which contains the original APK path, and the overlay
   // data.
-  static std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> LoadOverlay(const std::string& idmap_path,
-                                                package_property_t flags = 0U);
+  static ApkAssetsPtr LoadOverlay(const std::string& idmap_path, package_property_t flags = 0U);
 
   // Path to the contents of the ApkAssets on disk. The path could represent an APk, a directory,
   // or some other file type.
@@ -95,22 +95,27 @@
   bool IsUpToDate() const;
 
  private:
-  static std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> LoadImpl(std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
-                                             package_property_t property_flags,
-                                             std::unique_ptr<Asset> idmap_asset,
-                                             std::unique_ptr<LoadedIdmap> loaded_idmap);
+  static ApkAssetsPtr LoadImpl(std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
+                               package_property_t property_flags,
+                               std::unique_ptr<Asset> idmap_asset,
+                               std::unique_ptr<LoadedIdmap> loaded_idmap);
 
-  static std::unique_ptr<ApkAssets> LoadImpl(std::unique_ptr<Asset> resources_asset,
-                                             std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
-                                             package_property_t property_flags,
-                                             std::unique_ptr<Asset> idmap_asset,
-                                             std::unique_ptr<LoadedIdmap> loaded_idmap);
+  static ApkAssetsPtr LoadImpl(std::unique_ptr<Asset> resources_asset,
+                               std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
+                               package_property_t property_flags,
+                               std::unique_ptr<Asset> idmap_asset,
+                               std::unique_ptr<LoadedIdmap> loaded_idmap);
 
-  ApkAssets(std::unique_ptr<Asset> resources_asset,
-            std::unique_ptr<LoadedArsc> loaded_arsc,
-            std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
-            package_property_t property_flags,
-            std::unique_ptr<Asset> idmap_asset,
+  // Allows us to make it possible to call make_shared from inside the class but still keeps the
+  // ctor 'private' for all means and purposes.
+  struct PrivateConstructorUtil {
+    explicit PrivateConstructorUtil() = default;
+  };
+
+ public:
+  ApkAssets(PrivateConstructorUtil, std::unique_ptr<Asset> resources_asset,
+            std::unique_ptr<LoadedArsc> loaded_arsc, std::unique_ptr<AssetsProvider> assets,
+            package_property_t property_flags, std::unique_ptr<Asset> idmap_asset,
             std::unique_ptr<LoadedIdmap> loaded_idmap);
 
   std::unique_ptr<Asset> resources_asset_;
diff --git a/libs/androidfw/include/androidfw/AssetManager2.h b/libs/androidfw/include/androidfw/AssetManager2.h
index c116240..1f97995 100644
--- a/libs/androidfw/include/androidfw/AssetManager2.h
+++ b/libs/androidfw/include/androidfw/AssetManager2.h
@@ -17,14 +17,16 @@
 #ifndef ANDROIDFW_ASSETMANAGER2_H_
 #define ANDROIDFW_ASSETMANAGER2_H_
 
-#include "android-base/function_ref.h"
-#include "android-base/macros.h"
+#include <utils/RefBase.h>
 
 #include <array>
 #include <limits>
 #include <set>
+#include <span>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
+#include "android-base/function_ref.h"
+#include "android-base/macros.h"
 #include "androidfw/ApkAssets.h"
 #include "androidfw/Asset.h"
 #include "androidfw/AssetManager.h"
@@ -94,18 +96,25 @@
     size_t entry_len = 0u;
   };
 
-  AssetManager2();
+  using ApkAssetsPtr = sp<const ApkAssets>;
+  using ApkAssetsWPtr = wp<const ApkAssets>;
+  using ApkAssetsList = std::span<const ApkAssetsPtr>;
+
+  AssetManager2() = default;
   explicit AssetManager2(AssetManager2&& other) = default;
 
+  AssetManager2(ApkAssetsList apk_assets, const ResTable_config& configuration);
+
   // Sets/resets the underlying ApkAssets for this AssetManager. The ApkAssets
   // are not owned by the AssetManager, and must have a longer lifetime.
   //
   // Only pass invalidate_caches=false when it is known that the structure
   // change in ApkAssets is due to a safe addition of resources with completely
   // new resource IDs.
-  bool SetApkAssets(std::vector<const ApkAssets*> apk_assets, bool invalidate_caches = true);
+  bool SetApkAssets(ApkAssetsList apk_assets, bool invalidate_caches = true);
+  bool SetApkAssets(std::initializer_list<ApkAssetsPtr> apk_assets, bool invalidate_caches = true);
 
-  inline const std::vector<const ApkAssets*>& GetApkAssets() const {
+  inline const std::vector<ApkAssetsWPtr>& GetApkAssets() const {
     return apk_assets_;
   }
 
@@ -399,7 +408,7 @@
 
   // Assigns package IDs to all shared library ApkAssets.
   // Should be called whenever the ApkAssets are changed.
-  void BuildDynamicRefTable();
+  void BuildDynamicRefTable(ApkAssetsList assets);
 
   // Purge all resources that are cached and vary by the configuration axis denoted by the
   // bitmask `diff`.
@@ -410,7 +419,7 @@
   void RebuildFilterList();
 
   // Retrieves the APK paths of overlays that overlay non-system packages.
-  std::set<const ApkAssets*> GetNonSystemOverlays() const;
+  std::set<ApkAssetsPtr> GetNonSystemOverlays() const;
 
   // AssetManager2::GetBag(resid) wraps this function to track which resource ids have already
   // been seen while traversing bag parents.
@@ -419,7 +428,7 @@
 
   // The ordered list of ApkAssets to search. These are not owned by the AssetManager, and must
   // have a longer lifetime.
-  std::vector<const ApkAssets*> apk_assets_;
+  std::vector<ApkAssetsWPtr> apk_assets_;
 
