use super::diagnostics::SnapshotParser;
use super::pat::{CommaRecoveryMode, RecoverColon, RecoverComma, PARAM_EXPECTED};
use super::ty::{AllowPlus, RecoverQPath, RecoverReturnSign};
use super::{
    AttrWrapper, BlockMode, ClosureSpans, ForceCollect, Parser, PathStyle, Restrictions,
    SemiColonMode, SeqSep, TokenExpectType, TokenType, TrailingToken,
};
use crate::errors::{
    ArrayBracketsInsteadOfSpaces, ArrayBracketsInsteadOfSpacesSugg, AsyncMoveOrderIncorrect,
    BracesForStructLiteral, CatchAfterTry, CommaAfterBaseStruct, ComparisonInterpretedAsGeneric,
    ComparisonOrShiftInterpretedAsGenericSugg, DoCatchSyntaxRemoved, DotDotDot, EqFieldInit,
    ExpectedElseBlock, ExpectedEqForLetExpr, ExpectedExpressionFoundLet,
    FieldExpressionWithGeneric, FloatLiteralRequiresIntegerPart, FoundExprWouldBeStmt,
    IfExpressionMissingCondition, IfExpressionMissingThenBlock, IfExpressionMissingThenBlockSub,
    InvalidBlockMacroSegment, InvalidComparisonOperator, InvalidComparisonOperatorSub,
    InvalidInterpolatedExpression, InvalidLiteralSuffixOnTupleIndex, InvalidLogicalOperator,
    InvalidLogicalOperatorSub, LabeledLoopInBreak, LeadingPlusNotSupported, LeftArrowOperator,
    LifetimeInBorrowExpression, MacroInvocationWithQualifiedPath, MalformedLoopLabel,
    MatchArmBodyWithoutBraces, MatchArmBodyWithoutBracesSugg, MissingCommaAfterMatchArm,
    MissingDotDot, MissingInInForLoop, MissingInInForLoopSub, MissingSemicolonBeforeArray,
    NoFieldsForFnCall, NotAsNegationOperator, NotAsNegationOperatorSub,
    OuterAttributeNotAllowedOnIfElse, ParenthesesWithStructFields,
    RequireColonAfterLabeledExpression, ShiftInterpretedAsGeneric, StructLiteralNotAllowedHere,
    StructLiteralNotAllowedHereSugg, TildeAsUnaryOperator, UnexpectedIfWithIf,
    UnexpectedTokenAfterLabel, UnexpectedTokenAfterLabelSugg, WrapExpressionInParentheses,
};
use crate::maybe_recover_from_interpolated_ty_qpath;
use core::mem;
use rustc_ast::ptr::P;
use rustc_ast::token::{self, Delimiter, Token, TokenKind};
use rustc_ast::tokenstream::Spacing;
use rustc_ast::util::case::Case;
use rustc_ast::util::classify;
use rustc_ast::util::parser::{prec_let_scrutinee_needs_par, AssocOp, Fixity};
use rustc_ast::visit::Visitor;
use rustc_ast::{self as ast, AttrStyle, AttrVec, CaptureBy, ExprField, UnOp, DUMMY_NODE_ID};
use rustc_ast::{AnonConst, BinOp, BinOpKind, FnDecl, FnRetTy, MacCall, Param, Ty, TyKind};
use rustc_ast::{Arm, Async, BlockCheckMode, Expr, ExprKind, Label, Movability, RangeLimits};
use rustc_ast::{ClosureBinder, MetaItemLit, StmtKind};
use rustc_ast_pretty::pprust;
use rustc_errors::{
    Applicability, Diagnostic, DiagnosticBuilder, ErrorGuaranteed, IntoDiagnostic, PResult,
    StashKey,
};
use rustc_session::errors::{report_lit_error, ExprParenthesesNeeded};
use rustc_session::lint::builtin::BREAK_WITH_LABEL_AND_LOOP;
use rustc_session::lint::BuiltinLintDiagnostics;
use rustc_span::source_map::{self, Span, Spanned};
use rustc_span::symbol::{kw, sym, Ident, Symbol};
use rustc_span::{BytePos, Pos};

/// Possibly accepts an `token::Interpolated` expression (a pre-parsed expression
/// dropped into the token stream, which happens while parsing the result of
/// macro expansion). Placement of these is not as complex as I feared it would
/// be. The important thing is to make sure that lookahead doesn't balk at
/// `token::Interpolated` tokens.
macro_rules! maybe_whole_expr {
    ($p:expr) => {
        if let token::Interpolated(nt) = &$p.token.kind {
            match &**nt {
                token::NtExpr(e) | token::NtLiteral(e) => {
                    let e = e.clone();
                    $p.bump();
                    return Ok(e);
                }
                token::NtPath(path) => {
                    let path = (**path).clone();
                    $p.bump();
                    return Ok($p.mk_expr($p.prev_token.span, ExprKind::Path(None, path)));
                }
                token::NtBlock(block) => {
                    let block = block.clone();
                    $p.bump();
                    return Ok($p.mk_expr($p.prev_token.span, ExprKind::Block(block, None)));
                }
                _ => {}
            };
        }
    };
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub(super) enum LhsExpr {
    NotYetParsed,
    AttributesParsed(AttrWrapper),
    AlreadyParsed(P<Expr>),
}

impl From<Option<AttrWrapper>> for LhsExpr {
    /// Converts `Some(attrs)` into `LhsExpr::AttributesParsed(attrs)`
    /// and `None` into `LhsExpr::NotYetParsed`.
    ///
    /// This conversion does not allocate.
    fn from(o: Option<AttrWrapper>) -> Self {
        if let Some(attrs) = o { LhsExpr::AttributesParsed(attrs) } else { LhsExpr::NotYetParsed }
    }
}

impl From<P<Expr>> for LhsExpr {
    /// Converts the `expr: P<Expr>` into `LhsExpr::AlreadyParsed(expr)`.
    ///
    /// This conversion does not allocate.
    fn from(expr: P<Expr>) -> Self {
        LhsExpr::AlreadyParsed(expr)
    }
}

impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
    /// Parses an expression.
    #[inline]
    pub fn parse_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        self.current_closure.take();

        self.parse_expr_res(Restrictions::empty(), None)
    }

    /// Parses an expression, forcing tokens to be collected
    pub fn parse_expr_force_collect(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        self.collect_tokens_no_attrs(|this| this.parse_expr())
    }

    pub fn parse_anon_const_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, AnonConst> {
        self.parse_expr().map(|value| AnonConst { id: DUMMY_NODE_ID, value })
    }

    fn parse_expr_catch_underscore(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        match self.parse_expr() {
            Ok(expr) => Ok(expr),
            Err(mut err) => match self.token.ident() {
                Some((Ident { name: kw::Underscore, .. }, false))
                    if self.may_recover() && self.look_ahead(1, |t| t == &token::Comma) =>
                {
                    // Special-case handling of `foo(_, _, _)`
                    err.emit();
                    self.bump();
                    Ok(self.mk_expr(self.prev_token.span, ExprKind::Err))
                }
                _ => Err(err),
            },
        }
    }

    /// Parses a sequence of expressions delimited by parentheses.
    fn parse_paren_expr_seq(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Vec<P<Expr>>> {
        self.parse_paren_comma_seq(|p| p.parse_expr_catch_underscore()).map(|(r, _)| r)
    }

    /// Parses an expression, subject to the given restrictions.
    #[inline]
    pub(super) fn parse_expr_res(
        &mut self,
        r: Restrictions,
        already_parsed_attrs: Option<AttrWrapper>,
    ) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        self.with_res(r, |this| this.parse_assoc_expr(already_parsed_attrs))
    }

    /// Parses an associative expression.
    ///
    /// This parses an expression accounting for associativity and precedence of the operators in
    /// the expression.
    #[inline]
    fn parse_assoc_expr(
        &mut self,
        already_parsed_attrs: Option<AttrWrapper>,
    ) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        self.parse_assoc_expr_with(0, already_parsed_attrs.into())
    }

    /// Parses an associative expression with operators of at least `min_prec` precedence.
    pub(super) fn parse_assoc_expr_with(
        &mut self,
        min_prec: usize,
        lhs: LhsExpr,
    ) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let mut lhs = if let LhsExpr::AlreadyParsed(expr) = lhs {
            expr
        } else {
            let attrs = match lhs {
                LhsExpr::AttributesParsed(attrs) => Some(attrs),
                _ => None,
            };
            if [token::DotDot, token::DotDotDot, token::DotDotEq].contains(&self.token.kind) {
                return self.parse_prefix_range_expr(attrs);
            } else {
                self.parse_prefix_expr(attrs)?
            }
        };
        let last_type_ascription_set = self.last_type_ascription.is_some();

        if !self.should_continue_as_assoc_expr(&lhs) {
            self.last_type_ascription = None;
            return Ok(lhs);
        }

        self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Operator);
        while let Some(op) = self.check_assoc_op() {
            // Adjust the span for interpolated LHS to point to the `$lhs` token
            // and not to what it refers to.
            let lhs_span = match self.prev_token.kind {
                TokenKind::Interpolated(..) => self.prev_token.span,
                _ => lhs.span,
            };

            let cur_op_span = self.token.span;
            let restrictions = if op.node.is_assign_like() {
                self.restrictions & Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL
            } else {
                self.restrictions
            };
            let prec = op.node.precedence();
            if prec < min_prec {
                break;
            }
            // Check for deprecated `...` syntax
            if self.token == token::DotDotDot && op.node == AssocOp::DotDotEq {
                self.err_dotdotdot_syntax(self.token.span);
            }

            if self.token == token::LArrow {
                self.err_larrow_operator(self.token.span);
            }

            self.bump();
            if op.node.is_comparison() {
                if let Some(expr) = self.check_no_chained_comparison(&lhs, &op)? {
                    return Ok(expr);
                }
            }

            // Look for JS' `===` and `!==` and recover
            if (op.node == AssocOp::Equal || op.node == AssocOp::NotEqual)
                && self.token.kind == token::Eq
                && self.prev_token.span.hi() == self.token.span.lo()
            {
                let sp = op.span.to(self.token.span);
                let sugg = match op.node {
                    AssocOp::Equal => "==",
                    AssocOp::NotEqual => "!=",
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                }
                .into();
                let invalid = format!("{}=", &sugg);
                self.sess.emit_err(InvalidComparisonOperator {
                    span: sp,
                    invalid: invalid.clone(),
                    sub: InvalidComparisonOperatorSub::Correctable {
                        span: sp,
                        invalid,
                        correct: sugg,
                    },
                });
                self.bump();
            }

            // Look for PHP's `<>` and recover
            if op.node == AssocOp::Less
                && self.token.kind == token::Gt
                && self.prev_token.span.hi() == self.token.span.lo()
            {
                let sp = op.span.to(self.token.span);
                self.sess.emit_err(InvalidComparisonOperator {
                    span: sp,
                    invalid: "<>".into(),
                    sub: InvalidComparisonOperatorSub::Correctable {
                        span: sp,
                        invalid: "<>".into(),
                        correct: "!=".into(),
                    },
                });
                self.bump();
            }

            // Look for C++'s `<=>` and recover
            if op.node == AssocOp::LessEqual
                && self.token.kind == token::Gt
                && self.prev_token.span.hi() == self.token.span.lo()
            {
                let sp = op.span.to(self.token.span);
                self.sess.emit_err(InvalidComparisonOperator {
                    span: sp,
                    invalid: "<=>".into(),
                    sub: InvalidComparisonOperatorSub::Spaceship(sp),
                });
                self.bump();
            }

            if self.prev_token == token::BinOp(token::Plus)
                && self.token == token::BinOp(token::Plus)
                && self.prev_token.span.between(self.token.span).is_empty()
            {
                let op_span = self.prev_token.span.to(self.token.span);
                // Eat the second `+`
                self.bump();
                lhs = self.recover_from_postfix_increment(lhs, op_span)?;
                continue;
            }

            let op = op.node;
            // Special cases:
            if op == AssocOp::As {
                lhs = self.parse_assoc_op_cast(lhs, lhs_span, ExprKind::Cast)?;
                continue;
            } else if op == AssocOp::Colon {
                lhs = self.parse_assoc_op_ascribe(lhs, lhs_span)?;
                continue;
            } else if op == AssocOp::DotDot || op == AssocOp::DotDotEq {
                // If we didn't have to handle `x..`/`x..=`, it would be pretty easy to
                // generalise it to the Fixity::None code.
                lhs = self.parse_range_expr(prec, lhs, op, cur_op_span)?;
                break;
            }

            let fixity = op.fixity();
            let prec_adjustment = match fixity {
                Fixity::Right => 0,
                Fixity::Left => 1,
                // We currently have no non-associative operators that are not handled above by
                // the special cases. The code is here only for future convenience.
                Fixity::None => 1,
            };
            let rhs = self.with_res(restrictions - Restrictions::STMT_EXPR, |this| {
                this.parse_assoc_expr_with(prec + prec_adjustment, LhsExpr::NotYetParsed)
            })?;

            let span = self.mk_expr_sp(&lhs, lhs_span, rhs.span);
            lhs = match op {
                AssocOp::Add
                | AssocOp::Subtract
                | AssocOp::Multiply
                | AssocOp::Divide
                | AssocOp::Modulus
                | AssocOp::LAnd
                | AssocOp::LOr
                | AssocOp::BitXor
                | AssocOp::BitAnd
                | AssocOp::BitOr
                | AssocOp::ShiftLeft
                | AssocOp::ShiftRight
                | AssocOp::Equal
                | AssocOp::Less
                | AssocOp::LessEqual
                | AssocOp::NotEqual
                | AssocOp::Greater
                | AssocOp::GreaterEqual => {
                    let ast_op = op.to_ast_binop().unwrap();
                    let binary = self.mk_binary(source_map::respan(cur_op_span, ast_op), lhs, rhs);
                    self.mk_expr(span, binary)
                }
                AssocOp::Assign => self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::Assign(lhs, rhs, cur_op_span)),
                AssocOp::AssignOp(k) => {
                    let aop = match k {
                        token::Plus => BinOpKind::Add,
                        token::Minus => BinOpKind::Sub,
                        token::Star => BinOpKind::Mul,
                        token::Slash => BinOpKind::Div,
                        token::Percent => BinOpKind::Rem,
                        token::Caret => BinOpKind::BitXor,
                        token::And => BinOpKind::BitAnd,
                        token::Or => BinOpKind::BitOr,
                        token::Shl => BinOpKind::Shl,
                        token::Shr => BinOpKind::Shr,
                    };
                    let aopexpr = self.mk_assign_op(source_map::respan(cur_op_span, aop), lhs, rhs);
                    self.mk_expr(span, aopexpr)
                }
                AssocOp::As | AssocOp::Colon | AssocOp::DotDot | AssocOp::DotDotEq => {
                    self.span_bug(span, "AssocOp should have been handled by special case")
                }
            };

