Documentation/applying-patches.txt - kernel/common - Git at Google


 	Applying Patches To The Linux Kernel
 	------------------------------------

 	Original by: Jesper Juhl, August 2005
 	Last update: 2006-01-05


 A frequently asked question on the Linux Kernel Mailing List is how to apply
 a patch to the kernel or, more specifically, what base kernel a patch for
 one of the many trees/branches should be applied to. Hopefully this document
 will explain this to you.

 In addition to explaining how to apply and revert patches, a brief
 description of the different kernel trees (and examples of how to apply
 their specific patches) is also provided.


 What is a patch?
 ---
  A patch is a small text document containing a delta of changes between two
 different versions of a source tree. Patches are created with the `diff'
 program.
 To correctly apply a patch you need to know what base it was generated from
 and what new version the patch will change the source tree into. These
 should both be present in the patch file metadata or be possible to deduce
 from the filename.


 How do I apply or revert a patch?
 ---
  You apply a patch with the `patch' program. The patch program reads a diff
 (or patch) file and makes the changes to the source tree described in it.

 Patches for the Linux kernel are generated relative to the parent directory
 holding the kernel source dir.

 This means that paths to files inside the patch file contain the name of the
 kernel source directories it was generated against (or some other directory
 names like "a/" and "b/").
 Since this is unlikely to match the name of the kernel source dir on your
 local machine (but is often useful info to see what version an otherwise
 unlabeled patch was generated against) you should change into your kernel
 source directory and then strip the first element of the path from filenames
 in the patch file when applying it (the -p1 argument to `patch' does this).

 To revert a previously applied patch, use the -R argument to patch.
 So, if you applied a patch like this:
 	patch -p1 < ../patch-x.y.z

 You can revert (undo) it like this:
 	patch -R -p1 < ../patch-x.y.z


 How do I feed a patch/diff file to `patch'?
 ---
  This (as usual with Linux and other UNIX like operating systems) can be
 done in several different ways.
 In all the examples below I feed the file (in uncompressed form) to patch
 via stdin using the following syntax:
 	patch -p1 < path/to/patch-x.y.z

 If you just want to be able to follow the examples below and don't want to
 know of more than one way to use patch, then you can stop reading this
 section here.

 Patch can also get the name of the file to use via the -i argument, like
 this:
 	patch -p1 -i path/to/patch-x.y.z

 If your patch file is compressed with gzip or bzip2 and you don't want to
 uncompress it before applying it, then you can feed it to patch like this
 instead:
 	zcat path/to/patch-x.y.z.gz | patch -p1
 	bzcat path/to/patch-x.y.z.bz2 | patch -p1

 If you wish to uncompress the patch file by hand first before applying it
 (what I assume you've done in the examples below), then you simply run
 gunzip or bunzip2 on the file -- like this:
 	gunzip patch-x.y.z.gz
 	bunzip2 patch-x.y.z.bz2

 Which will leave you with a plain text patch-x.y.z file that you can feed to
 patch via stdin or the -i argument, as you prefer.

 A few other nice arguments for patch are -s which causes patch to be silent
 except for errors which is nice to prevent errors from scrolling out of the
 screen too fast, and --dry-run which causes patch to just print a listing of
 what would happen, but doesn't actually make any changes. Finally --verbose
 tells patch to print more information about the work being done.


 Common errors when patching
 ---
  When patch applies a patch file it attempts to verify the sanity of the
 file in different ways.
 Checking that the file looks like a valid patch file and checking the code
 around the bits being modified matches the context provided in the patch are
 just two of the basic sanity checks patch does.

 If patch encounters something that doesn't look quite right it has two
 options. It can either refuse to apply the changes and abort or it can try
 to find a way to make the patch apply with a few minor changes.

 One example of something that's not 'quite right' that patch will attempt to
 fix up is if all the context matches, the lines being changed match, but the
 line numbers are different. This can happen, for example, if the patch makes
 a change in the middle of the file but for some reasons a few lines have
 been added or removed near the beginning of the file. In that case
 everything looks good it has just moved up or down a bit, and patch will
 usually adjust the line numbers and apply the patch.

 Whenever patch applies a patch that it had to modify a bit to make it fit
 it'll tell you about it by saying the patch applied with 'fuzz'.
 You should be wary of such changes since even though patch probably got it
 right it doesn't /always/ get it right, and the result will sometimes be
 wrong.