   // DynamicRefTables for shared library package resolution.
   // These are ordered according to apk_assets_. The mappings may change depending on what is
@@ -433,7 +442,7 @@
 
   // The current configuration set for this AssetManager. When this changes, cached resources
   // may need to be purged.
-  ResTable_config configuration_;
+  ResTable_config configuration_ = {};
 
   // Cached set of bags. These are cached because they can inherit keys from parent bags,
   // which involves some calculation.
diff --git a/libs/androidfw/include/androidfw/MutexGuard.h b/libs/androidfw/include/androidfw/MutexGuard.h
index 6fc6d64..b6093db 100644
--- a/libs/androidfw/include/androidfw/MutexGuard.h
+++ b/libs/androidfw/include/androidfw/MutexGuard.h
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef ANDROIDFW_MUTEXGUARD_H
-#define ANDROIDFW_MUTEXGUARD_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <mutex>
 #include <optional>
 #include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
 
 #include "android-base/macros.h"
 
@@ -45,20 +45,25 @@
 //
 template <typename T>
 class Guarded {
-  static_assert(!std::is_pointer<T>::value, "T must not be a raw pointer");
+  static_assert(!std::is_pointer_v<T>, "T must not be a raw pointer");
 
  public:
-  Guarded() : guarded_(std::in_place, T()) {
+  Guarded() : guarded_(std::in_place) {
   }
 
   explicit Guarded(const T& guarded) : guarded_(std::in_place, guarded) {
   }
 
-  explicit Guarded(T&& guarded) : guarded_(std::in_place, std::forward<T>(guarded)) {
+  explicit Guarded(T&& guarded) : guarded_(std::in_place, std::move(guarded)) {
   }
 
-  ~Guarded() {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> scoped_lock(lock_);
+  // Unfortunately, some legacy designs make even class deletion race-prone, where some other
+  // thread may have not finished working with the same object. For those cases one may destroy the
+  // object under a lock (but please fix your code, at least eventually!).
+  template <class Func>
+  void safeDelete(Func f) {
+    std::lock_guard scoped_lock(lock_);
+    f(guarded_ ? &guarded_.value() : nullptr);
     guarded_.reset();
   }
 
@@ -96,5 +101,3 @@
 };
 
 }  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // ANDROIDFW_MUTEXGUARD_H
diff --git a/libs/androidfw/tests/ApkAssets_test.cpp b/libs/androidfw/tests/ApkAssets_test.cpp
index 19db25c..70326b7 100644
--- a/libs/androidfw/tests/ApkAssets_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/androidfw/tests/ApkAssets_test.cpp
@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@
 namespace android {
 
 TEST(ApkAssetsTest, LoadApk) {
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> loaded_apk =
-      ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/basic/basic.apk");
+  auto loaded_apk = ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/basic/basic.apk");
   ASSERT_THAT(loaded_apk, NotNull());
 
   const LoadedArsc* loaded_arsc = loaded_apk->GetLoadedArsc();
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@
   unique_fd fd(::open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_BINARY));
   ASSERT_THAT(fd.get(), Ge(0));
 
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> loaded_apk = ApkAssets::LoadFromFd(std::move(fd), path);
+  auto loaded_apk = ApkAssets::LoadFromFd(std::move(fd), path);
   ASSERT_THAT(loaded_apk, NotNull());
 
   const LoadedArsc* loaded_arsc = loaded_apk->GetLoadedArsc();
@@ -60,8 +59,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST(ApkAssetsTest, LoadApkAsSharedLibrary) {
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> loaded_apk =
-      ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/appaslib/appaslib.apk");
+  auto loaded_apk = ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/appaslib/appaslib.apk");
   ASSERT_THAT(loaded_apk, NotNull());
 
   const LoadedArsc* loaded_arsc = loaded_apk->GetLoadedArsc();
@@ -79,8 +77,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST(ApkAssetsTest, CreateAndDestroyAssetKeepsApkAssetsOpen) {
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> loaded_apk =
-      ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/basic/basic.apk");
+  auto loaded_apk = ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/basic/basic.apk");
   ASSERT_THAT(loaded_apk, NotNull());
 
   { ASSERT_THAT(loaded_apk->GetAssetsProvider()->Open("res/layout/main.xml",
@@ -91,8 +88,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST(ApkAssetsTest, OpenUncompressedAssetFd) {
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> loaded_apk =
-      ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/basic/basic.apk");
+  auto loaded_apk = ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/basic/basic.apk");
   ASSERT_THAT(loaded_apk, NotNull());
 
   auto asset = loaded_apk->GetAssetsProvider()->Open("assets/uncompressed.txt",
diff --git a/libs/androidfw/tests/AssetManager2_bench.cpp b/libs/androidfw/tests/AssetManager2_bench.cpp
index c7ae618..6fae72a 100644
--- a/libs/androidfw/tests/AssetManager2_bench.cpp
+++ b/libs/androidfw/tests/AssetManager2_bench.cpp
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@
 static void BM_AssetManagerLoadAssets(benchmark::State& state) {
   std::string path = GetTestDataPath() + "/basic/basic.apk";
   while (state.KeepRunning()) {
-    std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> apk = ApkAssets::Load(path);
+    auto apk = ApkAssets::Load(path);
     AssetManager2 assets;
-    assets.SetApkAssets({apk.get()});
+    assets.SetApkAssets({apk});
   }
 }
 BENCHMARK(BM_AssetManagerLoadAssets);
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@
 static void BM_AssetManagerLoadFrameworkAssets(benchmark::State& state) {
   std::string path = kFrameworkPath;
   while (state.KeepRunning()) {
-    std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> apk = ApkAssets::Load(path);
+    auto apk = ApkAssets::Load(path);
     AssetManager2 assets;
-    assets.SetApkAssets({apk.get()});
+    assets.SetApkAssets({apk});
   }
 }
 BENCHMARK(BM_AssetManagerLoadFrameworkAssets);
@@ -129,14 +129,14 @@
 BENCHMARK(BM_AssetManagerGetResourceFrameworkLocaleOld);
 
 static void BM_AssetManagerGetBag(benchmark::State& state) {
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> apk = ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/styles/styles.apk");
+  auto apk = ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/styles/styles.apk");
   if (apk == nullptr) {
     state.SkipWithError("Failed to load assets");
     return;
   }
 