            if let Fixity::None = fixity {
                break;
            }
        }
        if last_type_ascription_set {
            self.last_type_ascription = None;
        }
        Ok(lhs)
    }

    fn should_continue_as_assoc_expr(&mut self, lhs: &Expr) -> bool {
        match (self.expr_is_complete(lhs), AssocOp::from_token(&self.token)) {
            // Semi-statement forms are odd:
            // See https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/29071
            (true, None) => false,
            (false, _) => true, // Continue parsing the expression.
            // An exhaustive check is done in the following block, but these are checked first
            // because they *are* ambiguous but also reasonable looking incorrect syntax, so we
            // want to keep their span info to improve diagnostics in these cases in a later stage.
            (true, Some(AssocOp::Multiply)) | // `{ 42 } *foo = bar;` or `{ 42 } * 3`
            (true, Some(AssocOp::Subtract)) | // `{ 42 } -5`
            (true, Some(AssocOp::Add)) | // `{ 42 } + 42` (unary plus)
            (true, Some(AssocOp::LAnd)) | // `{ 42 } &&x` (#61475) or `{ 42 } && if x { 1 } else { 0 }`
            (true, Some(AssocOp::LOr)) | // `{ 42 } || 42` ("logical or" or closure)
            (true, Some(AssocOp::BitOr)) // `{ 42 } | 42` or `{ 42 } |x| 42`
            => {
                // These cases are ambiguous and can't be identified in the parser alone.
                //
                // Bitwise AND is left out because guessing intent is hard. We can make
                // suggestions based on the assumption that double-refs are rarely intentional,
                // and closures are distinct enough that they don't get mixed up with their
                // return value.
                let sp = self.sess.source_map().start_point(self.token.span);
                self.sess.ambiguous_block_expr_parse.borrow_mut().insert(sp, lhs.span);
                false
            }
            (true, Some(op)) if !op.can_continue_expr_unambiguously() => false,
            (true, Some(_)) => {
                self.error_found_expr_would_be_stmt(lhs);
                true
            }
        }
    }

    /// We've found an expression that would be parsed as a statement,
    /// but the next token implies this should be parsed as an expression.
    /// For example: `if let Some(x) = x { x } else { 0 } / 2`.
    fn error_found_expr_would_be_stmt(&self, lhs: &Expr) {
        self.sess.emit_err(FoundExprWouldBeStmt {
            span: self.token.span,
            token: self.token.clone(),
            suggestion: ExprParenthesesNeeded::surrounding(lhs.span),
        });
    }

    /// Possibly translate the current token to an associative operator.
    /// The method does not advance the current token.
    ///
    /// Also performs recovery for `and` / `or` which are mistaken for `&&` and `||` respectively.
    fn check_assoc_op(&self) -> Option<Spanned<AssocOp>> {
        let (op, span) = match (AssocOp::from_token(&self.token), self.token.ident()) {
            // When parsing const expressions, stop parsing when encountering `>`.
            (
                Some(
                    AssocOp::ShiftRight
                    | AssocOp::Greater
                    | AssocOp::GreaterEqual
                    | AssocOp::AssignOp(token::BinOpToken::Shr),
                ),
                _,
            ) if self.restrictions.contains(Restrictions::CONST_EXPR) => {
                return None;
            }
            (Some(op), _) => (op, self.token.span),
            (None, Some((Ident { name: sym::and, span }, false))) if self.may_recover() => {
                self.sess.emit_err(InvalidLogicalOperator {
                    span: self.token.span,
                    incorrect: "and".into(),
                    sub: InvalidLogicalOperatorSub::Conjunction(self.token.span),
                });
                (AssocOp::LAnd, span)
            }
            (None, Some((Ident { name: sym::or, span }, false))) if self.may_recover() => {
                self.sess.emit_err(InvalidLogicalOperator {
                    span: self.token.span,
                    incorrect: "or".into(),
                    sub: InvalidLogicalOperatorSub::Disjunction(self.token.span),
                });
                (AssocOp::LOr, span)
            }
            _ => return None,
        };
        Some(source_map::respan(span, op))
    }

    /// Checks if this expression is a successfully parsed statement.
    fn expr_is_complete(&self, e: &Expr) -> bool {
        self.restrictions.contains(Restrictions::STMT_EXPR)
            && !classify::expr_requires_semi_to_be_stmt(e)
    }

    /// Parses `x..y`, `x..=y`, and `x..`/`x..=`.
    /// The other two variants are handled in `parse_prefix_range_expr` below.
    fn parse_range_expr(
        &mut self,
        prec: usize,
        lhs: P<Expr>,
        op: AssocOp,
        cur_op_span: Span,
    ) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let rhs = if self.is_at_start_of_range_notation_rhs() {
            Some(self.parse_assoc_expr_with(prec + 1, LhsExpr::NotYetParsed)?)
        } else {
            None
        };
        let rhs_span = rhs.as_ref().map_or(cur_op_span, |x| x.span);
        let span = self.mk_expr_sp(&lhs, lhs.span, rhs_span);
        let limits =
            if op == AssocOp::DotDot { RangeLimits::HalfOpen } else { RangeLimits::Closed };
        let range = self.mk_range(Some(lhs), rhs, limits);
        Ok(self.mk_expr(span, range))
    }

    fn is_at_start_of_range_notation_rhs(&self) -> bool {
        if self.token.can_begin_expr() {
            // Parse `for i in 1.. { }` as infinite loop, not as `for i in (1..{})`.
            if self.token == token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Brace) {
                return !self.restrictions.contains(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL);
            }
            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    /// Parses prefix-forms of range notation: `..expr`, `..`, `..=expr`.
    fn parse_prefix_range_expr(&mut self, attrs: Option<AttrWrapper>) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        // Check for deprecated `...` syntax.
        if self.token == token::DotDotDot {
            self.err_dotdotdot_syntax(self.token.span);
        }

        debug_assert!(
            [token::DotDot, token::DotDotDot, token::DotDotEq].contains(&self.token.kind),
            "parse_prefix_range_expr: token {:?} is not DotDot/DotDotEq",
            self.token
        );

        let limits = match self.token.kind {
            token::DotDot => RangeLimits::HalfOpen,
            _ => RangeLimits::Closed,
        };
        let op = AssocOp::from_token(&self.token);
        // FIXME: `parse_prefix_range_expr` is called when the current
        // token is `DotDot`, `DotDotDot`, or `DotDotEq`. If we haven't already
        // parsed attributes, then trying to parse them here will always fail.
        // We should figure out how we want attributes on range expressions to work.
        let attrs = self.parse_or_use_outer_attributes(attrs)?;
        self.collect_tokens_for_expr(attrs, |this, attrs| {
            let lo = this.token.span;
            this.bump();
            let (span, opt_end) = if this.is_at_start_of_range_notation_rhs() {
                // RHS must be parsed with more associativity than the dots.
                this.parse_assoc_expr_with(op.unwrap().precedence() + 1, LhsExpr::NotYetParsed)
                    .map(|x| (lo.to(x.span), Some(x)))?
            } else {
                (lo, None)
            };
            let range = this.mk_range(None, opt_end, limits);
            Ok(this.mk_expr_with_attrs(span, range, attrs))
        })
    }

    /// Parses a prefix-unary-operator expr.
    fn parse_prefix_expr(&mut self, attrs: Option<AttrWrapper>) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let attrs = self.parse_or_use_outer_attributes(attrs)?;
        let lo = self.token.span;

        macro_rules! make_it {
            ($this:ident, $attrs:expr, |this, _| $body:expr) => {
                $this.collect_tokens_for_expr($attrs, |$this, attrs| {
                    let (hi, ex) = $body?;
                    Ok($this.mk_expr_with_attrs(lo.to(hi), ex, attrs))
                })
            };
        }

        let this = self;

        // Note: when adding new unary operators, don't forget to adjust TokenKind::can_begin_expr()
        match this.token.uninterpolate().kind {
            token::Not => make_it!(this, attrs, |this, _| this.parse_unary_expr(lo, UnOp::Not)), // `!expr`
            token::Tilde => make_it!(this, attrs, |this, _| this.recover_tilde_expr(lo)), // `~expr`
            token::BinOp(token::Minus) => {
                make_it!(this, attrs, |this, _| this.parse_unary_expr(lo, UnOp::Neg))
            } // `-expr`
            token::BinOp(token::Star) => {
                make_it!(this, attrs, |this, _| this.parse_unary_expr(lo, UnOp::Deref))
            } // `*expr`
            token::BinOp(token::And) | token::AndAnd => {
                make_it!(this, attrs, |this, _| this.parse_borrow_expr(lo))
            }
            token::BinOp(token::Plus) if this.look_ahead(1, |tok| tok.is_numeric_lit()) => {
                let mut err =
                    LeadingPlusNotSupported { span: lo, remove_plus: None, add_parentheses: None };

                // a block on the LHS might have been intended to be an expression instead
                if let Some(sp) = this.sess.ambiguous_block_expr_parse.borrow().get(&lo) {
                    err.add_parentheses = Some(ExprParenthesesNeeded::surrounding(*sp));
                } else {
                    err.remove_plus = Some(lo);
                }
                this.sess.emit_err(err);

                this.bump();
                this.parse_prefix_expr(None)
            } // `+expr`
            // Recover from `++x`:
            token::BinOp(token::Plus)
                if this.look_ahead(1, |t| *t == token::BinOp(token::Plus)) =>
            {
                let prev_is_semi = this.prev_token == token::Semi;
                let pre_span = this.token.span.to(this.look_ahead(1, |t| t.span));
                // Eat both `+`s.
                this.bump();
                this.bump();

                let operand_expr = this.parse_dot_or_call_expr(Default::default())?;
                this.recover_from_prefix_increment(operand_expr, pre_span, prev_is_semi)
            }
            token::Ident(..) if this.token.is_keyword(kw::Box) => {
                make_it!(this, attrs, |this, _| this.parse_box_expr(lo))
            }
            token::Ident(..) if this.may_recover() && this.is_mistaken_not_ident_negation() => {
                make_it!(this, attrs, |this, _| this.recover_not_expr(lo))
            }
            _ => return this.parse_dot_or_call_expr(Some(attrs)),
        }
    }

    fn parse_prefix_expr_common(&mut self, lo: Span) -> PResult<'a, (Span, P<Expr>)> {
        self.bump();
        let expr = self.parse_prefix_expr(None);
        let (span, expr) = self.interpolated_or_expr_span(expr)?;
        Ok((lo.to(span), expr))
    }

    fn parse_unary_expr(&mut self, lo: Span, op: UnOp) -> PResult<'a, (Span, ExprKind)> {
        let (span, expr) = self.parse_prefix_expr_common(lo)?;
        Ok((span, self.mk_unary(op, expr)))
    }

    // Recover on `!` suggesting for bitwise negation instead.
    fn recover_tilde_expr(&mut self, lo: Span) -> PResult<'a, (Span, ExprKind)> {
        self.sess.emit_err(TildeAsUnaryOperator(lo));

        self.parse_unary_expr(lo, UnOp::Not)
    }

    /// Parse `box expr`.
    fn parse_box_expr(&mut self, lo: Span) -> PResult<'a, (Span, ExprKind)> {
        let (span, expr) = self.parse_prefix_expr_common(lo)?;
        self.sess.gated_spans.gate(sym::box_syntax, span);
        Ok((span, ExprKind::Box(expr)))
    }

    fn is_mistaken_not_ident_negation(&self) -> bool {
        let token_cannot_continue_expr = |t: &Token| match t.uninterpolate().kind {
            // These tokens can start an expression after `!`, but
            // can't continue an expression after an ident
            token::Ident(name, is_raw) => token::ident_can_begin_expr(name, t.span, is_raw),
            token::Literal(..) | token::Pound => true,
            _ => t.is_whole_expr(),
        };
        self.token.is_ident_named(sym::not) && self.look_ahead(1, token_cannot_continue_expr)
    }

    /// Recover on `not expr` in favor of `!expr`.
    fn recover_not_expr(&mut self, lo: Span) -> PResult<'a, (Span, ExprKind)> {
        // Emit the error...
        let negated_token = self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.clone());

        let sub_diag = if negated_token.is_numeric_lit() {
            NotAsNegationOperatorSub::SuggestNotBitwise
        } else if negated_token.is_bool_lit() {
            NotAsNegationOperatorSub::SuggestNotLogical
        } else {
            NotAsNegationOperatorSub::SuggestNotDefault
        };

        self.sess.emit_err(NotAsNegationOperator {
            negated: negated_token.span,
            negated_desc: super::token_descr(&negated_token),
            // Span the `not` plus trailing whitespace to avoid
            // trailing whitespace after the `!` in our suggestion
            sub: sub_diag(
                self.sess.source_map().span_until_non_whitespace(lo.to(negated_token.span)),
            ),
        });

        // ...and recover!
        self.parse_unary_expr(lo, UnOp::Not)
    }

    /// Returns the span of expr, if it was not interpolated or the span of the interpolated token.
    fn interpolated_or_expr_span(
        &self,
        expr: PResult<'a, P<Expr>>,
    ) -> PResult<'a, (Span, P<Expr>)> {
        expr.map(|e| {
            (
                match self.prev_token.kind {
                    TokenKind::Interpolated(..) => self.prev_token.span,
                    _ => e.span,
                },
                e,
            )
        })
    }

    fn parse_assoc_op_cast(
        &mut self,
        lhs: P<Expr>,
        lhs_span: Span,
        expr_kind: fn(P<Expr>, P<Ty>) -> ExprKind,
    ) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let mk_expr = |this: &mut Self, lhs: P<Expr>, rhs: P<Ty>| {
            this.mk_expr(this.mk_expr_sp(&lhs, lhs_span, rhs.span), expr_kind(lhs, rhs))
        };

        // Save the state of the parser before parsing type normally, in case there is a
        // LessThan comparison after this cast.
        let parser_snapshot_before_type = self.clone();
        let cast_expr = match self.parse_as_cast_ty() {
            Ok(rhs) => mk_expr(self, lhs, rhs),
            Err(type_err) => {
                if !self.may_recover() {
                    return Err(type_err);
                }