 When patch encounters a change that it can't fix up with fuzz it rejects it
 outright and leaves a file with a .rej extension (a reject file). You can
 read this file to see exactly what change couldn't be applied, so you can
 go fix it up by hand if you wish.

 If you don't have any third-party patches applied to your kernel source, but
 only patches from kernel.org and you apply the patches in the correct order,
 and have made no modifications yourself to the source files, then you should
 never see a fuzz or reject message from patch. If you do see such messages
 anyway, then there's a high risk that either your local source tree or the
 patch file is corrupted in some way. In that case you should probably try
 re-downloading the patch and if things are still not OK then you'd be advised
 to start with a fresh tree downloaded in full from kernel.org.

 Let's look a bit more at some of the messages patch can produce.

 If patch stops and presents a "File to patch:" prompt, then patch could not
 find a file to be patched. Most likely you forgot to specify -p1 or you are
 in the wrong directory. Less often, you'll find patches that need to be
 applied with -p0 instead of -p1 (reading the patch file should reveal if
 this is the case -- if so, then this is an error by the person who created
 the patch but is not fatal).

 If you get "Hunk #2 succeeded at 1887 with fuzz 2 (offset 7 lines)." or a
 message similar to that, then it means that patch had to adjust the location
 of the change (in this example it needed to move 7 lines from where it
 expected to make the change to make it fit).
 The resulting file may or may not be OK, depending on the reason the file
 was different than expected.
 This often happens if you try to apply a patch that was generated against a
 different kernel version than the one you are trying to patch.

 If you get a message like "Hunk #3 FAILED at 2387.", then it means that the
 patch could not be applied correctly and the patch program was unable to
 fuzz its way through. This will generate a .rej file with the change that
 caused the patch to fail and also a .orig file showing you the original
 content that couldn't be changed.

 If you get "Reversed (or previously applied) patch detected!  Assume -R? [n]"
 then patch detected that the change contained in the patch seems to have
 already been made.
 If you actually did apply this patch previously and you just re-applied it
 in error, then just say [n]o and abort this patch. If you applied this patch
 previously and actually intended to revert it, but forgot to specify -R,
 then you can say [y]es here to make patch revert it for you.
 This can also happen if the creator of the patch reversed the source and
 destination directories when creating the patch, and in that case reverting
 the patch will in fact apply it.

 A message similar to "patch: **** unexpected end of file in patch" or "patch
 unexpectedly ends in middle of line" means that patch could make no sense of
 the file you fed to it. Either your download is broken, you tried to feed
 patch a compressed patch file without uncompressing it first, or the patch
 file that you are using has been mangled by a mail client or mail transfer
 agent along the way somewhere, e.g., by splitting a long line into two lines.
 Often these warnings can easily be fixed by joining (concatenating) the
 two lines that had been split.

 As I already mentioned above, these errors should never happen if you apply
 a patch from kernel.org to the correct version of an unmodified source tree.
 So if you get these errors with kernel.org patches then you should probably
 assume that either your patch file or your tree is broken and I'd advise you
 to start over with a fresh download of a full kernel tree and the patch you
 wish to apply.


 Are there any alternatives to `patch'?
 ---
  Yes there are alternatives.

  You can use the `interdiff' program (http://cyberelk.net/tim/patchutils/) to
 generate a patch representing the differences between two patches and then
 apply the result.
 This will let you move from something like 2.6.12.2 to 2.6.12.3 in a single
 step. The -z flag to interdiff will even let you feed it patches in gzip or
 bzip2 compressed form directly without the use of zcat or bzcat or manual
 decompression.

 Here's how you'd go from 2.6.12.2 to 2.6.12.3 in a single step:
 	interdiff -z ../patch-2.6.12.2.bz2 ../patch-2.6.12.3.gz | patch -p1

 Although interdiff may save you a step or two you are generally advised to
 do the additional steps since interdiff can get things wrong in some cases.

  Another alternative is `ketchup', which is a python script for automatic
 downloading and applying of patches (http://www.selenic.com/ketchup/).

  Other nice tools are diffstat, which shows a summary of changes made by a
 patch; lsdiff, which displays a short listing of affected files in a patch
 file, along with (optionally) the line numbers of the start of each patch;
 and grepdiff, which displays a list of the files modified by a patch where
 the patch contains a given regular expression.