   AssetManager2 assets;
-  assets.SetApkAssets({apk.get()});
+  assets.SetApkAssets({apk});
 
   while (state.KeepRunning()) {
     auto bag = assets.GetBag(app::R::style::StyleTwo);
@@ -181,14 +181,14 @@
 BENCHMARK(BM_AssetManagerGetBagOld);
 
 static void BM_AssetManagerGetResourceLocales(benchmark::State& state) {
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> apk = ApkAssets::Load(kFrameworkPath);
+  auto apk = ApkAssets::Load(kFrameworkPath);
   if (apk == nullptr) {
     state.SkipWithError("Failed to load assets");
     return;
   }
 
   AssetManager2 assets;
-  assets.SetApkAssets({apk.get()});
+  assets.SetApkAssets({apk});
 
   while (state.KeepRunning()) {
     std::set<std::string> locales =
@@ -217,14 +217,14 @@
 BENCHMARK(BM_AssetManagerGetResourceLocalesOld);
 
 static void BM_AssetManagerSetConfigurationFramework(benchmark::State& state) {
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> apk = ApkAssets::Load(kFrameworkPath);
+  auto apk = ApkAssets::Load(kFrameworkPath);
   if (apk == nullptr) {
     state.SkipWithError("Failed to load assets");
     return;
   }
 
   AssetManager2 assets;
-  assets.SetApkAssets({apk.get()});
+  assets.SetApkAssets({apk});
 
   ResTable_config config;
   memset(&config, 0, sizeof(config));
diff --git a/libs/androidfw/tests/AssetManager2_test.cpp b/libs/androidfw/tests/AssetManager2_test.cpp
index 4394740..5a5bafdf 100644
--- a/libs/androidfw/tests/AssetManager2_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/androidfw/tests/AssetManager2_test.cpp
@@ -91,19 +91,19 @@
   }
 
  protected:
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> basic_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> basic_de_fr_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> basic_xhdpi_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> basic_xxhdpi_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> style_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> lib_one_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> lib_two_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> libclient_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> appaslib_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> system_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> app_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> overlay_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> overlayable_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr basic_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr basic_de_fr_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr basic_xhdpi_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr basic_xxhdpi_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr style_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr lib_one_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr lib_two_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr libclient_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr appaslib_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr system_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr app_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr overlay_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr overlayable_assets_;
 };
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, FindsResourceFromSingleApkAssets) {
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
 
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
   assetmanager.SetConfiguration(desired_config);
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_});
 
   auto value = assetmanager.GetResource(basic::R::string::test1);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@
 
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
   assetmanager.SetConfiguration(desired_config);
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get(), basic_de_fr_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_, basic_de_fr_assets_});
 
   auto value = assetmanager.GetResource(basic::R::string::test1);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
@@ -159,8 +159,7 @@
 
   // libclient is built with lib_one and then lib_two in order.
   // Reverse the order to test that proper package ID re-assignment is happening.
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets(
-      {lib_two_assets_.get(), lib_one_assets_.get(), libclient_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({lib_two_assets_, lib_one_assets_, libclient_assets_});
 
   auto value = assetmanager.GetResource(libclient::R::string::foo_one);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, FindsResourceFromAppLoadedAsSharedLibrary) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({appaslib_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({appaslib_assets_});
 
   // The appaslib package will have been assigned the package ID 0x02.
   auto value = assetmanager.GetResource(fix_package_id(appaslib::R::integer::number1, 0x02));
@@ -206,27 +205,26 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, AssignsOverlayPackageIdLast) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets(
-      {overlayable_assets_.get(), overlay_assets_.get(), lib_one_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({overlayable_assets_, overlay_assets_, lib_one_assets_});
 
   auto apk_assets = assetmanager.GetApkAssets();
   ASSERT_EQ(3, apk_assets.size());
-  ASSERT_EQ(overlayable_assets_.get(), apk_assets[0]);
-  ASSERT_EQ(overlay_assets_.get(), apk_assets[1]);
-  ASSERT_EQ(lib_one_assets_.get(), apk_assets[2]);
+  ASSERT_EQ(overlayable_assets_, apk_assets[0].promote());
+  ASSERT_EQ(overlay_assets_, apk_assets[1].promote());
+  ASSERT_EQ(lib_one_assets_, apk_assets[2].promote());
 
-  auto get_first_package_id = [&assetmanager](const ApkAssets* apkAssets) -> uint8_t {
+  auto get_first_package_id = [&assetmanager](auto apkAssets) -> uint8_t {
     return assetmanager.GetAssignedPackageId(apkAssets->GetLoadedArsc()->GetPackages()[0].get());
   };
 