                // Rewind to before attempting to parse the type with generics, to recover
                // from situations like `x as usize < y` in which we first tried to parse
                // `usize < y` as a type with generic arguments.
                let parser_snapshot_after_type = mem::replace(self, parser_snapshot_before_type);

                // Check for typo of `'a: loop { break 'a }` with a missing `'`.
                match (&lhs.kind, &self.token.kind) {
                    (
                        // `foo: `
                        ExprKind::Path(None, ast::Path { segments, .. }),
                        TokenKind::Ident(kw::For | kw::Loop | kw::While, false),
                    ) if segments.len() == 1 => {
                        let snapshot = self.create_snapshot_for_diagnostic();
                        let label = Label {
                            ident: Ident::from_str_and_span(
                                &format!("'{}", segments[0].ident),
                                segments[0].ident.span,
                            ),
                        };
                        match self.parse_labeled_expr(label, false) {
                            Ok(expr) => {
                                type_err.cancel();
                                self.sess.emit_err(MalformedLoopLabel {
                                    span: label.ident.span,
                                    correct_label: label.ident,
                                });
                                return Ok(expr);
                            }
                            Err(err) => {
                                err.cancel();
                                self.restore_snapshot(snapshot);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    _ => {}
                }

                match self.parse_path(PathStyle::Expr) {
                    Ok(path) => {
                        let span_after_type = parser_snapshot_after_type.token.span;
                        let expr = mk_expr(
                            self,
                            lhs,
                            self.mk_ty(path.span, TyKind::Path(None, path.clone())),
                        );

                        let args_span = self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.span).to(span_after_type);
                        let suggestion = ComparisonOrShiftInterpretedAsGenericSugg {
                            left: expr.span.shrink_to_lo(),
                            right: expr.span.shrink_to_hi(),
                        };

                        match self.token.kind {
                            token::Lt => self.sess.emit_err(ComparisonInterpretedAsGeneric {
                                comparison: self.token.span,
                                r#type: path,
                                args: args_span,
                                suggestion,
                            }),
                            token::BinOp(token::Shl) => {
                                self.sess.emit_err(ShiftInterpretedAsGeneric {
                                    shift: self.token.span,
                                    r#type: path,
                                    args: args_span,
                                    suggestion,
                                })
                            }
                            _ => {
                                // We can end up here even without `<` being the next token, for
                                // example because `parse_ty_no_plus` returns `Err` on keywords,
                                // but `parse_path` returns `Ok` on them due to error recovery.
                                // Return original error and parser state.
                                *self = parser_snapshot_after_type;
                                return Err(type_err);
                            }
                        };

                        // Successfully parsed the type path leaving a `<` yet to parse.
                        type_err.cancel();

                        // Keep `x as usize` as an expression in AST and continue parsing.
                        expr
                    }
                    Err(path_err) => {
                        // Couldn't parse as a path, return original error and parser state.
                        path_err.cancel();
                        *self = parser_snapshot_after_type;
                        return Err(type_err);
                    }
                }
            }
        };

        self.parse_and_disallow_postfix_after_cast(cast_expr)
    }

    /// Parses a postfix operators such as `.`, `?`, or index (`[]`) after a cast,
    /// then emits an error and returns the newly parsed tree.
    /// The resulting parse tree for `&x as T[0]` has a precedence of `((&x) as T)[0]`.
    fn parse_and_disallow_postfix_after_cast(
        &mut self,
        cast_expr: P<Expr>,
    ) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let span = cast_expr.span;
        let (cast_kind, maybe_ascription_span) =
            if let ExprKind::Type(ascripted_expr, _) = &cast_expr.kind {
                ("type ascription", Some(ascripted_expr.span.shrink_to_hi().with_hi(span.hi())))
            } else {
                ("cast", None)
            };

        let with_postfix = self.parse_dot_or_call_expr_with_(cast_expr, span)?;

        // Check if an illegal postfix operator has been added after the cast.
        // If the resulting expression is not a cast, it is an illegal postfix operator.
        if !matches!(with_postfix.kind, ExprKind::Cast(_, _) | ExprKind::Type(_, _)) {
            let msg = format!(
                "{cast_kind} cannot be followed by {}",
                match with_postfix.kind {
                    ExprKind::Index(_, _) => "indexing",
                    ExprKind::Try(_) => "`?`",
                    ExprKind::Field(_, _) => "a field access",
                    ExprKind::MethodCall(_) => "a method call",
                    ExprKind::Call(_, _) => "a function call",
                    ExprKind::Await(_) => "`.await`",
                    ExprKind::Err => return Ok(with_postfix),
                    _ => unreachable!("parse_dot_or_call_expr_with_ shouldn't produce this"),
                }
            );
            let mut err = self.struct_span_err(span, &msg);

            let suggest_parens = |err: &mut Diagnostic| {
                let suggestions = vec![
                    (span.shrink_to_lo(), "(".to_string()),
                    (span.shrink_to_hi(), ")".to_string()),
                ];
                err.multipart_suggestion(
                    "try surrounding the expression in parentheses",
                    suggestions,
                    Applicability::MachineApplicable,
                );
            };

            // If type ascription is "likely an error", the user will already be getting a useful
            // help message, and doesn't need a second.
            if self.last_type_ascription.map_or(false, |last_ascription| last_ascription.1) {
                self.maybe_annotate_with_ascription(&mut err, false);
            } else if let Some(ascription_span) = maybe_ascription_span {
                let is_nightly = self.sess.unstable_features.is_nightly_build();
                if is_nightly {
                    suggest_parens(&mut err);
                }
                err.span_suggestion(
                    ascription_span,
                    &format!(
                        "{}remove the type ascription",
                        if is_nightly { "alternatively, " } else { "" }
                    ),
                    "",
                    if is_nightly {
                        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect
                    } else {
                        Applicability::MachineApplicable
                    },
                );
            } else {
                suggest_parens(&mut err);
            }
            err.emit();
        };
        Ok(with_postfix)
    }

    fn parse_assoc_op_ascribe(&mut self, lhs: P<Expr>, lhs_span: Span) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let maybe_path = self.could_ascription_be_path(&lhs.kind);
        self.last_type_ascription = Some((self.prev_token.span, maybe_path));
        let lhs = self.parse_assoc_op_cast(lhs, lhs_span, ExprKind::Type)?;
        self.sess.gated_spans.gate(sym::type_ascription, lhs.span);
        Ok(lhs)
    }

    /// Parse `& mut? <expr>` or `& raw [ const | mut ] <expr>`.
    fn parse_borrow_expr(&mut self, lo: Span) -> PResult<'a, (Span, ExprKind)> {
        self.expect_and()?;
        let has_lifetime = self.token.is_lifetime() && self.look_ahead(1, |t| t != &token::Colon);
        let lifetime = has_lifetime.then(|| self.expect_lifetime()); // For recovery, see below.
        let (borrow_kind, mutbl) = self.parse_borrow_modifiers(lo);
        let expr = self.parse_prefix_expr(None);
        let (hi, expr) = self.interpolated_or_expr_span(expr)?;
        let span = lo.to(hi);
        if let Some(lt) = lifetime {
            self.error_remove_borrow_lifetime(span, lt.ident.span);
        }
        Ok((span, ExprKind::AddrOf(borrow_kind, mutbl, expr)))
    }

    fn error_remove_borrow_lifetime(&self, span: Span, lt_span: Span) {
        self.sess.emit_err(LifetimeInBorrowExpression { span, lifetime_span: lt_span });
    }

    /// Parse `mut?` or `raw [ const | mut ]`.
    fn parse_borrow_modifiers(&mut self, lo: Span) -> (ast::BorrowKind, ast::Mutability) {
        if self.check_keyword(kw::Raw) && self.look_ahead(1, Token::is_mutability) {
            // `raw [ const | mut ]`.
            let found_raw = self.eat_keyword(kw::Raw);
            assert!(found_raw);
            let mutability = self.parse_const_or_mut().unwrap();
            self.sess.gated_spans.gate(sym::raw_ref_op, lo.to(self.prev_token.span));
            (ast::BorrowKind::Raw, mutability)
        } else {
            // `mut?`
            (ast::BorrowKind::Ref, self.parse_mutability())
        }
    }

    /// Parses `a.b` or `a(13)` or `a[4]` or just `a`.
    fn parse_dot_or_call_expr(&mut self, attrs: Option<AttrWrapper>) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let attrs = self.parse_or_use_outer_attributes(attrs)?;
        self.collect_tokens_for_expr(attrs, |this, attrs| {
            let base = this.parse_bottom_expr();
            let (span, base) = this.interpolated_or_expr_span(base)?;
            this.parse_dot_or_call_expr_with(base, span, attrs)
        })
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_dot_or_call_expr_with(
        &mut self,
        e0: P<Expr>,
        lo: Span,
        mut attrs: ast::AttrVec,
    ) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        // Stitch the list of outer attributes onto the return value.
        // A little bit ugly, but the best way given the current code
        // structure
        let res = self.parse_dot_or_call_expr_with_(e0, lo);
        if attrs.is_empty() {
            res
        } else {
            res.map(|expr| {
                expr.map(|mut expr| {
                    attrs.extend(expr.attrs);
                    expr.attrs = attrs;
                    expr
                })
            })
        }
    }

    fn parse_dot_or_call_expr_with_(&mut self, mut e: P<Expr>, lo: Span) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        loop {
            let has_question = if self.prev_token.kind == TokenKind::Ident(kw::Return, false) {
                // we are using noexpect here because we don't expect a `?` directly after a `return`
                // which could be suggested otherwise
                self.eat_noexpect(&token::Question)
            } else {
                self.eat(&token::Question)
            };
            if has_question {
                // `expr?`
                e = self.mk_expr(lo.to(self.prev_token.span), ExprKind::Try(e));
                continue;
            }
            let has_dot = if self.prev_token.kind == TokenKind::Ident(kw::Return, false) {
                // we are using noexpect here because we don't expect a `.` directly after a `return`
                // which could be suggested otherwise
                self.eat_noexpect(&token::Dot)
            } else {
                self.eat(&token::Dot)
            };
            if has_dot {
                // expr.f
                e = self.parse_dot_suffix_expr(lo, e)?;
                continue;
            }
            if self.expr_is_complete(&e) {
                return Ok(e);
            }
            e = match self.token.kind {
                token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Parenthesis) => self.parse_fn_call_expr(lo, e),
                token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Bracket) => self.parse_index_expr(lo, e)?,
                _ => return Ok(e),
            }
        }
    }

    fn look_ahead_type_ascription_as_field(&mut self) -> bool {
        self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_ident())
            && self.look_ahead(2, |t| t == &token::Colon)
            && self.look_ahead(3, |t| t.can_begin_expr())
    }

    fn parse_dot_suffix_expr(&mut self, lo: Span, base: P<Expr>) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        match self.token.uninterpolate().kind {
            token::Ident(..) => self.parse_dot_suffix(base, lo),
            token::Literal(token::Lit { kind: token::Integer, symbol, suffix }) => {
                Ok(self.parse_tuple_field_access_expr(lo, base, symbol, suffix, None))
            }
            token::Literal(token::Lit { kind: token::Float, symbol, suffix }) => {
                Ok(self.parse_tuple_field_access_expr_float(lo, base, symbol, suffix))
            }
            _ => {
                self.error_unexpected_after_dot();
                Ok(base)
            }
        }
    }

    fn error_unexpected_after_dot(&self) {
        // FIXME Could factor this out into non_fatal_unexpected or something.
        let actual = pprust::token_to_string(&self.token);
        self.struct_span_err(self.token.span, &format!("unexpected token: `{actual}`")).emit();
    }

    // We need an identifier or integer, but the next token is a float.
    // Break the float into components to extract the identifier or integer.
    // FIXME: With current `TokenCursor` it's hard to break tokens into more than 2
    // parts unless those parts are processed immediately. `TokenCursor` should either
    // support pushing "future tokens" (would be also helpful to `break_and_eat`), or
    // we should break everything including floats into more basic proc-macro style
    // tokens in the lexer (probably preferable).
    fn parse_tuple_field_access_expr_float(
        &mut self,
        lo: Span,
        base: P<Expr>,
        float: Symbol,
        suffix: Option<Symbol>,
    ) -> P<Expr> {
        #[derive(Debug)]
        enum FloatComponent {
            IdentLike(String),
            Punct(char),
        }
        use FloatComponent::*;

        let float_str = float.as_str();
        let mut components = Vec::new();
        let mut ident_like = String::new();
        for c in float_str.chars() {
            if c == '_' || c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
                ident_like.push(c);
            } else if matches!(c, '.' | '+' | '-') {
                if !ident_like.is_empty() {
                    components.push(IdentLike(mem::take(&mut ident_like)));
                }
                components.push(Punct(c));
            } else {
                panic!("unexpected character in a float token: {:?}", c)
            }
        }
        if !ident_like.is_empty() {
            components.push(IdentLike(ident_like));
        }