 Where can I download the patches?
 ---
  The patches are available at http://kernel.org/
 Most recent patches are linked from the front page, but they also have
 specific homes.

 The 2.6.x.y (-stable) and 2.6.x patches live at
  ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/

 The -rc patches live at
  ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/testing/

 The -git patches live at
  ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/snapshots/

 The -mm kernels live at
  ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/akpm/patches/2.6/

 In place of ftp.kernel.org you can use ftp.cc.kernel.org, where cc is a
 country code. This way you'll be downloading from a mirror site that's most
 likely geographically closer to you, resulting in faster downloads for you,
 less bandwidth used globally and less load on the main kernel.org servers --
 these are good things, so do use mirrors when possible.


 The 2.6.x kernels
 ---
  These are the base stable releases released by Linus. The highest numbered
 release is the most recent.

 If regressions or other serious flaws are found, then a -stable fix patch
 will be released (see below) on top of this base. Once a new 2.6.x base
 kernel is released, a patch is made available that is a delta between the
 previous 2.6.x kernel and the new one.

 To apply a patch moving from 2.6.11 to 2.6.12, you'd do the following (note
 that such patches do *NOT* apply on top of 2.6.x.y kernels but on top of the
 base 2.6.x kernel -- if you need to move from 2.6.x.y to 2.6.x+1 you need to
 first revert the 2.6.x.y patch).

 Here are some examples:

 # moving from 2.6.11 to 2.6.12
 $ cd ~/linux-2.6.11			# change to kernel source dir
 $ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12		# apply the 2.6.12 patch
 $ cd ..
 $ mv linux-2.6.11 linux-2.6.12		# rename source dir

 # moving from 2.6.11.1 to 2.6.12
 $ cd ~/linux-2.6.11.1			# change to kernel source dir
 $ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.11.1	# revert the 2.6.11.1 patch
 					# source dir is now 2.6.11
 $ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12		# apply new 2.6.12 patch
 $ cd ..
 $ mv linux-2.6.11.1 linux-2.6.12		# rename source dir


 The 2.6.x.y kernels
 ---
  Kernels with 4-digit versions are -stable kernels. They contain small(ish)
 critical fixes for security problems or significant regressions discovered
 in a given 2.6.x kernel.

 This is the recommended branch for users who want the most recent stable
 kernel and are not interested in helping test development/experimental
 versions.

 If no 2.6.x.y kernel is available, then the highest numbered 2.6.x kernel is
 the current stable kernel.

  note: the -stable team usually do make incremental patches available as well
  as patches against the latest mainline release, but I only cover the
  non-incremental ones below. The incremental ones can be found at
  ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/incr/

 These patches are not incremental, meaning that for example the 2.6.12.3
 patch does not apply on top of the 2.6.12.2 kernel source, but rather on top
 of the base 2.6.12 kernel source .
 So, in order to apply the 2.6.12.3 patch to your existing 2.6.12.2 kernel
 source you have to first back out the 2.6.12.2 patch (so you are left with a
 base 2.6.12 kernel source) and then apply the new 2.6.12.3 patch.

 Here's a small example:

 $ cd ~/linux-2.6.12.2			# change into the kernel source dir
 $ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.12.2	# revert the 2.6.12.2 patch
 $ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12.3		# apply the new 2.6.12.3 patch
 $ cd ..
 $ mv linux-2.6.12.2 linux-2.6.12.3	# rename the kernel source dir


 The -rc kernels
 ---
  These are release-candidate kernels. These are development kernels released
 by Linus whenever he deems the current git (the kernel's source management
 tool) tree to be in a reasonably sane state adequate for testing.

 These kernels are not stable and you should expect occasional breakage if
 you intend to run them. This is however the most stable of the main
 development branches and is also what will eventually turn into the next
 stable kernel, so it is important that it be tested by as many people as
 possible.

 This is a good branch to run for people who want to help out testing
 development kernels but do not want to run some of the really experimental
 stuff (such people should see the sections about -git and -mm kernels below).