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x7f, get_first_package_id(overlayable_assets_.get()));
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x03, get_first_package_id(overlay_assets_.get()));
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x02, get_first_package_id(lib_one_assets_.get()));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7f, get_first_package_id(overlayable_assets_));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x03, get_first_package_id(overlay_assets_));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x02, get_first_package_id(lib_one_assets_));
 }
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, GetSharedLibraryResourceName) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({lib_one_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({lib_one_assets_});
 
   auto name = assetmanager.GetResourceName(lib_one::R::string::foo);
   ASSERT_TRUE(name.has_value());
@@ -235,7 +233,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, GetResourceNameNonMatchingConfig) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_de_fr_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_de_fr_assets_});
 
   auto value = assetmanager.GetResourceName(basic::R::string::test1);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
@@ -244,7 +242,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, GetResourceTypeSpecFlags) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_de_fr_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_de_fr_assets_});
 
   auto value = assetmanager.GetResourceTypeSpecFlags(basic::R::string::test1);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
@@ -253,7 +251,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, FindsBagResourceFromSingleApkAssets) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_});
 
   auto bag = assetmanager.GetBag(basic::R::array::integerArray1);
   ASSERT_TRUE(bag.has_value());
@@ -280,8 +278,7 @@
 
   // libclient is built with lib_one and then lib_two in order.
   // Reverse the order to test that proper package ID re-assignment is happening.
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets(
-      {lib_two_assets_.get(), lib_one_assets_.get(), libclient_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({lib_two_assets_, lib_one_assets_, libclient_assets_});
 
   auto bag = assetmanager.GetBag(fix_package_id(lib_one::R::style::Theme, 0x03));
   ASSERT_TRUE(bag.has_value());
@@ -300,8 +297,7 @@
 
   // libclient is built with lib_one and then lib_two in order.
   // Reverse the order to test that proper package ID re-assignment is happening.
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets(
-      {lib_two_assets_.get(), lib_one_assets_.get(), libclient_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({lib_two_assets_, lib_one_assets_, libclient_assets_});
 
   auto bag = assetmanager.GetBag(libclient::R::style::ThemeMultiLib);
   ASSERT_TRUE(bag.has_value());
@@ -321,8 +317,7 @@
 
   // libclient is built with lib_one and then lib_two in order.
   // Reverse the order to test that proper package ID re-assignment is happening.
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets(
-      {lib_two_assets_.get(), lib_one_assets_.get(), libclient_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({lib_two_assets_, lib_one_assets_, libclient_assets_});
 
   auto bag = assetmanager.GetBag(libclient::R::style::Theme);
   ASSERT_TRUE(bag.has_value());
@@ -337,7 +332,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, MergesStylesWithParentFromSingleApkAssets) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_});
 
   auto bag_one = assetmanager.GetBag(app::R::style::StyleOne);
   ASSERT_TRUE(bag_one.has_value());
@@ -401,7 +396,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, MergeStylesCircularDependency) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_});
 
   // GetBag should stop traversing the parents of styles when a circular
   // dependency is detected
@@ -412,7 +407,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, ResolveReferenceToResource) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_});
 
   auto value = assetmanager.GetResource(basic::R::integer::ref1);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
@@ -428,7 +423,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, ResolveReferenceToBag) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_});
 
   auto value = assetmanager.GetResource(basic::R::integer::number2, true /*may_be_bag*/);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
@@ -444,7 +439,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, ResolveDeepIdReference) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_});
 
   // Set up the resource ids
   auto high_ref = assetmanager.GetResourceId("@id/high_ref", "values", "com.android.basic");
@@ -470,8 +465,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, DensityOverride) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get(), basic_xhdpi_assets_.get(),
-                             basic_xxhdpi_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_, basic_xhdpi_assets_, basic_xxhdpi_assets_});
   assetmanager.SetConfiguration({
     .density = ResTable_config::DENSITY_XHIGH,
     .sdkVersion = 21,
@@ -493,7 +487,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, KeepLastReferenceIdUnmodifiedIfNoReferenceIsResolved) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_});
 
   // Create some kind of value that is NOT a reference.
   AssetManager2::SelectedValue value{};
@@ -509,7 +503,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, ResolveReferenceMissingResourceDoNotCacheFlags) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_});
   {
     AssetManager2::SelectedValue value{};
     value.data = basic::R::string::test1;
@@ -540,7 +534,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, ResolveReferenceMissingResource) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_});
 
   const uint32_t kMissingResId = 0x8001ffff;
   AssetManager2::SelectedValue value{};
@@ -558,7 +552,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, ResolveReferenceMissingResourceLib) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({libclient_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({libclient_assets_});
 
   AssetManager2::SelectedValue value{};
   value.type = Res_value::TYPE_REFERENCE;
@@ -580,7 +574,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, GetResourceConfigurations) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get(), basic_de_fr_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_, basic_de_fr_assets_});
 
   auto configurations = assetmanager.GetResourceConfigurations();
   ASSERT_TRUE(configurations.has_value());
@@ -625,7 +619,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, GetResourceLocales) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get(), basic_de_fr_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_, basic_de_fr_assets_});
 
   std::set<std::string> locales = assetmanager.GetResourceLocales();
 
@@ -644,7 +638,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, GetResourceId) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_});
 
   auto resid = assetmanager.GetResourceId("com.android.basic:layout/main", "", "");
   ASSERT_TRUE(resid.has_value());
@@ -661,7 +655,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, OpensFileFromSingleApkAssets) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_});
 
   std::unique_ptr<Asset> asset = assetmanager.Open("file.txt", Asset::ACCESS_BUFFER);
   ASSERT_THAT(asset, NotNull());
@@ -673,7 +667,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, OpensFileFromMultipleApkAssets) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get(), app_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_, app_assets_});
 
   std::unique_ptr<Asset> asset = assetmanager.Open("file.txt", Asset::ACCESS_BUFFER);
   ASSERT_THAT(asset, NotNull());
@@ -685,7 +679,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, OpenDir) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_});
 
   std::unique_ptr<AssetDir> asset_dir = assetmanager.OpenDir("");
   ASSERT_THAT(asset_dir, NotNull());
@@ -707,7 +701,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, OpenDirFromManyApks) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get(), app_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_, app_assets_});
 
   std::unique_ptr<AssetDir> asset_dir = assetmanager.OpenDir("");
   ASSERT_THAT(asset_dir, NotNull());
@@ -728,7 +722,7 @@
 