        // With proc macros the span can refer to anything, the source may be too short,
        // or too long, or non-ASCII. It only makes sense to break our span into components
        // if its underlying text is identical to our float literal.
        let span = self.token.span;
        let can_take_span_apart =
            || self.span_to_snippet(span).as_deref() == Ok(float_str).as_deref();

        match &*components {
            // 1e2
            [IdentLike(i)] => {
                self.parse_tuple_field_access_expr(lo, base, Symbol::intern(&i), suffix, None)
            }
            // 1.
            [IdentLike(i), Punct('.')] => {
                let (ident_span, dot_span) = if can_take_span_apart() {
                    let (span, ident_len) = (span.data(), BytePos::from_usize(i.len()));
                    let ident_span = span.with_hi(span.lo + ident_len);
                    let dot_span = span.with_lo(span.lo + ident_len);
                    (ident_span, dot_span)
                } else {
                    (span, span)
                };
                assert!(suffix.is_none());
                let symbol = Symbol::intern(&i);
                self.token = Token::new(token::Ident(symbol, false), ident_span);
                let next_token = (Token::new(token::Dot, dot_span), self.token_spacing);
                self.parse_tuple_field_access_expr(lo, base, symbol, None, Some(next_token))
            }
            // 1.2 | 1.2e3
            [IdentLike(i1), Punct('.'), IdentLike(i2)] => {
                let (ident1_span, dot_span, ident2_span) = if can_take_span_apart() {
                    let (span, ident1_len) = (span.data(), BytePos::from_usize(i1.len()));
                    let ident1_span = span.with_hi(span.lo + ident1_len);
                    let dot_span = span
                        .with_lo(span.lo + ident1_len)
                        .with_hi(span.lo + ident1_len + BytePos(1));
                    let ident2_span = self.token.span.with_lo(span.lo + ident1_len + BytePos(1));
                    (ident1_span, dot_span, ident2_span)
                } else {
                    (span, span, span)
                };
                let symbol1 = Symbol::intern(&i1);
                self.token = Token::new(token::Ident(symbol1, false), ident1_span);
                // This needs to be `Spacing::Alone` to prevent regressions.
                // See issue #76399 and PR #76285 for more details
                let next_token1 = (Token::new(token::Dot, dot_span), Spacing::Alone);
                let base1 =
                    self.parse_tuple_field_access_expr(lo, base, symbol1, None, Some(next_token1));
                let symbol2 = Symbol::intern(&i2);
                let next_token2 = Token::new(token::Ident(symbol2, false), ident2_span);
                self.bump_with((next_token2, self.token_spacing)); // `.`
                self.parse_tuple_field_access_expr(lo, base1, symbol2, suffix, None)
            }
            // 1e+ | 1e- (recovered)
            [IdentLike(_), Punct('+' | '-')] |
            // 1e+2 | 1e-2
            [IdentLike(_), Punct('+' | '-'), IdentLike(_)] |
            // 1.2e+ | 1.2e-
            [IdentLike(_), Punct('.'), IdentLike(_), Punct('+' | '-')] |
            // 1.2e+3 | 1.2e-3
            [IdentLike(_), Punct('.'), IdentLike(_), Punct('+' | '-'), IdentLike(_)] => {
                // See the FIXME about `TokenCursor` above.
                self.error_unexpected_after_dot();
                base
            }
            _ => panic!("unexpected components in a float token: {:?}", components),
        }
    }

    fn parse_tuple_field_access_expr(
        &mut self,
        lo: Span,
        base: P<Expr>,
        field: Symbol,
        suffix: Option<Symbol>,
        next_token: Option<(Token, Spacing)>,
    ) -> P<Expr> {
        match next_token {
            Some(next_token) => self.bump_with(next_token),
            None => self.bump(),
        }
        let span = self.prev_token.span;
        let field = ExprKind::Field(base, Ident::new(field, span));
        if let Some(suffix) = suffix {
            self.expect_no_tuple_index_suffix(span, suffix);
        }
        self.mk_expr(lo.to(span), field)
    }

    /// Parse a function call expression, `expr(...)`.
    fn parse_fn_call_expr(&mut self, lo: Span, fun: P<Expr>) -> P<Expr> {
        let snapshot = if self.token.kind == token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Parenthesis)
            && self.look_ahead_type_ascription_as_field()
        {
            Some((self.create_snapshot_for_diagnostic(), fun.kind.clone()))
        } else {
            None
        };
        let open_paren = self.token.span;

        let mut seq = self
            .parse_paren_expr_seq()
            .map(|args| self.mk_expr(lo.to(self.prev_token.span), self.mk_call(fun, args)));
        if let Some(expr) =
            self.maybe_recover_struct_lit_bad_delims(lo, open_paren, &mut seq, snapshot)
        {
            return expr;
        }
        self.recover_seq_parse_error(Delimiter::Parenthesis, lo, seq)
    }

    /// If we encounter a parser state that looks like the user has written a `struct` literal with
    /// parentheses instead of braces, recover the parser state and provide suggestions.
    #[instrument(skip(self, seq, snapshot), level = "trace")]
    fn maybe_recover_struct_lit_bad_delims(
        &mut self,
        lo: Span,
        open_paren: Span,
        seq: &mut PResult<'a, P<Expr>>,
        snapshot: Option<(SnapshotParser<'a>, ExprKind)>,
    ) -> Option<P<Expr>> {
        if !self.may_recover() {
            return None;
        }

        match (seq.as_mut(), snapshot) {
            (Err(err), Some((mut snapshot, ExprKind::Path(None, path)))) => {
                snapshot.bump(); // `(`
                match snapshot.parse_struct_fields(path.clone(), false, Delimiter::Parenthesis) {
                    Ok((fields, ..))
                        if snapshot.eat(&token::CloseDelim(Delimiter::Parenthesis)) =>
                    {
                        // We are certain we have `Enum::Foo(a: 3, b: 4)`, suggest
                        // `Enum::Foo { a: 3, b: 4 }` or `Enum::Foo(3, 4)`.
                        self.restore_snapshot(snapshot);
                        let close_paren = self.prev_token.span;
                        let span = lo.to(self.prev_token.span);
                        if !fields.is_empty() {
                            let mut replacement_err = ParenthesesWithStructFields {
                                span,
                                r#type: path,
                                braces_for_struct: BracesForStructLiteral {
                                    first: open_paren,
                                    second: close_paren,
                                },
                                no_fields_for_fn: NoFieldsForFnCall {
                                    fields: fields
                                        .into_iter()
                                        .map(|field| field.span.until(field.expr.span))
                                        .collect(),
                                },
                            }
                            .into_diagnostic(&self.sess.span_diagnostic);
                            replacement_err.emit();

                            let old_err = mem::replace(err, replacement_err);
                            old_err.cancel();
                        } else {
                            err.emit();
                        }
                        return Some(self.mk_expr_err(span));
                    }
                    Ok(_) => {}
                    Err(mut err) => {
                        err.emit();
                    }
                }
            }
            _ => {}
        }
        None
    }

    /// Parse an indexing expression `expr[...]`.
    fn parse_index_expr(&mut self, lo: Span, base: P<Expr>) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let prev_span = self.prev_token.span;
        let open_delim_span = self.token.span;
        self.bump(); // `[`
        let index = self.parse_expr()?;
        self.suggest_missing_semicolon_before_array(prev_span, open_delim_span)?;
        self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(Delimiter::Bracket))?;
        Ok(self.mk_expr(lo.to(self.prev_token.span), self.mk_index(base, index)))
    }

    /// Assuming we have just parsed `.`, continue parsing into an expression.
    fn parse_dot_suffix(&mut self, self_arg: P<Expr>, lo: Span) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        if self.token.uninterpolated_span().rust_2018() && self.eat_keyword(kw::Await) {
            return Ok(self.mk_await_expr(self_arg, lo));
        }

        let fn_span_lo = self.token.span;
        let mut seg = self.parse_path_segment(PathStyle::Expr, None)?;
        self.check_trailing_angle_brackets(&seg, &[&token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Parenthesis)]);
        self.check_turbofish_missing_angle_brackets(&mut seg);

        if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Parenthesis)) {
            // Method call `expr.f()`
            let args = self.parse_paren_expr_seq()?;
            let fn_span = fn_span_lo.to(self.prev_token.span);
            let span = lo.to(self.prev_token.span);
            Ok(self.mk_expr(
                span,
                ExprKind::MethodCall(Box::new(ast::MethodCall {
                    seg,
                    receiver: self_arg,
                    args,
                    span: fn_span,
                })),
            ))
        } else {
            // Field access `expr.f`
            if let Some(args) = seg.args {
                self.sess.emit_err(FieldExpressionWithGeneric(args.span()));
            }

            let span = lo.to(self.prev_token.span);
            Ok(self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::Field(self_arg, seg.ident)))
        }
    }

    /// At the bottom (top?) of the precedence hierarchy,
    /// Parses things like parenthesized exprs, macros, `return`, etc.
    ///
    /// N.B., this does not parse outer attributes, and is private because it only works
    /// correctly if called from `parse_dot_or_call_expr()`.
    fn parse_bottom_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        maybe_recover_from_interpolated_ty_qpath!(self, true);
        maybe_whole_expr!(self);

        // Outer attributes are already parsed and will be
        // added to the return value after the fact.

        // Note: when adding new syntax here, don't forget to adjust `TokenKind::can_begin_expr()`.
        let lo = self.token.span;
        if let token::Literal(_) = self.token.kind {
            // This match arm is a special-case of the `_` match arm below and
            // could be removed without changing functionality, but it's faster
            // to have it here, especially for programs with large constants.
            self.parse_lit_expr()
        } else if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Parenthesis)) {
            self.parse_tuple_parens_expr()
        } else if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Brace)) {
            self.parse_block_expr(None, lo, BlockCheckMode::Default)
        } else if self.check(&token::BinOp(token::Or)) || self.check(&token::OrOr) {
            self.parse_closure_expr().map_err(|mut err| {
                // If the input is something like `if a { 1 } else { 2 } | if a { 3 } else { 4 }`
                // then suggest parens around the lhs.
                if let Some(sp) = self.sess.ambiguous_block_expr_parse.borrow().get(&lo) {
                    err.subdiagnostic(ExprParenthesesNeeded::surrounding(*sp));
                }
                err
            })
        } else if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Bracket)) {
            self.parse_array_or_repeat_expr(Delimiter::Bracket)
        } else if self.check_path() {
            self.parse_path_start_expr()
        } else if self.check_keyword(kw::Move) || self.check_keyword(kw::Static) {
            self.parse_closure_expr()
        } else if self.eat_keyword(kw::If) {
            self.parse_if_expr()
        } else if self.check_keyword(kw::For) {
            if self.choose_generics_over_qpath(1) {
                self.parse_closure_expr()
            } else {
                assert!(self.eat_keyword(kw::For));
                self.parse_for_expr(None, self.prev_token.span)
            }
        } else if self.eat_keyword(kw::While) {
            self.parse_while_expr(None, self.prev_token.span)
        } else if let Some(label) = self.eat_label() {
            self.parse_labeled_expr(label, true)
        } else if self.eat_keyword(kw::Loop) {
            let sp = self.prev_token.span;
            self.parse_loop_expr(None, self.prev_token.span).map_err(|mut err| {
                err.span_label(sp, "while parsing this `loop` expression");
                err
            })
        } else if self.eat_keyword(kw::Continue) {
            let kind = ExprKind::Continue(self.eat_label());
            Ok(self.mk_expr(lo.to(self.prev_token.span), kind))
        } else if self.eat_keyword(kw::Match) {
            let match_sp = self.prev_token.span;
            self.parse_match_expr().map_err(|mut err| {
                err.span_label(match_sp, "while parsing this `match` expression");
                err
            })
        } else if self.eat_keyword(kw::Unsafe) {
            let sp = self.prev_token.span;
            self.parse_block_expr(None, lo, BlockCheckMode::Unsafe(ast::UserProvided)).map_err(
                |mut err| {
                    err.span_label(sp, "while parsing this `unsafe` expression");
                    err
                },
            )
        } else if self.check_inline_const(0) {
            self.parse_const_block(lo.to(self.token.span), false)
        } else if self.may_recover() && self.is_do_catch_block() {
            self.recover_do_catch()
        } else if self.is_try_block() {
            self.expect_keyword(kw::Try)?;
            self.parse_try_block(lo)
        } else if self.eat_keyword(kw::Return) {
            self.parse_return_expr()
        } else if self.eat_keyword(kw::Break) {
            self.parse_break_expr()
        } else if self.eat_keyword(kw::Yield) {
            self.parse_yield_expr()
        } else if self.is_do_yeet() {
            self.parse_yeet_expr()
        } else if self.check_keyword(kw::Let) {
            self.parse_let_expr()
        } else if self.eat_keyword(kw::Underscore) {
            Ok(self.mk_expr(self.prev_token.span, ExprKind::Underscore))
        } else if !self.unclosed_delims.is_empty() && self.check(&token::Semi) {
            // Don't complain about bare semicolons after unclosed braces
            // recovery in order to keep the error count down. Fixing the
            // delimiters will possibly also fix the bare semicolon found in
            // expression context. For example, silence the following error:
            //
            //     error: expected expression, found `;`
            //      --> file.rs:2:13
            //       |
            //     2 |     foo(bar(;
            //       |             ^ expected expression
            self.bump();
            Ok(self.mk_expr_err(self.token.span))
        } else if self.token.uninterpolated_span().rust_2018() {
            // `Span::rust_2018()` is somewhat expensive; don't get it repeatedly.
            if self.check_keyword(kw::Async) {
                if self.is_async_block() {
                    // Check for `async {` and `async move {`.
                    self.parse_async_block()
                } else {
                    self.parse_closure_expr()
                }
            } else if self.eat_keyword(kw::Await) {
                self.recover_incorrect_await_syntax(lo, self.prev_token.span)
            } else {
                self.parse_lit_expr()
            }
        } else {
            self.parse_lit_expr()
        }
    }

    fn parse_lit_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let lo = self.token.span;
        match self.parse_opt_token_lit() {
            Some((token_lit, _)) => {
                let expr = self.mk_expr(lo.to(self.prev_token.span), ExprKind::Lit(token_lit));
                self.maybe_recover_from_bad_qpath(expr)
            }
            None => self.try_macro_suggestion(),
        }
    }

    fn parse_tuple_parens_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let lo = self.token.span;
        self.expect(&token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Parenthesis))?;
        let (es, trailing_comma) = match self.parse_seq_to_end(
            &token::CloseDelim(Delimiter::Parenthesis),
            SeqSep::trailing_allowed(token::Comma),
            |p| p.parse_expr_catch_underscore(),
        ) {
            Ok(x) => x,
            Err(err) => {
                return Ok(self.recover_seq_parse_error(Delimiter::Parenthesis, lo, Err(err)));
            }
        };
        let kind = if es.len() == 1 && !trailing_comma {
            // `(e)` is parenthesized `e`.
            ExprKind::Paren(es.into_iter().next().unwrap())
        } else {
            // `(e,)` is a tuple with only one field, `e`.
            ExprKind::Tup(es)
        };
        let expr = self.mk_expr(lo.to(self.prev_token.span), kind);
        self.maybe_recover_from_bad_qpath(expr)
    }

    fn parse_array_or_repeat_expr(&mut self, close_delim: Delimiter) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let lo = self.token.span;
        self.bump(); // `[` or other open delim

        let close = &token::CloseDelim(close_delim);
        let kind = if self.eat(close) {
            // Empty vector
            ExprKind::Array(Vec::new())
        } else {
            // Non-empty vector
            let first_expr = self.parse_expr()?;
            if self.eat(&token::Semi) {
                // Repeating array syntax: `[ 0; 512 ]`
                let count = self.parse_anon_const_expr()?;
                self.expect(close)?;
                ExprKind::Repeat(first_expr, count)
            } else if self.eat(&token::Comma) {
                // Vector with two or more elements.
                let sep = SeqSep::trailing_allowed(token::Comma);
                let (remaining_exprs, _) = self.parse_seq_to_end(close, sep, |p| p.parse_expr())?;
                let mut exprs = vec![first_expr];
                exprs.extend(remaining_exprs);
                ExprKind::Array(exprs)
            } else {
                // Vector with one element
                self.expect(close)?;
                ExprKind::Array(vec![first_expr])
            }
        };
        let expr = self.mk_expr(lo.to(self.prev_token.span), kind);
        self.maybe_recover_from_bad_qpath(expr)
    }

    fn parse_path_start_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let (qself, path) = if self.eat_lt() {
            let (qself, path) = self.parse_qpath(PathStyle::Expr)?;
            (Some(qself), path)
        } else {
            (None, self.parse_path(PathStyle::Expr)?)
        };

        // `!`, as an operator, is prefix, so we know this isn't that.
        let (span, kind) = if self.eat(&token::Not) {
            // MACRO INVOCATION expression
            if qself.is_some() {
                self.sess.emit_err(MacroInvocationWithQualifiedPath(path.span));
            }
            let lo = path.span;
            let mac = P(MacCall {
                path,
                args: self.parse_delim_args()?,
                prior_type_ascription: self.last_type_ascription,
            });
            (lo.to(self.prev_token.span), ExprKind::MacCall(mac))
        } else if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Brace)) &&
            let Some(expr) = self.maybe_parse_struct_expr(&qself, &path) {
                if qself.is_some() {
                    self.sess.gated_spans.gate(sym::more_qualified_paths, path.span);
                }
                return expr;
        } else {
            (path.span, ExprKind::Path(qself, path))
        };

        let expr = self.mk_expr(span, kind);
        self.maybe_recover_from_bad_qpath(expr)
    }

    /// Parse `'label: $expr`. The label is already parsed.
    fn parse_labeled_expr(
        &mut self,
        label_: Label,
        mut consume_colon: bool,
    ) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let lo = label_.ident.span;
        let label = Some(label_);
        let ate_colon = self.eat(&token::Colon);
        let expr = if self.eat_keyword(kw::While) {
            self.parse_while_expr(label, lo)
        } else if self.eat_keyword(kw::For) {
            self.parse_for_expr(label, lo)
        } else if self.eat_keyword(kw::Loop) {
            self.parse_loop_expr(label, lo)
        } else if self.check_noexpect(&token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Brace))
            || self.token.is_whole_block()
        {
            self.parse_block_expr(label, lo, BlockCheckMode::Default)
        } else if !ate_colon
            && self.may_recover()
            && (matches!(self.token.kind, token::CloseDelim(_) | token::Comma)
                || self.token.is_op())
        {
            let lit = self.recover_unclosed_char(label_.ident, |self_| {
                self_.sess.create_err(UnexpectedTokenAfterLabel {
                    span: self_.token.span,
                    remove_label: None,
                    enclose_in_block: None,
                })
            });
            consume_colon = false;
            Ok(self.mk_expr(lo, ExprKind::Lit(lit.token_lit)))
        } else if !ate_colon
            && (self.check_noexpect(&TokenKind::Comma) || self.check_noexpect(&TokenKind::Gt))
        {
            // We're probably inside of a `Path<'a>` that needs a turbofish
            self.sess.emit_err(UnexpectedTokenAfterLabel {
                span: self.token.span,
                remove_label: None,
                enclose_in_block: None,
            });
            consume_colon = false;
            Ok(self.mk_expr_err(lo))
        } else {
            let mut err = UnexpectedTokenAfterLabel {
                span: self.token.span,
                remove_label: None,
                enclose_in_block: None,
            };

            // Continue as an expression in an effort to recover on `'label: non_block_expr`.
            let expr = self.parse_expr().map(|expr| {
                let span = expr.span;

                let found_labeled_breaks = {
                    struct FindLabeledBreaksVisitor(bool);

                    impl<'ast> Visitor<'ast> for FindLabeledBreaksVisitor {
                        fn visit_expr_post(&mut self, ex: &'ast Expr) {
                            if let ExprKind::Break(Some(_label), _) = ex.kind {
                                self.0 = true;
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    let mut vis = FindLabeledBreaksVisitor(false);
                    vis.visit_expr(&expr);
                    vis.0
                };

                // Suggestion involves adding a (as of time of writing this, unstable) labeled block.
                //
                // If there are no breaks that may use this label, suggest removing the label and
                // recover to the unmodified expression.
                if !found_labeled_breaks {
                    err.remove_label = Some(lo.until(span));

                    return expr;
                }

                err.enclose_in_block = Some(UnexpectedTokenAfterLabelSugg {
                    left: span.shrink_to_lo(),
                    right: span.shrink_to_hi(),
                });

                // Replace `'label: non_block_expr` with `'label: {non_block_expr}` in order to suppress future errors about `break 'label`.
                let stmt = self.mk_stmt(span, StmtKind::Expr(expr));
                let blk = self.mk_block(vec![stmt], BlockCheckMode::Default, span);
                self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::Block(blk, label))
            });

            self.sess.emit_err(err);
            expr
        }?;

        if !ate_colon && consume_colon {
            self.sess.emit_err(RequireColonAfterLabeledExpression {
                span: expr.span,
                label: lo,
                label_end: lo.shrink_to_hi(),
            });
        }

        Ok(expr)
    }

    /// Emit an error when a char is parsed as a lifetime because of a missing quote
    pub(super) fn recover_unclosed_char(
        &self,
        lifetime: Ident,
        err: impl FnOnce(&Self) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'a, ErrorGuaranteed>,
    ) -> ast::MetaItemLit {
        if let Some(mut diag) =
            self.sess.span_diagnostic.steal_diagnostic(lifetime.span, StashKey::LifetimeIsChar)
        {
            diag.span_suggestion_verbose(
                lifetime.span.shrink_to_hi(),
                "add `'` to close the char literal",
                "'",
                Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
            )
            .emit();
        } else {
            err(self)
                .span_suggestion_verbose(
                    lifetime.span.shrink_to_hi(),
                    "add `'` to close the char literal",
                    "'",
                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
                )
                .emit();
        }
        let name = lifetime.without_first_quote().name;
        ast::MetaItemLit {
            token_lit: token::Lit::new(token::LitKind::Char, name, None),
            kind: ast::LitKind::Char(name.as_str().chars().next().unwrap_or('_')),
            span: lifetime.span,
        }
    }

    /// Recover on the syntax `do catch { ... }` suggesting `try { ... }` instead.
    fn recover_do_catch(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let lo = self.token.span;

        self.bump(); // `do`
        self.bump(); // `catch`

        let span = lo.to(self.prev_token.span);
        self.sess.emit_err(DoCatchSyntaxRemoved { span });

        self.parse_try_block(lo)
    }

    /// Parse an expression if the token can begin one.
    fn parse_expr_opt(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Option<P<Expr>>> {
        Ok(if self.token.can_begin_expr() { Some(self.parse_expr()?) } else { None })
    }

    /// Parse `"return" expr?`.
    fn parse_return_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let lo = self.prev_token.span;
        let kind = ExprKind::Ret(self.parse_expr_opt()?);
        let expr = self.mk_expr(lo.to(self.prev_token.span), kind);
        self.maybe_recover_from_bad_qpath(expr)
    }

    /// Parse `"do" "yeet" expr?`.
    fn parse_yeet_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let lo = self.token.span;

        self.bump(); // `do`
        self.bump(); // `yeet`

        let kind = ExprKind::Yeet(self.parse_expr_opt()?);

        let span = lo.to(self.prev_token.span);
        self.sess.gated_spans.gate(sym::yeet_expr, span);
        let expr = self.mk_expr(span, kind);
        self.maybe_recover_from_bad_qpath(expr)
    }

    /// Parse `"break" (('label (:? expr)?) | expr?)` with `"break"` token already eaten.
    /// If the label is followed immediately by a `:` token, the label and `:` are
    /// parsed as part of the expression (i.e. a labeled loop). The language team has
    /// decided in #87026 to require parentheses as a visual aid to avoid confusion if
    /// the break expression of an unlabeled break is a labeled loop (as in
    /// `break 'lbl: loop {}`); a labeled break with an unlabeled loop as its value
    /// expression only gets a warning for compatibility reasons; and a labeled break
    /// with a labeled loop does not even get a warning because there is no ambiguity.
    fn parse_break_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let lo = self.prev_token.span;
        let mut label = self.eat_label();
        let kind = if label.is_some() && self.token == token::Colon {
            // The value expression can be a labeled loop, see issue #86948, e.g.:
            // `loop { break 'label: loop { break 'label 42; }; }`
            let lexpr = self.parse_labeled_expr(label.take().unwrap(), true)?;
            self.sess.emit_err(LabeledLoopInBreak {
                span: lexpr.span,
                sub: WrapExpressionInParentheses {
                    left: lexpr.span.shrink_to_lo(),
                    right: lexpr.span.shrink_to_hi(),
                },
            });
            Some(lexpr)
        } else if self.token != token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Brace)
            || !self.restrictions.contains(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL)
        {
            let expr = self.parse_expr_opt()?;
            if let Some(expr) = &expr {
                if label.is_some()
                    && matches!(
                        expr.kind,
                        ExprKind::While(_, _, None)
                            | ExprKind::ForLoop(_, _, _, None)
                            | ExprKind::Loop(_, None, _)
                            | ExprKind::Block(_, None)
                    )
                {
                    self.sess.buffer_lint_with_diagnostic(
                        BREAK_WITH_LABEL_AND_LOOP,
                        lo.to(expr.span),
                        ast::CRATE_NODE_ID,
                        "this labeled break expression is easy to confuse with an unlabeled break with a labeled value expression",
                        BuiltinLintDiagnostics::BreakWithLabelAndLoop(expr.span),
                    );
                }
            }
            expr
        } else {
            None
        };
        let expr = self.mk_expr(lo.to(self.prev_token.span), ExprKind::Break(label, kind));
        self.maybe_recover_from_bad_qpath(expr)
    }

    /// Parse `"yield" expr?`.
    fn parse_yield_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let lo = self.prev_token.span;
        let kind = ExprKind::Yield(self.parse_expr_opt()?);
        let span = lo.to(self.prev_token.span);
        self.sess.gated_spans.gate(sym::generators, span);
        let expr = self.mk_expr(span, kind);
        self.maybe_recover_from_bad_qpath(expr)
    }

    /// Returns a string literal if the next token is a string literal.
    /// In case of error returns `Some(lit)` if the next token is a literal with a wrong kind,
    /// and returns `None` if the next token is not literal at all.
    pub fn parse_str_lit(&mut self) -> Result<ast::StrLit, Option<MetaItemLit>> {
        match self.parse_opt_meta_item_lit() {
            Some(lit) => match lit.kind {
                ast::LitKind::Str(symbol_unescaped, style) => Ok(ast::StrLit {
                    style,
                    symbol: lit.token_lit.symbol,
                    suffix: lit.token_lit.suffix,
                    span: lit.span,
                    symbol_unescaped,
                }),
                _ => Err(Some(lit)),
            },
            None => Err(None),
        }
    }

    fn handle_missing_lit(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, MetaItemLit> {
        if let token::Interpolated(inner) = &self.token.kind {
            let expr = match inner.as_ref() {
                token::NtExpr(expr) => Some(expr),
                token::NtLiteral(expr) => Some(expr),
                _ => None,
            };
            if let Some(expr) = expr {
                if matches!(expr.kind, ExprKind::Err) {
                    let mut err = InvalidInterpolatedExpression { span: self.token.span }
                        .into_diagnostic(&self.sess.span_diagnostic);
                    err.downgrade_to_delayed_bug();
                    return Err(err);
                }
            }
        }
        let token = self.token.clone();
        let err = |self_: &Self| {
            let msg = format!("unexpected token: {}", super::token_descr(&token));
            self_.struct_span_err(token.span, &msg)
        };
        // On an error path, eagerly consider a lifetime to be an unclosed character lit
        if self.token.is_lifetime() {
            let lt = self.expect_lifetime();
            Ok(self.recover_unclosed_char(lt.ident, err))
        } else {
            Err(err(self))
        }
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_token_lit(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, (token::Lit, Span)> {
        self.parse_opt_token_lit()
            .ok_or(())
            .or_else(|()| self.handle_missing_lit().map(|lit| (lit.token_lit, lit.span)))
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_meta_item_lit(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, MetaItemLit> {
        self.parse_opt_meta_item_lit().ok_or(()).or_else(|()| self.handle_missing_lit())
    }

    fn recover_after_dot(&mut self) -> Option<Token> {
        let mut recovered = None;
        if self.token == token::Dot {
            // Attempt to recover `.4` as `0.4`. We don't currently have any syntax where
            // dot would follow an optional literal, so we do this unconditionally.
            recovered = self.look_ahead(1, |next_token| {
                if let token::Literal(token::Lit { kind: token::Integer, symbol, suffix }) =
                    next_token.kind
                {
                    if self.token.span.hi() == next_token.span.lo() {
                        let s = String::from("0.") + symbol.as_str();
                        let kind = TokenKind::lit(token::Float, Symbol::intern(&s), suffix);
                        return Some(Token::new(kind, self.token.span.to(next_token.span)));
                    }
                }
                None
            });
            if let Some(token) = &recovered {
                self.bump();
                self.sess.emit_err(FloatLiteralRequiresIntegerPart {
                    span: token.span,
                    correct: pprust::token_to_string(token).into_owned(),
                });
            }
        }

        recovered
    }

    /// Matches `lit = true | false | token_lit`.
    /// Returns `None` if the next token is not a literal.
    pub(super) fn parse_opt_token_lit(&mut self) -> Option<(token::Lit, Span)> {
        let recovered = self.recover_after_dot();
        let token = recovered.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.token);
        let span = token.span;
        token::Lit::from_token(token).map(|token_lit| {
            self.bump();
            (token_lit, span)
        })
    }

    /// Matches `lit = true | false | token_lit`.
    /// Returns `None` if the next token is not a literal.
    pub(super) fn parse_opt_meta_item_lit(&mut self) -> Option<MetaItemLit> {
        let recovered = self.recover_after_dot();
        let token = recovered.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.token);
        match token::Lit::from_token(token) {
            Some(token_lit) => {
                match MetaItemLit::from_token_lit(token_lit, token.span) {
                    Ok(lit) => {
                        self.bump();
                        Some(lit)
                    }
                    Err(err) => {
                        let span = token.span;
                        let token::Literal(lit) = token.kind else {
                            unreachable!();
                        };
                        self.bump();
                        report_lit_error(&self.sess, err, lit, span);
                        // Pack possible quotes and prefixes from the original literal into
                        // the error literal's symbol so they can be pretty-printed faithfully.
                        let suffixless_lit = token::Lit::new(lit.kind, lit.symbol, None);
                        let symbol = Symbol::intern(&suffixless_lit.to_string());
                        let lit = token::Lit::new(token::Err, symbol, lit.suffix);
                        Some(
                            MetaItemLit::from_token_lit(lit, span)
                                .unwrap_or_else(|_| unreachable!()),
                        )
                    }
                }
            }
            None => None,
        }
    }

    pub(super) fn expect_no_tuple_index_suffix(&self, span: Span, suffix: Symbol) {
        if [sym::i32, sym::u32, sym::isize, sym::usize].contains(&suffix) {
            // #59553: warn instead of reject out of hand to allow the fix to percolate
            // through the ecosystem when people fix their macros
            self.sess.emit_warning(InvalidLiteralSuffixOnTupleIndex {
                span,
                suffix,
                exception: Some(()),
            });
        } else {
            self.sess.emit_err(InvalidLiteralSuffixOnTupleIndex { span, suffix, exception: None });
        }
    }