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
   assetmanager.SetConfiguration(desired_config);
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_});
   assetmanager.SetResourceResolutionLoggingEnabled(false);
 
   auto value = assetmanager.GetResource(basic::R::string::test1);
@@ -743,7 +737,7 @@
 
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
   assetmanager.SetConfiguration(desired_config);
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_});
 
   auto result = assetmanager.GetLastResourceResolution();
   EXPECT_EQ("", result);
@@ -758,17 +752,18 @@
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
   assetmanager.SetResourceResolutionLoggingEnabled(true);
   assetmanager.SetConfiguration(desired_config);
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_});
 
   auto value = assetmanager.GetResource(basic::R::string::test1);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
 
   auto result = assetmanager.GetLastResourceResolution();
-  EXPECT_EQ("Resolution for 0x7f030000 com.android.basic:string/test1\n"
-            "\tFor config - de\n"
-            "\tFound initial: basic/basic.apk\n"
-            "Best matching is from default configuration of com.android.basic",
-            result);
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      "Resolution for 0x7f030000 com.android.basic:string/test1\n"
+      "\tFor config - de\n"
+      "\tFound initial: basic/basic.apk #0\n"
+      "Best matching is from default configuration of com.android.basic",
+      result);
 }
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, GetLastPathWithMultipleApkAssets) {
@@ -780,18 +775,19 @@
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
   assetmanager.SetResourceResolutionLoggingEnabled(true);
   assetmanager.SetConfiguration(desired_config);
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get(), basic_de_fr_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_, basic_de_fr_assets_});
 
   auto value = assetmanager.GetResource(basic::R::string::test1);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
 
   auto result = assetmanager.GetLastResourceResolution();
-  EXPECT_EQ("Resolution for 0x7f030000 com.android.basic:string/test1\n"
-            "\tFor config - de\n"
-            "\tFound initial: basic/basic.apk\n"
-            "\tFound better: basic/basic_de_fr.apk - de\n"
-            "Best matching is from de configuration of com.android.basic",
-            result);
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      "Resolution for 0x7f030000 com.android.basic:string/test1\n"
+      "\tFor config - de\n"
+      "\tFound initial: basic/basic.apk #0\n"
+      "\tFound better: basic/basic_de_fr.apk #1 - de\n"
+      "Best matching is from de configuration of com.android.basic",
+      result);
 }
 
 TEST_F(AssetManager2Test, GetLastPathAfterDisablingReturnsEmpty) {
@@ -801,7 +797,7 @@
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
   assetmanager.SetResourceResolutionLoggingEnabled(true);
   assetmanager.SetConfiguration(desired_config);
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({basic_assets_});
 
   auto value = assetmanager.GetResource(basic::R::string::test1);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
@@ -822,7 +818,7 @@
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
   assetmanager.SetResourceResolutionLoggingEnabled(true);
   assetmanager.SetConfiguration(desired_config);
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({overlayable_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({overlayable_assets_});
 
   const auto map = assetmanager.GetOverlayableMapForPackage(0x7f);
   ASSERT_NE(nullptr, map);
diff --git a/libs/androidfw/tests/AttributeResolution_bench.cpp b/libs/androidfw/tests/AttributeResolution_bench.cpp
index 1c89c61..384f4a7 100644
--- a/libs/androidfw/tests/AttributeResolution_bench.cpp
+++ b/libs/androidfw/tests/AttributeResolution_bench.cpp
@@ -36,15 +36,14 @@
 constexpr const static uint32_t Theme_Material_Light = 0x01030237u;
 
 static void BM_ApplyStyle(benchmark::State& state) {
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> styles_apk =
-      ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/styles/styles.apk");
+  auto styles_apk = ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/styles/styles.apk");
   if (styles_apk == nullptr) {
     state.SkipWithError("failed to load assets");
     return;
   }
 
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({styles_apk.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({styles_apk});
 
   std::unique_ptr<Asset> asset =
       assetmanager.OpenNonAsset("res/layout/layout.xml", Asset::ACCESS_BUFFER);
@@ -80,21 +79,20 @@
 BENCHMARK(BM_ApplyStyle);
 
 static void BM_ApplyStyleFramework(benchmark::State& state) {
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> framework_apk = ApkAssets::Load(kFrameworkPath);
+  auto framework_apk = ApkAssets::Load(kFrameworkPath);
   if (framework_apk == nullptr) {
     state.SkipWithError("failed to load framework assets");
     return;
   }
 
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> basic_apk =
-      ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/basic/basic.apk");
+  auto basic_apk = ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/basic/basic.apk");
   if (basic_apk == nullptr) {
     state.SkipWithError("failed to load assets");
     return;
   }
 
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({framework_apk.get(), basic_apk.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({framework_apk, basic_apk});
 
   ResTable_config device_config;
   memset(&device_config, 0, sizeof(device_config));
diff --git a/libs/androidfw/tests/AttributeResolution_test.cpp b/libs/androidfw/tests/AttributeResolution_test.cpp
index bb9129a..329830f 100644
--- a/libs/androidfw/tests/AttributeResolution_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/androidfw/tests/AttributeResolution_test.cpp
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@
   virtual void SetUp() override {
     styles_assets_ = ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/styles/styles.apk");
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, styles_assets_);
-    assetmanager_.SetApkAssets({styles_assets_.get()});
+    assetmanager_.SetApkAssets({styles_assets_});
   }
 
  protected:
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> styles_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr styles_assets_;
   AssetManager2 assetmanager_;
 };
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
   auto apk_assets = ApkAssets::Load(GetTestDataPath() + "/styles/styles.apk", PROPERTY_DYNAMIC);
   ASSERT_NE(nullptr, apk_assets);
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({apk_assets.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({apk_assets});
 
   std::unique_ptr<Theme> theme = assetmanager.NewTheme();
 
diff --git a/libs/androidfw/tests/BenchmarkHelpers.cpp b/libs/androidfw/tests/BenchmarkHelpers.cpp
index 0fa0573..b97dd96 100644
--- a/libs/androidfw/tests/BenchmarkHelpers.cpp
+++ b/libs/androidfw/tests/BenchmarkHelpers.cpp
@@ -53,20 +53,18 @@
 
 void GetResourceBenchmark(const std::vector<std::string>& paths, const ResTable_config* config,
                           uint32_t resid, benchmark::State& state) {
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets>> apk_assets;
-  std::vector<const ApkAssets*> apk_assets_ptrs;
+  std::vector<AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr> apk_assets;
   for (const std::string& path : paths) {
-    std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> apk = ApkAssets::Load(path);
+    auto apk = ApkAssets::Load(path);
     if (apk == nullptr) {
       state.SkipWithError(base::StringPrintf("Failed to load assets %s", path.c_str()).c_str());
       return;
     }
-    apk_assets_ptrs.push_back(apk.get());
     apk_assets.push_back(std::move(apk));
   }
 
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets(apk_assets_ptrs);
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets(apk_assets);
   if (config != nullptr) {
     assetmanager.SetConfiguration(*config);
   }
diff --git a/libs/androidfw/tests/Idmap_test.cpp b/libs/androidfw/tests/Idmap_test.cpp
index b434915..568e041 100644
--- a/libs/androidfw/tests/Idmap_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/androidfw/tests/Idmap_test.cpp
@@ -59,15 +59,16 @@
 
  protected:
   std::string original_path;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> system_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> overlay_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> overlayable_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr system_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr overlay_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr overlayable_assets_;
 };
 
 std::string GetStringFromApkAssets(const AssetManager2& asset_manager,
                                    const AssetManager2::SelectedValue& value) {
   auto assets = asset_manager.GetApkAssets();
-  const ResStringPool* string_pool = assets[value.cookie]->GetLoadedArsc()->GetStringPool();
+  const ResStringPool* string_pool =
+      assets[value.cookie].promote()->GetLoadedArsc()->GetStringPool();
   return GetStringFromPool(string_pool, value.data);
 }
 
@@ -75,8 +76,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(IdmapTest, OverlayOverridesResourceValue) {
   AssetManager2 asset_manager;
-  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get(), overlayable_assets_.get(),
-                              overlay_assets_.get()});
+  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_, overlayable_assets_, overlay_assets_});
 
   auto value = asset_manager.GetResource(overlayable::R::string::overlayable5);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
@@ -87,8 +87,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(IdmapTest, OverlayOverridesResourceValueUsingDifferentPackage) {
   AssetManager2 asset_manager;
-  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get(), overlayable_assets_.get(),
-                              overlay_assets_.get()});
+  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_, overlayable_assets_, overlay_assets_});
 
   auto value = asset_manager.GetResource(overlayable::R::string::overlayable10);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
@@ -99,8 +98,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(IdmapTest, OverlayOverridesResourceValueUsingInternalResource) {
   AssetManager2 asset_manager;
-  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get(), overlayable_assets_.get(),
-                              overlay_assets_.get()});
+  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_, overlayable_assets_, overlay_assets_});
 
   auto value = asset_manager.GetResource(overlayable::R::string::overlayable8);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
@@ -111,8 +109,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(IdmapTest, OverlayOverridesResourceValueUsingInlineInteger) {
   AssetManager2 asset_manager;
-  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get(), overlayable_assets_.get(),
-                              overlay_assets_.get()});
+  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_, overlayable_assets_, overlay_assets_});
 
   auto value = asset_manager.GetResource(overlayable::R::integer::config_integer);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
@@ -123,8 +120,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(IdmapTest, OverlayOverridesResourceValueUsingInlineString) {
   AssetManager2 asset_manager;
-  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get(), overlayable_assets_.get(),
-                              overlay_assets_.get()});
+  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_, overlayable_assets_, overlay_assets_});
 
   auto value = asset_manager.GetResource(overlayable::R::string::overlayable11);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
@@ -135,8 +131,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(IdmapTest, OverlayOverridesResourceValueUsingOverlayingResource) {
   AssetManager2 asset_manager;
-  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get(), overlayable_assets_.get(),
-                              overlay_assets_.get()});
+  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_, overlayable_assets_, overlay_assets_});
 
   auto value = asset_manager.GetResource(overlayable::R::string::overlayable9);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
@@ -147,8 +142,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(IdmapTest, OverlayOverridesXmlParser) {
   AssetManager2 asset_manager;
-  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get(), overlayable_assets_.get(),
-                              overlay_assets_.get()});
+  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_, overlayable_assets_, overlay_assets_});
 
   auto value = asset_manager.GetResource(overlayable::R::layout::hello_view);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
@@ -186,8 +180,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(IdmapTest, OverlaidResourceHasSameName) {
   AssetManager2 asset_manager;
-  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get(), overlayable_assets_.get(),
-                              overlay_assets_.get()});
+  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({system_assets_, overlayable_assets_, overlay_assets_});
 
   auto name = asset_manager.GetResourceName(overlayable::R::string::overlayable9);
   ASSERT_TRUE(name.has_value());
@@ -203,8 +196,7 @@
   auto loader_assets = ApkAssets::LoadTable(std::move(asset), EmptyAssetsProvider::Create(),
       PROPERTY_LOADER);
   AssetManager2 asset_manager;
-  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({overlayable_assets_.get(), loader_assets.get(),
-                              overlay_assets_.get()});
+  asset_manager.SetApkAssets({overlayable_assets_, loader_assets, overlay_assets_});
 