    /// Matches `'-' lit | lit` (cf. `ast_validation::AstValidator::check_expr_within_pat`).
    /// Keep this in sync with `Token::can_begin_literal_maybe_minus`.
    pub fn parse_literal_maybe_minus(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        maybe_whole_expr!(self);

        let lo = self.token.span;
        let minus_present = self.eat(&token::BinOp(token::Minus));
        let (token_lit, span) = self.parse_token_lit()?;
        let expr = self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::Lit(token_lit));

        if minus_present {
            Ok(self.mk_expr(lo.to(self.prev_token.span), self.mk_unary(UnOp::Neg, expr)))
        } else {
            Ok(expr)
        }
    }

    fn is_array_like_block(&mut self) -> bool {
        self.look_ahead(1, |t| matches!(t.kind, TokenKind::Ident(..) | TokenKind::Literal(_)))
            && self.look_ahead(2, |t| t == &token::Comma)
            && self.look_ahead(3, |t| t.can_begin_expr())
    }

    /// Emits a suggestion if it looks like the user meant an array but
    /// accidentally used braces, causing the code to be interpreted as a block
    /// expression.
    fn maybe_suggest_brackets_instead_of_braces(&mut self, lo: Span) -> Option<P<Expr>> {
        let mut snapshot = self.create_snapshot_for_diagnostic();
        match snapshot.parse_array_or_repeat_expr(Delimiter::Brace) {
            Ok(arr) => {
                self.sess.emit_err(ArrayBracketsInsteadOfSpaces {
                    span: arr.span,
                    sub: ArrayBracketsInsteadOfSpacesSugg {
                        left: lo,
                        right: snapshot.prev_token.span,
                    },
                });

                self.restore_snapshot(snapshot);
                Some(self.mk_expr_err(arr.span))
            }
            Err(e) => {
                e.cancel();
                None
            }
        }
    }

    fn suggest_missing_semicolon_before_array(
        &self,
        prev_span: Span,
        open_delim_span: Span,
    ) -> PResult<'a, ()> {
        if !self.may_recover() {
            return Ok(());
        }

        if self.token.kind == token::Comma {
            if !self.sess.source_map().is_multiline(prev_span.until(self.token.span)) {
                return Ok(());
            }
            let mut snapshot = self.create_snapshot_for_diagnostic();
            snapshot.bump();
            match snapshot.parse_seq_to_before_end(
                &token::CloseDelim(Delimiter::Bracket),
                SeqSep::trailing_allowed(token::Comma),
                |p| p.parse_expr(),
            ) {
                Ok(_)
                    // When the close delim is `)`, `token.kind` is expected to be `token::CloseDelim(Delimiter::Parenthesis)`,
                    // but the actual `token.kind` is `token::CloseDelim(Delimiter::Bracket)`.
                    // This is because the `token.kind` of the close delim is treated as the same as
                    // that of the open delim in `TokenTreesReader::parse_token_tree`, even if the delimiters of them are different.
                    // Therefore, `token.kind` should not be compared here.
                    if snapshot
                        .span_to_snippet(snapshot.token.span)
                        .map_or(false, |snippet| snippet == "]") =>
                {
                    return Err(MissingSemicolonBeforeArray {
                        open_delim: open_delim_span,
                        semicolon: prev_span.shrink_to_hi(),
                    }.into_diagnostic(&self.sess.span_diagnostic));
                }
                Ok(_) => (),
                Err(err) => err.cancel(),
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Parses a block or unsafe block.
    pub(super) fn parse_block_expr(
        &mut self,
        opt_label: Option<Label>,
        lo: Span,
        blk_mode: BlockCheckMode,
    ) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        if self.may_recover() && self.is_array_like_block() {
            if let Some(arr) = self.maybe_suggest_brackets_instead_of_braces(lo) {
                return Ok(arr);
            }
        }

        if self.token.is_whole_block() {
            self.sess.emit_err(InvalidBlockMacroSegment {
                span: self.token.span,
                context: lo.to(self.token.span),
            });
        }

        let (attrs, blk) = self.parse_block_common(lo, blk_mode)?;
        Ok(self.mk_expr_with_attrs(blk.span, ExprKind::Block(blk, opt_label), attrs))
    }

    /// Parse a block which takes no attributes and has no label
    fn parse_simple_block(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let blk = self.parse_block()?;
        Ok(self.mk_expr(blk.span, ExprKind::Block(blk, None)))
    }

    /// Parses a closure expression (e.g., `move |args| expr`).
    fn parse_closure_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let lo = self.token.span;

        let binder = if self.check_keyword(kw::For) {
            let lo = self.token.span;
            let lifetime_defs = self.parse_late_bound_lifetime_defs()?;
            let span = lo.to(self.prev_token.span);

            self.sess.gated_spans.gate(sym::closure_lifetime_binder, span);

            ClosureBinder::For { span, generic_params: P::from_vec(lifetime_defs) }
        } else {
            ClosureBinder::NotPresent
        };

        let movability =
            if self.eat_keyword(kw::Static) { Movability::Static } else { Movability::Movable };

        let asyncness = if self.token.uninterpolated_span().rust_2018() {
            self.parse_asyncness(Case::Sensitive)
        } else {
            Async::No
        };

        let capture_clause = self.parse_capture_clause()?;
        let (fn_decl, fn_arg_span) = self.parse_fn_block_decl()?;
        let decl_hi = self.prev_token.span;
        let mut body = match fn_decl.output {
            FnRetTy::Default(_) => {
                let restrictions = self.restrictions - Restrictions::STMT_EXPR;
                self.parse_expr_res(restrictions, None)?
            }
            _ => {
                // If an explicit return type is given, require a block to appear (RFC 968).
                let body_lo = self.token.span;
                self.parse_block_expr(None, body_lo, BlockCheckMode::Default)?
            }
        };

        if let Async::Yes { span, .. } = asyncness {
            // Feature-gate `async ||` closures.
            self.sess.gated_spans.gate(sym::async_closure, span);
        }

        if self.token.kind == TokenKind::Semi
            && matches!(self.token_cursor.frame.delim_sp, Some((Delimiter::Parenthesis, _)))
            && self.may_recover()
        {
            // It is likely that the closure body is a block but where the
            // braces have been removed. We will recover and eat the next
            // statements later in the parsing process.
            body = self.mk_expr_err(body.span);
        }

        let body_span = body.span;

        let closure = self.mk_expr(
            lo.to(body.span),
            ExprKind::Closure(Box::new(ast::Closure {
                binder,
                capture_clause,
                asyncness,
                movability,
                fn_decl,
                body,
                fn_decl_span: lo.to(decl_hi),
                fn_arg_span,
            })),
        );

        // Disable recovery for closure body
        let spans =
            ClosureSpans { whole_closure: closure.span, closing_pipe: decl_hi, body: body_span };
        self.current_closure = Some(spans);

        Ok(closure)
    }

    /// Parses an optional `move` prefix to a closure-like construct.
    fn parse_capture_clause(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, CaptureBy> {
        if self.eat_keyword(kw::Move) {
            // Check for `move async` and recover
            if self.check_keyword(kw::Async) {
                let move_async_span = self.token.span.with_lo(self.prev_token.span.data().lo);
                Err(AsyncMoveOrderIncorrect { span: move_async_span }
                    .into_diagnostic(&self.sess.span_diagnostic))
            } else {
                Ok(CaptureBy::Value)
            }
        } else {
            Ok(CaptureBy::Ref)
        }
    }

    /// Parses the `|arg, arg|` header of a closure.
    fn parse_fn_block_decl(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, (P<FnDecl>, Span)> {
        let arg_start = self.token.span.lo();

        let inputs = if self.eat(&token::OrOr) {
            Vec::new()
        } else {
            self.expect(&token::BinOp(token::Or))?;
            let args = self
                .parse_seq_to_before_tokens(
                    &[&token::BinOp(token::Or), &token::OrOr],
                    SeqSep::trailing_allowed(token::Comma),
                    TokenExpectType::NoExpect,
                    |p| p.parse_fn_block_param(),
                )?
                .0;
            self.expect_or()?;
            args
        };
        let arg_span = self.prev_token.span.with_lo(arg_start);
        let output =
            self.parse_ret_ty(AllowPlus::Yes, RecoverQPath::Yes, RecoverReturnSign::Yes)?;

        Ok((P(FnDecl { inputs, output }), arg_span))
    }

    /// Parses a parameter in a closure header (e.g., `|arg, arg|`).
    fn parse_fn_block_param(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Param> {
        let lo = self.token.span;
        let attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?;
        self.collect_tokens_trailing_token(attrs, ForceCollect::No, |this, attrs| {
            let pat = this.parse_pat_no_top_alt(PARAM_EXPECTED)?;
            let ty = if this.eat(&token::Colon) {
                this.parse_ty()?
            } else {
                this.mk_ty(this.prev_token.span, TyKind::Infer)
            };

            Ok((
                Param {
                    attrs,
                    ty,
                    pat,
                    span: lo.to(this.prev_token.span),
                    id: DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                    is_placeholder: false,
                },
                TrailingToken::MaybeComma,
            ))
        })
    }

    /// Parses an `if` expression (`if` token already eaten).
    fn parse_if_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let lo = self.prev_token.span;
        let cond = self.parse_cond_expr()?;
        self.parse_if_after_cond(lo, cond)
    }

    fn parse_if_after_cond(&mut self, lo: Span, mut cond: P<Expr>) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let cond_span = cond.span;
        // Tries to interpret `cond` as either a missing expression if it's a block,
        // or as an unfinished expression if it's a binop and the RHS is a block.
        // We could probably add more recoveries here too...
        let mut recover_block_from_condition = |this: &mut Self| {
            let block = match &mut cond.kind {
                ExprKind::Binary(Spanned { span: binop_span, .. }, _, right)
                    if let ExprKind::Block(_, None) = right.kind => {
                        self.sess.emit_err(IfExpressionMissingThenBlock {
                            if_span: lo,
                            sub: IfExpressionMissingThenBlockSub::UnfinishedCondition(
                                cond_span.shrink_to_lo().to(*binop_span)
                            ),
                        });
                        std::mem::replace(right, this.mk_expr_err(binop_span.shrink_to_hi()))
                    },
                ExprKind::Block(_, None) => {
                    self.sess.emit_err(IfExpressionMissingCondition {
                        if_span: lo.shrink_to_hi(),
                        block_span: self.sess.source_map().start_point(cond_span),
                    });
                    std::mem::replace(&mut cond, this.mk_expr_err(cond_span.shrink_to_hi()))
                }
                _ => {
                    return None;
                }
            };
            if let ExprKind::Block(block, _) = &block.kind {
                Some(block.clone())
            } else {
                unreachable!()
            }
        };
        // Parse then block
        let thn = if self.token.is_keyword(kw::Else) {
            if let Some(block) = recover_block_from_condition(self) {
                block
            } else {
                self.sess.emit_err(IfExpressionMissingThenBlock {
                    if_span: lo,
                    sub: IfExpressionMissingThenBlockSub::AddThenBlock(cond_span.shrink_to_hi()),
                });
                self.mk_block_err(cond_span.shrink_to_hi())
            }
        } else {
            let attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?; // For recovery.
            let block = if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Brace)) {
                self.parse_block()?
            } else {
                if let Some(block) = recover_block_from_condition(self) {
                    block
                } else {
                    self.error_on_extra_if(&cond)?;
                    // Parse block, which will always fail, but we can add a nice note to the error
                    self.parse_block().map_err(|mut err| {
                        err.span_note(
                            cond_span,
                            "the `if` expression is missing a block after this condition",
                        );
                        err
                    })?
                }
            };
            self.error_on_if_block_attrs(lo, false, block.span, attrs);
            block
        };
        let els = if self.eat_keyword(kw::Else) { Some(self.parse_else_expr()?) } else { None };
        Ok(self.mk_expr(lo.to(self.prev_token.span), ExprKind::If(cond, thn, els)))
    }

    /// Parses the condition of a `if` or `while` expression.
    fn parse_cond_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let cond =
            self.parse_expr_res(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL | Restrictions::ALLOW_LET, None)?;

        if let ExprKind::Let(..) = cond.kind {
            // Remove the last feature gating of a `let` expression since it's stable.
            self.sess.gated_spans.ungate_last(sym::let_chains, cond.span);
        }

        Ok(cond)
    }

    /// Parses a `let $pat = $expr` pseudo-expression.
    fn parse_let_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        // This is a *approximate* heuristic that detects if `let` chains are
        // being parsed in the right position. It's approximate because it
        // doesn't deny all invalid `let` expressions, just completely wrong usages.
        let not_in_chain = !matches!(
            self.prev_token.kind,
            TokenKind::AndAnd | TokenKind::Ident(kw::If, _) | TokenKind::Ident(kw::While, _)
        );
        if !self.restrictions.contains(Restrictions::ALLOW_LET) || not_in_chain {
            self.sess.emit_err(ExpectedExpressionFoundLet { span: self.token.span });
        }

        self.bump(); // Eat `let` token
        let lo = self.prev_token.span;
        let pat = self.parse_pat_allow_top_alt(
            None,
            RecoverComma::Yes,
            RecoverColon::Yes,
            CommaRecoveryMode::LikelyTuple,
        )?;
        if self.token == token::EqEq {
            self.sess.emit_err(ExpectedEqForLetExpr {
                span: self.token.span,
                sugg_span: self.token.span,
            });
            self.bump();
        } else {
            self.expect(&token::Eq)?;
        }
        let expr = self.with_res(self.restrictions | Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL, |this| {
            this.parse_assoc_expr_with(1 + prec_let_scrutinee_needs_par(), None.into())
        })?;
        let span = lo.to(expr.span);
        self.sess.gated_spans.gate(sym::let_chains, span);
        Ok(self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::Let(pat, expr, span)))
    }

    /// Parses an `else { ... }` expression (`else` token already eaten).
    fn parse_else_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let else_span = self.prev_token.span; // `else`
        let attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?; // For recovery.
        let expr = if self.eat_keyword(kw::If) {
            self.parse_if_expr()?
        } else if self.check(&TokenKind::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Brace)) {
            self.parse_simple_block()?
        } else {
            let snapshot = self.create_snapshot_for_diagnostic();
            let first_tok = super::token_descr(&self.token);
            let first_tok_span = self.token.span;
            match self.parse_expr() {
                Ok(cond)
                // If it's not a free-standing expression, and is followed by a block,
                // then it's very likely the condition to an `else if`.
                    if self.check(&TokenKind::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Brace))
                        && classify::expr_requires_semi_to_be_stmt(&cond) =>
                {
                    self.sess.emit_err(ExpectedElseBlock {
                        first_tok_span,
                        first_tok,
                        else_span,
                        condition_start: cond.span.shrink_to_lo(),
                    });
                    self.parse_if_after_cond(cond.span.shrink_to_lo(), cond)?
                }
                Err(e) => {
                    e.cancel();
                    self.restore_snapshot(snapshot);
                    self.parse_simple_block()?
                },
                Ok(_) => {
                    self.restore_snapshot(snapshot);
                    self.parse_simple_block()?
                },
            }
        };
        self.error_on_if_block_attrs(else_span, true, expr.span, attrs);
        Ok(expr)
    }

    fn error_on_if_block_attrs(
        &self,
        ctx_span: Span,
        is_ctx_else: bool,
        branch_span: Span,
        attrs: AttrWrapper,
    ) {
        if attrs.is_empty() {
            return;
        }

        let attrs: &[ast::Attribute] = &attrs.take_for_recovery(self.sess);
        let (attributes, last) = match attrs {
            [] => return,
            [x0 @ xn] | [x0, .., xn] => (x0.span.to(xn.span), xn.span),
        };
        let ctx = if is_ctx_else { "else" } else { "if" };
        self.sess.emit_err(OuterAttributeNotAllowedOnIfElse {
            last,
            branch_span,
            ctx_span,
            ctx: ctx.to_string(),
            attributes,
        });
    }

    fn error_on_extra_if(&mut self, cond: &P<Expr>) -> PResult<'a, ()> {
        if let ExprKind::Binary(Spanned { span: binop_span, node: binop}, _, right) = &cond.kind &&
            let BinOpKind::And = binop &&
            let ExprKind::If(cond, ..) = &right.kind {
                    Err(self.sess.create_err(UnexpectedIfWithIf(binop_span.shrink_to_hi().to(cond.span.shrink_to_lo()))))
            } else {
                Ok(())
            }
    }

    /// Parses `for <src_pat> in <src_expr> <src_loop_block>` (`for` token already eaten).
    fn parse_for_expr(&mut self, opt_label: Option<Label>, lo: Span) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        // Record whether we are about to parse `for (`.
        // This is used below for recovery in case of `for ( $stuff ) $block`
        // in which case we will suggest `for $stuff $block`.
        let begin_paren = match self.token.kind {
            token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Parenthesis) => Some(self.token.span),
            _ => None,
        };

        let pat = self.parse_pat_allow_top_alt(
            None,
            RecoverComma::Yes,
            RecoverColon::Yes,
            CommaRecoveryMode::LikelyTuple,
        )?;
        if !self.eat_keyword(kw::In) {
            self.error_missing_in_for_loop();
        }
        self.check_for_for_in_in_typo(self.prev_token.span);
        let expr = self.parse_expr_res(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL, None)?;

        let pat = self.recover_parens_around_for_head(pat, begin_paren);

        let (attrs, loop_block) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;

        let kind = ExprKind::ForLoop(pat, expr, loop_block, opt_label);
        Ok(self.mk_expr_with_attrs(lo.to(self.prev_token.span), kind, attrs))
    }

    fn error_missing_in_for_loop(&mut self) {
        let (span, sub): (_, fn(_) -> _) = if self.token.is_ident_named(sym::of) {
            // Possibly using JS syntax (#75311).
            let span = self.token.span;
            self.bump();
            (span, MissingInInForLoopSub::InNotOf)
        } else {
            (self.prev_token.span.between(self.token.span), MissingInInForLoopSub::AddIn)
        };

        self.sess.emit_err(MissingInInForLoop { span, sub: sub(span) });
    }

    /// Parses a `while` or `while let` expression (`while` token already eaten).
    fn parse_while_expr(&mut self, opt_label: Option<Label>, lo: Span) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let cond = self.parse_cond_expr().map_err(|mut err| {
            err.span_label(lo, "while parsing the condition of this `while` expression");
            err
        })?;
        let (attrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block().map_err(|mut err| {
            err.span_label(lo, "while parsing the body of this `while` expression");
            err.span_label(cond.span, "this `while` condition successfully parsed");
            err
        })?;
        Ok(self.mk_expr_with_attrs(
            lo.to(self.prev_token.span),
            ExprKind::While(cond, body, opt_label),
            attrs,
        ))
    }

    /// Parses `loop { ... }` (`loop` token already eaten).
    fn parse_loop_expr(&mut self, opt_label: Option<Label>, lo: Span) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let loop_span = self.prev_token.span;
        let (attrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
        Ok(self.mk_expr_with_attrs(
            lo.to(self.prev_token.span),
            ExprKind::Loop(body, opt_label, loop_span),
            attrs,
        ))
    }

    pub(crate) fn eat_label(&mut self) -> Option<Label> {
        self.token.lifetime().map(|ident| {
            self.bump();
            Label { ident }
        })
    }

    /// Parses a `match ... { ... }` expression (`match` token already eaten).
    fn parse_match_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let match_span = self.prev_token.span;
        let lo = self.prev_token.span;
        let scrutinee = self.parse_expr_res(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL, None)?;
        if let Err(mut e) = self.expect(&token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Brace)) {
            if self.token == token::Semi {
                e.span_suggestion_short(
                    match_span,
                    "try removing this `match`",
                    "",
                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect, // speculative
                );
            }
            if self.maybe_recover_unexpected_block_label() {
                e.cancel();
                self.bump();
            } else {
                return Err(e);
            }
        }
        let attrs = self.parse_inner_attributes()?;

        let mut arms: Vec<Arm> = Vec::new();
        while self.token != token::CloseDelim(Delimiter::Brace) {
            match self.parse_arm() {
                Ok(arm) => arms.push(arm),
                Err(mut e) => {
                    // Recover by skipping to the end of the block.
                    e.emit();
                    self.recover_stmt();
                    let span = lo.to(self.token.span);
                    if self.token == token::CloseDelim(Delimiter::Brace) {
                        self.bump();
                    }
                    return Ok(self.mk_expr_with_attrs(
                        span,
                        ExprKind::Match(scrutinee, arms),
                        attrs,
                    ));
                }
            }
        }
        let hi = self.token.span;
        self.bump();
        Ok(self.mk_expr_with_attrs(lo.to(hi), ExprKind::Match(scrutinee, arms), attrs))
    }

    /// Attempt to recover from match arm body with statements and no surrounding braces.
    fn parse_arm_body_missing_braces(
        &mut self,
        first_expr: &P<Expr>,
        arrow_span: Span,
    ) -> Option<P<Expr>> {
        if self.token.kind != token::Semi {
            return None;
        }
        let start_snapshot = self.create_snapshot_for_diagnostic();
        let semi_sp = self.token.span;
        self.bump(); // `;`
        let mut stmts =
            vec![self.mk_stmt(first_expr.span, ast::StmtKind::Expr(first_expr.clone()))];
        let err = |this: &Parser<'_>, stmts: Vec<ast::Stmt>| {
            let span = stmts[0].span.to(stmts[stmts.len() - 1].span);

            this.sess.emit_err(MatchArmBodyWithoutBraces {
                statements: span,
                arrow: arrow_span,
                num_statements: stmts.len(),
                sub: if stmts.len() > 1 {
                    MatchArmBodyWithoutBracesSugg::AddBraces {
                        left: span.shrink_to_lo(),
                        right: span.shrink_to_hi(),
                    }
                } else {
                    MatchArmBodyWithoutBracesSugg::UseComma { semicolon: semi_sp }
                },
            });
            this.mk_expr_err(span)
        };
        // We might have either a `,` -> `;` typo, or a block without braces. We need
        // a more subtle parsing strategy.
        loop {
            if self.token.kind == token::CloseDelim(Delimiter::Brace) {
                // We have reached the closing brace of the `match` expression.
                return Some(err(self, stmts));
            }
            if self.token.kind == token::Comma {
                self.restore_snapshot(start_snapshot);
                return None;
            }
            let pre_pat_snapshot = self.create_snapshot_for_diagnostic();
            match self.parse_pat_no_top_alt(None) {
                Ok(_pat) => {
                    if self.token.kind == token::FatArrow {
                        // Reached arm end.
                        self.restore_snapshot(pre_pat_snapshot);
                        return Some(err(self, stmts));
                    }
                }
                Err(err) => {
                    err.cancel();
                }
            }

            self.restore_snapshot(pre_pat_snapshot);
            match self.parse_stmt_without_recovery(true, ForceCollect::No) {
                // Consume statements for as long as possible.
                Ok(Some(stmt)) => {
                    stmts.push(stmt);
                }
                Ok(None) => {
                    self.restore_snapshot(start_snapshot);
                    break;
                }
                // We couldn't parse either yet another statement missing it's
                // enclosing block nor the next arm's pattern or closing brace.
                Err(stmt_err) => {
                    stmt_err.cancel();
                    self.restore_snapshot(start_snapshot);
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        None
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_arm(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Arm> {
        // Used to check the `let_chains` and `if_let_guard` features mostly by scanning
        // `&&` tokens.
        fn check_let_expr(expr: &Expr) -> (bool, bool) {
            match &expr.kind {
                ExprKind::Binary(BinOp { node: BinOpKind::And, .. }, lhs, rhs) => {
                    let lhs_rslt = check_let_expr(lhs);
                    let rhs_rslt = check_let_expr(rhs);
                    (lhs_rslt.0 || rhs_rslt.0, false)
                }
                ExprKind::Let(..) => (true, true),
                _ => (false, true),
            }
        }
        let attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?;
        self.collect_tokens_trailing_token(attrs, ForceCollect::No, |this, attrs| {
            let lo = this.token.span;
            let pat = this.parse_pat_allow_top_alt(
                None,
                RecoverComma::Yes,
                RecoverColon::Yes,
                CommaRecoveryMode::EitherTupleOrPipe,
            )?;
            let guard = if this.eat_keyword(kw::If) {
                let if_span = this.prev_token.span;
                let cond = this.parse_expr_res(Restrictions::ALLOW_LET, None)?;
                let (has_let_expr, does_not_have_bin_op) = check_let_expr(&cond);
                if has_let_expr {
                    if does_not_have_bin_op {
                        // Remove the last feature gating of a `let` expression since it's stable.
                        this.sess.gated_spans.ungate_last(sym::let_chains, cond.span);
                    }
                    let span = if_span.to(cond.span);
                    this.sess.gated_spans.gate(sym::if_let_guard, span);
                }
                Some(cond)
            } else {
                None
            };
            let arrow_span = this.token.span;
            if let Err(mut err) = this.expect(&token::FatArrow) {
                // We might have a `=>` -> `=` or `->` typo (issue #89396).
                if TokenKind::FatArrow
                    .similar_tokens()
                    .map_or(false, |similar_tokens| similar_tokens.contains(&this.token.kind))
                {
                    err.span_suggestion(
                        this.token.span,
                        "try using a fat arrow here",
                        "=>",
                        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
                    );
                    err.emit();
                    this.bump();
                } else {
                    return Err(err);
                }
            }
            let arm_start_span = this.token.span;

            let expr = this.parse_expr_res(Restrictions::STMT_EXPR, None).map_err(|mut err| {
                err.span_label(arrow_span, "while parsing the `match` arm starting here");
                err
            })?;

            let require_comma = classify::expr_requires_semi_to_be_stmt(&expr)
                && this.token != token::CloseDelim(Delimiter::Brace);

            let hi = this.prev_token.span;

            if require_comma {
                let sm = this.sess.source_map();
                if let Some(body) = this.parse_arm_body_missing_braces(&expr, arrow_span) {
                    let span = body.span;
                    return Ok((
                        ast::Arm {
                            attrs,
                            pat,
                            guard,
                            body,
                            span,
                            id: DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                            is_placeholder: false,
                        },
                        TrailingToken::None,
                    ));
                }
                this.expect_one_of(&[token::Comma], &[token::CloseDelim(Delimiter::Brace)])
                    .or_else(|mut err| {
                        if this.token == token::FatArrow {
                            if let Ok(expr_lines) = sm.span_to_lines(expr.span)
                            && let Ok(arm_start_lines) = sm.span_to_lines(arm_start_span)
                            && arm_start_lines.lines[0].end_col == expr_lines.lines[0].end_col
                            && expr_lines.lines.len() == 2
                            {
                                // We check whether there's any trailing code in the parse span,
                                // if there isn't, we very likely have the following:
                                //
                                // X |     &Y => "y"
                                //   |        --    - missing comma
                                //   |        |
                                //   |        arrow_span
                                // X |     &X => "x"
                                //   |      - ^^ self.token.span
                                //   |      |
                                //   |      parsed until here as `"y" & X`
                                err.span_suggestion_short(
                                    arm_start_span.shrink_to_hi(),
                                    "missing a comma here to end this `match` arm",
                                    ",",
                                    Applicability::MachineApplicable,
                                );
                                return Err(err);
                            }
                        } else {
                            // FIXME(compiler-errors): We could also recover `; PAT =>` here

                            // Try to parse a following `PAT =>`, if successful
                            // then we should recover.
                            let mut snapshot = this.create_snapshot_for_diagnostic();
                            let pattern_follows = snapshot
                                .parse_pat_allow_top_alt(
                                    None,
                                    RecoverComma::Yes,
                                    RecoverColon::Yes,
                                    CommaRecoveryMode::EitherTupleOrPipe,
                                )
                                .map_err(|err| err.cancel())
                                .is_ok();
                            if pattern_follows && snapshot.check(&TokenKind::FatArrow) {
                                err.cancel();
                                this.sess.emit_err(MissingCommaAfterMatchArm {
                                    span: hi.shrink_to_hi(),
                                });
                                return Ok(true);
                            }
                        }
                        err.span_label(arrow_span, "while parsing the `match` arm starting here");
                        Err(err)
                    })?;
            } else {
                this.eat(&token::Comma);
            }