   auto value = asset_manager.GetResource(overlayable::R::string::overlayable11);
   ASSERT_TRUE(value.has_value());
diff --git a/libs/androidfw/tests/Theme_bench.cpp b/libs/androidfw/tests/Theme_bench.cpp
index f3d60bb..dfbb5a7 100644
--- a/libs/androidfw/tests/Theme_bench.cpp
+++ b/libs/androidfw/tests/Theme_bench.cpp
@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@
 constexpr const static uint32_t kAttrId = 0x01010030u;   // android:attr/colorForeground
 
 static void BM_ThemeApplyStyleFramework(benchmark::State& state) {
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> apk = ApkAssets::Load(kFrameworkPath);
+  auto apk = ApkAssets::Load(kFrameworkPath);
   if (apk == nullptr) {
     state.SkipWithError("Failed to load assets");
     return;
   }
 
   AssetManager2 assets;
-  assets.SetApkAssets({apk.get()});
+  assets.SetApkAssets({apk});
 
   while (state.KeepRunning()) {
     auto theme = assets.NewTheme();
@@ -62,10 +62,10 @@
 BENCHMARK(BM_ThemeApplyStyleFrameworkOld);
 
 static void BM_ThemeGetAttribute(benchmark::State& state) {
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> apk = ApkAssets::Load(kFrameworkPath);
+  auto apk = ApkAssets::Load(kFrameworkPath);
 
   AssetManager2 assets;
-  assets.SetApkAssets({apk.get()});
+  assets.SetApkAssets({apk});
 
   auto theme = assets.NewTheme();
   theme->ApplyStyle(kStyleId, false /* force */);
diff --git a/libs/androidfw/tests/Theme_test.cpp b/libs/androidfw/tests/Theme_test.cpp
index 77114f2..e08a6a7 100644
--- a/libs/androidfw/tests/Theme_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/androidfw/tests/Theme_test.cpp
@@ -53,16 +53,16 @@
   }
 
  protected:
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> system_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> style_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> libclient_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> lib_one_assets_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> lib_two_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr system_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr style_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr libclient_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr lib_one_assets_;
+  AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr lib_two_assets_;
 };
 
 TEST_F(ThemeTest, EmptyTheme) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_});
 
   std::unique_ptr<Theme> theme = assetmanager.NewTheme();
   EXPECT_EQ(0u, theme->GetChangingConfigurations());
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(ThemeTest, SingleThemeNoParent) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_});
 
   std::unique_ptr<Theme> theme = assetmanager.NewTheme();
   ASSERT_TRUE(theme->ApplyStyle(app::R::style::StyleOne).has_value());
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(ThemeTest, SingleThemeWithParent) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_});
 
   std::unique_ptr<Theme> theme = assetmanager.NewTheme();
   ASSERT_TRUE(theme->ApplyStyle(app::R::style::StyleTwo).has_value());
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(ThemeTest, TryToUseBadResourceId) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_});
 
   std::unique_ptr<Theme> theme = assetmanager.NewTheme();
   ASSERT_TRUE(theme->ApplyStyle(app::R::style::StyleTwo).has_value());
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(ThemeTest, MultipleThemesOverlaidNotForce) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_});
 
   std::unique_ptr<Theme> theme = assetmanager.NewTheme();
   ASSERT_TRUE(theme->ApplyStyle(app::R::style::StyleTwo).has_value());
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(ThemeTest, MultipleThemesOverlaidForced) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_});
 
   std::unique_ptr<Theme> theme = assetmanager.NewTheme();
   ASSERT_TRUE(theme->ApplyStyle(app::R::style::StyleTwo).has_value());
@@ -190,8 +190,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(ThemeTest, ResolveDynamicAttributesAndReferencesToSharedLibrary) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets(
-      {lib_two_assets_.get(), lib_one_assets_.get(), libclient_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({lib_two_assets_, lib_one_assets_, libclient_assets_});
 
   std::unique_ptr<Theme> theme = assetmanager.NewTheme();
   ASSERT_TRUE(theme->ApplyStyle(libclient::R::style::Theme, false /*force*/).has_value());
@@ -216,7 +215,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(ThemeTest, CopyThemeSameAssetManager) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager;
-  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager.SetApkAssets({style_assets_});
 
   std::unique_ptr<Theme> theme_one = assetmanager.NewTheme();
   ASSERT_TRUE(theme_one->ApplyStyle(app::R::style::StyleOne).has_value());
@@ -253,10 +252,10 @@
 
 TEST_F(ThemeTest, ThemeRebase) {
   AssetManager2 am;
-  am.SetApkAssets({style_assets_.get()});
+  am.SetApkAssets({style_assets_});
 
   AssetManager2 am_night;
-  am_night.SetApkAssets({style_assets_.get()});
+  am_night.SetApkAssets({style_assets_});
 
   ResTable_config night{};
   night.uiMode = ResTable_config::UI_MODE_NIGHT_YES;
@@ -327,12 +326,11 @@
 
 TEST_F(ThemeTest, OnlyCopySameAssetsThemeWhenAssetManagersDiffer) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager_dst;
-  assetmanager_dst.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get(), lib_one_assets_.get(), style_assets_.get(),
-                                 libclient_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager_dst.SetApkAssets(
+      {system_assets_, lib_one_assets_, style_assets_, libclient_assets_});
 
   AssetManager2 assetmanager_src;
-  assetmanager_src.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get(), lib_two_assets_.get(), lib_one_assets_.get(),
-                                 style_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager_src.SetApkAssets({system_assets_, lib_two_assets_, lib_one_assets_, style_assets_});
 
   auto theme_dst = assetmanager_dst.NewTheme();
   ASSERT_TRUE(theme_dst->ApplyStyle(app::R::style::StyleOne).has_value());
@@ -376,10 +374,10 @@
 