            Ok((
                ast::Arm {
                    attrs,
                    pat,
                    guard,
                    body: expr,
                    span: lo.to(hi),
                    id: DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                    is_placeholder: false,
                },
                TrailingToken::None,
            ))
        })
    }

    /// Parses a `try {...}` expression (`try` token already eaten).
    fn parse_try_block(&mut self, span_lo: Span) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let (attrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
        if self.eat_keyword(kw::Catch) {
            Err(CatchAfterTry { span: self.prev_token.span }
                .into_diagnostic(&self.sess.span_diagnostic))
        } else {
            let span = span_lo.to(body.span);
            self.sess.gated_spans.gate(sym::try_blocks, span);
            Ok(self.mk_expr_with_attrs(span, ExprKind::TryBlock(body), attrs))
        }
    }

    fn is_do_catch_block(&self) -> bool {
        self.token.is_keyword(kw::Do)
            && self.is_keyword_ahead(1, &[kw::Catch])
            && self.look_ahead(2, |t| *t == token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Brace))
            && !self.restrictions.contains(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL)
    }

    fn is_do_yeet(&self) -> bool {
        self.token.is_keyword(kw::Do) && self.is_keyword_ahead(1, &[kw::Yeet])
    }

    fn is_try_block(&self) -> bool {
        self.token.is_keyword(kw::Try)
            && self.look_ahead(1, |t| *t == token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Brace))
            && self.token.uninterpolated_span().rust_2018()
    }

    /// Parses an `async move? {...}` expression.
    fn parse_async_block(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let lo = self.token.span;
        self.expect_keyword(kw::Async)?;
        let capture_clause = self.parse_capture_clause()?;
        let (attrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
        let kind = ExprKind::Async(capture_clause, DUMMY_NODE_ID, body);
        Ok(self.mk_expr_with_attrs(lo.to(self.prev_token.span), kind, attrs))
    }

    fn is_async_block(&self) -> bool {
        self.token.is_keyword(kw::Async)
            && ((
                // `async move {`
                self.is_keyword_ahead(1, &[kw::Move])
                    && self.look_ahead(2, |t| *t == token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Brace))
            ) || (
                // `async {`
                self.look_ahead(1, |t| *t == token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Brace))
            ))
    }

    fn is_certainly_not_a_block(&self) -> bool {
        self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_ident())
            && (
                // `{ ident, ` cannot start a block.
                self.look_ahead(2, |t| t == &token::Comma)
                    || self.look_ahead(2, |t| t == &token::Colon)
                        && (
                            // `{ ident: token, ` cannot start a block.
                            self.look_ahead(4, |t| t == &token::Comma) ||
                // `{ ident: ` cannot start a block unless it's a type ascription `ident: Type`.
                self.look_ahead(3, |t| !t.can_begin_type())
                        )
            )
    }

    fn maybe_parse_struct_expr(
        &mut self,
        qself: &Option<P<ast::QSelf>>,
        path: &ast::Path,
    ) -> Option<PResult<'a, P<Expr>>> {
        let struct_allowed = !self.restrictions.contains(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL);
        if struct_allowed || self.is_certainly_not_a_block() {
            if let Err(err) = self.expect(&token::OpenDelim(Delimiter::Brace)) {
                return Some(Err(err));
            }
            let expr = self.parse_struct_expr(qself.clone(), path.clone(), true);
            if let (Ok(expr), false) = (&expr, struct_allowed) {
                // This is a struct literal, but we don't can't accept them here.
                self.sess.emit_err(StructLiteralNotAllowedHere {
                    span: expr.span,
                    sub: StructLiteralNotAllowedHereSugg {
                        left: path.span.shrink_to_lo(),
                        right: expr.span.shrink_to_hi(),
                    },
                });
            }
            return Some(expr);
        }
        None
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_struct_fields(
        &mut self,
        pth: ast::Path,
        recover: bool,
        close_delim: Delimiter,
    ) -> PResult<'a, (Vec<ExprField>, ast::StructRest, bool)> {
        let mut fields = Vec::new();
        let mut base = ast::StructRest::None;
        let mut recover_async = false;

        let mut async_block_err = |e: &mut Diagnostic, span: Span| {
            recover_async = true;
            e.span_label(span, "`async` blocks are only allowed in Rust 2018 or later");
            e.help_use_latest_edition();
        };

        while self.token != token::CloseDelim(close_delim) {
            if self.eat(&token::DotDot) || self.recover_struct_field_dots(close_delim) {
                let exp_span = self.prev_token.span;
                // We permit `.. }` on the left-hand side of a destructuring assignment.
                if self.check(&token::CloseDelim(close_delim)) {
                    base = ast::StructRest::Rest(self.prev_token.span.shrink_to_hi());
                    break;
                }
                match self.parse_expr() {
                    Ok(e) => base = ast::StructRest::Base(e),
                    Err(mut e) if recover => {
                        e.emit();
                        self.recover_stmt();
                    }
                    Err(e) => return Err(e),
                }
                self.recover_struct_comma_after_dotdot(exp_span);
                break;
            }

            let recovery_field = self.find_struct_error_after_field_looking_code();
            let parsed_field = match self.parse_expr_field() {
                Ok(f) => Some(f),
                Err(mut e) => {
                    if pth == kw::Async {
                        async_block_err(&mut e, pth.span);
                    } else {
                        e.span_label(pth.span, "while parsing this struct");
                    }
                    e.emit();

                    // If the next token is a comma, then try to parse
                    // what comes next as additional fields, rather than
                    // bailing out until next `}`.
                    if self.token != token::Comma {
                        self.recover_stmt_(SemiColonMode::Comma, BlockMode::Ignore);
                        if self.token != token::Comma {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    None
                }
            };

            let is_shorthand = parsed_field.as_ref().map_or(false, |f| f.is_shorthand);
            // A shorthand field can be turned into a full field with `:`.
            // We should point this out.
            self.check_or_expected(!is_shorthand, TokenType::Token(token::Colon));

            match self.expect_one_of(&[token::Comma], &[token::CloseDelim(close_delim)]) {
                Ok(_) => {
                    if let Some(f) = parsed_field.or(recovery_field) {
                        // Only include the field if there's no parse error for the field name.
                        fields.push(f);
                    }
                }
                Err(mut e) => {
                    if pth == kw::Async {
                        async_block_err(&mut e, pth.span);
                    } else {
                        e.span_label(pth.span, "while parsing this struct");
                        if let Some(f) = recovery_field {
                            fields.push(f);
                            e.span_suggestion(
                                self.prev_token.span.shrink_to_hi(),
                                "try adding a comma",
                                ",",
                                Applicability::MachineApplicable,
                            );
                        } else if is_shorthand
                            && (AssocOp::from_token(&self.token).is_some()
                                || matches!(&self.token.kind, token::OpenDelim(_))
                                || self.token.kind == token::Dot)
                        {
                            // Looks like they tried to write a shorthand, complex expression.
                            let ident = parsed_field.expect("is_shorthand implies Some").ident;
                            e.span_suggestion(
                                ident.span.shrink_to_lo(),
                                "try naming a field",
                                &format!("{ident}: "),
                                Applicability::HasPlaceholders,
                            );
                        }
                    }
                    if !recover {
                        return Err(e);
                    }
                    e.emit();
                    self.recover_stmt_(SemiColonMode::Comma, BlockMode::Ignore);
                    self.eat(&token::Comma);
                }
            }
        }
        Ok((fields, base, recover_async))
    }

    /// Precondition: already parsed the '{'.
    pub(super) fn parse_struct_expr(
        &mut self,
        qself: Option<P<ast::QSelf>>,
        pth: ast::Path,
        recover: bool,
    ) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let lo = pth.span;
        let (fields, base, recover_async) =
            self.parse_struct_fields(pth.clone(), recover, Delimiter::Brace)?;
        let span = lo.to(self.token.span);
        self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(Delimiter::Brace))?;
        let expr = if recover_async {
            ExprKind::Err
        } else {
            ExprKind::Struct(P(ast::StructExpr { qself, path: pth, fields, rest: base }))
        };
        Ok(self.mk_expr(span, expr))
    }

    /// Use in case of error after field-looking code: `S { foo: () with a }`.
    fn find_struct_error_after_field_looking_code(&self) -> Option<ExprField> {
        match self.token.ident() {
            Some((ident, is_raw))
                if (is_raw || !ident.is_reserved())
                    && self.look_ahead(1, |t| *t == token::Colon) =>
            {
                Some(ast::ExprField {
                    ident,
                    span: self.token.span,
                    expr: self.mk_expr_err(self.token.span),
                    is_shorthand: false,
                    attrs: AttrVec::new(),
                    id: DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                    is_placeholder: false,
                })
            }
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    fn recover_struct_comma_after_dotdot(&mut self, span: Span) {
        if self.token != token::Comma {
            return;
        }
        self.sess.emit_err(CommaAfterBaseStruct {
            span: span.to(self.prev_token.span),
            comma: self.token.span,
        });
        self.recover_stmt();
    }

    fn recover_struct_field_dots(&mut self, close_delim: Delimiter) -> bool {
        if !self.look_ahead(1, |t| *t == token::CloseDelim(close_delim))
            && self.eat(&token::DotDotDot)
        {
            // recover from typo of `...`, suggest `..`
            let span = self.prev_token.span;
            self.sess.emit_err(MissingDotDot { token_span: span, sugg_span: span });
            return true;
        }
        false
    }

    /// Parses `ident (COLON expr)?`.
    fn parse_expr_field(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, ExprField> {
        let attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?;
        self.collect_tokens_trailing_token(attrs, ForceCollect::No, |this, attrs| {
            let lo = this.token.span;

            // Check if a colon exists one ahead. This means we're parsing a fieldname.
            let is_shorthand = !this.look_ahead(1, |t| t == &token::Colon || t == &token::Eq);
            let (ident, expr) = if is_shorthand {
                // Mimic `x: x` for the `x` field shorthand.
                let ident = this.parse_ident_common(false)?;
                let path = ast::Path::from_ident(ident);
                (ident, this.mk_expr(ident.span, ExprKind::Path(None, path)))
            } else {
                let ident = this.parse_field_name()?;
                this.error_on_eq_field_init(ident);
                this.bump(); // `:`
                (ident, this.parse_expr()?)
            };

            Ok((
                ast::ExprField {
                    ident,
                    span: lo.to(expr.span),
                    expr,
                    is_shorthand,
                    attrs,
                    id: DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                    is_placeholder: false,
                },
                TrailingToken::MaybeComma,
            ))
        })
    }

    /// Check for `=`. This means the source incorrectly attempts to
    /// initialize a field with an eq rather than a colon.
    fn error_on_eq_field_init(&self, field_name: Ident) {
        if self.token != token::Eq {
            return;
        }

        self.sess.emit_err(EqFieldInit {
            span: self.token.span,
            eq: field_name.span.shrink_to_hi().to(self.token.span),
        });
    }

    fn err_dotdotdot_syntax(&self, span: Span) {
        self.sess.emit_err(DotDotDot { span });
    }

    fn err_larrow_operator(&self, span: Span) {
        self.sess.emit_err(LeftArrowOperator { span });
    }

    fn mk_assign_op(&self, binop: BinOp, lhs: P<Expr>, rhs: P<Expr>) -> ExprKind {
        ExprKind::AssignOp(binop, lhs, rhs)
    }

    fn mk_range(
        &mut self,
        start: Option<P<Expr>>,
        end: Option<P<Expr>>,
        limits: RangeLimits,
    ) -> ExprKind {
        if end.is_none() && limits == RangeLimits::Closed {
            self.inclusive_range_with_incorrect_end(self.prev_token.span);
            ExprKind::Err
        } else {
            ExprKind::Range(start, end, limits)
        }
    }

    fn mk_unary(&self, unop: UnOp, expr: P<Expr>) -> ExprKind {
        ExprKind::Unary(unop, expr)
    }

    fn mk_binary(&self, binop: BinOp, lhs: P<Expr>, rhs: P<Expr>) -> ExprKind {
        ExprKind::Binary(binop, lhs, rhs)
    }

    fn mk_index(&self, expr: P<Expr>, idx: P<Expr>) -> ExprKind {
        ExprKind::Index(expr, idx)
    }

    fn mk_call(&self, f: P<Expr>, args: Vec<P<Expr>>) -> ExprKind {
        ExprKind::Call(f, args)
    }

    fn mk_await_expr(&mut self, self_arg: P<Expr>, lo: Span) -> P<Expr> {
        let span = lo.to(self.prev_token.span);
        let await_expr = self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::Await(self_arg));
        self.recover_from_await_method_call();
        await_expr
    }

    pub(crate) fn mk_expr_with_attrs(&self, span: Span, kind: ExprKind, attrs: AttrVec) -> P<Expr> {
        P(Expr { kind, span, attrs, id: DUMMY_NODE_ID, tokens: None })
    }

    pub(crate) fn mk_expr(&self, span: Span, kind: ExprKind) -> P<Expr> {
        P(Expr { kind, span, attrs: AttrVec::new(), id: DUMMY_NODE_ID, tokens: None })
    }

    pub(super) fn mk_expr_err(&self, span: Span) -> P<Expr> {
        self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::Err)
    }

    /// Create expression span ensuring the span of the parent node
    /// is larger than the span of lhs and rhs, including the attributes.
    fn mk_expr_sp(&self, lhs: &P<Expr>, lhs_span: Span, rhs_span: Span) -> Span {
        lhs.attrs
            .iter()
            .find(|a| a.style == AttrStyle::Outer)
            .map_or(lhs_span, |a| a.span)
            .to(rhs_span)
    }

    fn collect_tokens_for_expr(
        &mut self,
        attrs: AttrWrapper,
        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self, ast::AttrVec) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>>,
    ) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        self.collect_tokens_trailing_token(attrs, ForceCollect::No, |this, attrs| {
            let res = f(this, attrs)?;
            let trailing = if this.restrictions.contains(Restrictions::STMT_EXPR)
                && this.token.kind == token::Semi
            {
                TrailingToken::Semi
            } else if this.token.kind == token::Gt {
                TrailingToken::Gt
            } else {
                // FIXME - pass this through from the place where we know
                // we need a comma, rather than assuming that `#[attr] expr,`
                // always captures a trailing comma
                TrailingToken::MaybeComma
            };
            Ok((res, trailing))
        })
    }
}