 TEST_F(ThemeTest, CopyNonReferencesWhenPackagesDiffer) {
   AssetManager2 assetmanager_dst;
-  assetmanager_dst.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager_dst.SetApkAssets({system_assets_});
 
   AssetManager2 assetmanager_src;
-  assetmanager_src.SetApkAssets({system_assets_.get(), style_assets_.get()});
+  assetmanager_src.SetApkAssets({system_assets_, style_assets_});
 
   auto theme_dst = assetmanager_dst.NewTheme();
   auto theme_src = assetmanager_src.NewTheme();
diff --git a/rs/jni/Android.bp b/rs/jni/Android.bp
index 8a6897c..f732c21 100644
--- a/rs/jni/Android.bp
+++ b/rs/jni/Android.bp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 cc_library_shared {
     name: "librs_jni",
 
+    cpp_std: "gnu++2b",
     srcs: ["android_renderscript_RenderScript.cpp"],
 
     shared_libs: [
diff --git a/startop/view_compiler/Android.bp b/startop/view_compiler/Android.bp
index 9023921..e172090 100644
--- a/startop/view_compiler/Android.bp
+++ b/startop/view_compiler/Android.bp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
         "libziparchive",
         "libz",
     ],
-    cppflags: ["-std=c++17"],
+    cpp_std: "gnu++2b",
     target: {
         android: {
             shared_libs: [
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
         "libgflags",
         "libviewcompiler",
     ],
-    host_supported: true
+    host_supported: true,
 }
 
 cc_test_host {
diff --git a/startop/view_compiler/apk_layout_compiler.cc b/startop/view_compiler/apk_layout_compiler.cc
index 1d3b6481..5f5652c 100644
--- a/startop/view_compiler/apk_layout_compiler.cc
+++ b/startop/view_compiler/apk_layout_compiler.cc
@@ -80,10 +80,10 @@
 }
 
 namespace {
-void CompileApkAssetsLayouts(const std::unique_ptr<android::ApkAssets>& assets,
-                             CompilationTarget target, std::ostream& target_out) {
+void CompileApkAssetsLayouts(const android::ApkAssetsPtr& assets, CompilationTarget target,
+                             std::ostream& target_out) {
   android::AssetManager2 resources;
-  resources.SetApkAssets({assets.get()});
+  resources.SetApkAssets({assets});
 
   std::string package_name;
 
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link_test.cpp b/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link_test.cpp
index e629baf..7096f5c 100644
--- a/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link_test.cpp
+++ b/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link_test.cpp
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@
   android::AssetManager2 am;
   auto android_asset = android::ApkAssets::Load(android_apk);
   ASSERT_THAT(android_asset, NotNull());
-  ASSERT_TRUE(am.SetApkAssets({android_asset.get()}));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(am.SetApkAssets({android_asset}));
 
   auto result = am.GetResourceId("android:attr/finalized_res");
   ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value());
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@
   auto app_against_non_final = android::ApkAssets::Load(app_apk);
   ASSERT_THAT(android_asset, NotNull());
   ASSERT_THAT(app_against_non_final, NotNull());
-  ASSERT_TRUE(am.SetApkAssets({android_asset.get(), app_against_non_final.get()}));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(am.SetApkAssets({android_asset, app_against_non_final}));
 
   auto result = am.GetResourceId("android:attr/finalized_res");
   ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value());
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@
 
   auto app_against_final = android::ApkAssets::Load(app_apk_respin);
   ASSERT_THAT(app_against_final, NotNull());
-  ASSERT_TRUE(am.SetApkAssets({android_asset.get(), app_against_final.get()}));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(am.SetApkAssets({android_asset, app_against_final}));
 
   {
     auto style = am.GetBag(0x7f020000);
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/process/SymbolTable.cpp b/tools/aapt2/process/SymbolTable.cpp
index bca62da..b75458a 100644
--- a/tools/aapt2/process/SymbolTable.cpp
+++ b/tools/aapt2/process/SymbolTable.cpp
@@ -220,15 +220,9 @@
 
 bool AssetManagerSymbolSource::AddAssetPath(StringPiece path) {
   TRACE_CALL();
-  if (std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets> apk = ApkAssets::Load(path.data())) {
+  if (auto apk = ApkAssets::Load(path.data())) {
     apk_assets_.push_back(std::move(apk));
-
-    std::vector<const ApkAssets*> apk_assets;
-    for (const std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets>& apk_asset : apk_assets_) {
-      apk_assets.push_back(apk_asset.get());
-    }
-
-    asset_manager_.SetApkAssets(apk_assets);
+    asset_manager_.SetApkAssets(apk_assets_);
     return true;
   }
   return false;
@@ -251,7 +245,7 @@
     return true;
   }
 
-  for (const std::unique_ptr<const ApkAssets>& assets : apk_assets_) {
+  for (auto&& assets : apk_assets_) {
     for (const std::unique_ptr<const android::LoadedPackage>& loaded_package
          : assets->GetLoadedArsc()->GetPackages()) {
       if (package_name == loaded_package->GetPackageName() && loaded_package->IsDynamic()) {
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/process/SymbolTable.h b/tools/aapt2/process/SymbolTable.h
index b09ff70..36eb0ba 100644
--- a/tools/aapt2/process/SymbolTable.h
+++ b/tools/aapt2/process/SymbolTable.h
@@ -207,8 +207,8 @@
   }
 
  private:
+  std::vector<android::AssetManager2::ApkAssetsPtr> apk_assets_;
   android::AssetManager2 asset_manager_;
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const android::ApkAssets>> apk_assets_;
 
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(AssetManagerSymbolSource);
 };