 The -rc patches are not incremental, they apply to a base 2.6.x kernel, just
 like the 2.6.x.y patches described above. The kernel version before the -rcN
 suffix denotes the version of the kernel that this -rc kernel will eventually
 turn into.
 So, 2.6.13-rc5 means that this is the fifth release candidate for the 2.6.13
 kernel and the patch should be applied on top of the 2.6.12 kernel source.

 Here are 3 examples of how to apply these patches:

 # first an example of moving from 2.6.12 to 2.6.13-rc3
 $ cd ~/linux-2.6.12			# change into the 2.6.12 source dir
 $ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc3	# apply the 2.6.13-rc3 patch
 $ cd ..
 $ mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.13-rc3	# rename the source dir

 # now let's move from 2.6.13-rc3 to 2.6.13-rc5
 $ cd ~/linux-2.6.13-rc3			# change into the 2.6.13-rc3 dir
 $ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.13-rc3	# revert the 2.6.13-rc3 patch
 $ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc5	# apply the new 2.6.13-rc5 patch
 $ cd ..
 $ mv linux-2.6.13-rc3 linux-2.6.13-rc5	# rename the source dir

 # finally let's try and move from 2.6.12.3 to 2.6.13-rc5
 $ cd ~/linux-2.6.12.3			# change to the kernel source dir
 $ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.12.3	# revert the 2.6.12.3 patch
 $ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc5	# apply new 2.6.13-rc5 patch
 $ cd ..
 $ mv linux-2.6.12.3 linux-2.6.13-rc5	# rename the kernel source dir


 The -git kernels
 ---
  These are daily snapshots of Linus' kernel tree (managed in a git
 repository, hence the name).

 These patches are usually released daily and represent the current state of
 Linus's tree. They are more experimental than -rc kernels since they are
 generated automatically without even a cursory glance to see if they are
 sane.

 -git patches are not incremental and apply either to a base 2.6.x kernel or
 a base 2.6.x-rc kernel -- you can see which from their name.
 A patch named 2.6.12-git1 applies to the 2.6.12 kernel source and a patch
 named 2.6.13-rc3-git2 applies to the source of the 2.6.13-rc3 kernel.

 Here are some examples of how to apply these patches:

 # moving from 2.6.12 to 2.6.12-git1
 $ cd ~/linux-2.6.12			# change to the kernel source dir
 $ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12-git1	# apply the 2.6.12-git1 patch
 $ cd ..
 $ mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.12-git1	# rename the kernel source dir

 # moving from 2.6.12-git1 to 2.6.13-rc2-git3
 $ cd ~/linux-2.6.12-git1		# change to the kernel source dir
 $ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.12-git1	# revert the 2.6.12-git1 patch
 					# we now have a 2.6.12 kernel
 $ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc2	# apply the 2.6.13-rc2 patch
 					# the kernel is now 2.6.13-rc2
 $ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc2-git3	# apply the 2.6.13-rc2-git3 patch
 					# the kernel is now 2.6.13-rc2-git3
 $ cd ..
 $ mv linux-2.6.12-git1 linux-2.6.13-rc2-git3	# rename source dir


 The -mm kernels
 ---
  These are experimental kernels released by Andrew Morton.

 The -mm tree serves as a sort of proving ground for new features and other
 experimental patches.
 Once a patch has proved its worth in -mm for a while Andrew pushes it on to
 Linus for inclusion in mainline.

 Although it's encouraged that patches flow to Linus via the -mm tree, this
 is not always enforced.
 Subsystem maintainers (or individuals) sometimes push their patches directly
 to Linus, even though (or after) they have been merged and tested in -mm (or
 sometimes even without prior testing in -mm).

 You should generally strive to get your patches into mainline via -mm to
 ensure maximum testing.

 This branch is in constant flux and contains many experimental features, a
 lot of debugging patches not appropriate for mainline etc., and is the most
 experimental of the branches described in this document.

 These kernels are not appropriate for use on systems that are supposed to be
 stable and they are more risky to run than any of the other branches (make
 sure you have up-to-date backups -- that goes for any experimental kernel but
 even more so for -mm kernels).

 These kernels in addition to all the other experimental patches they contain
 usually also contain any changes in the mainline -git kernels available at
 the time of release.

 Testing of -mm kernels is greatly appreciated since the whole point of the
 tree is to weed out regressions, crashes, data corruption bugs, build
 breakage (and any other bug in general) before changes are merged into the
 more stable mainline Linus tree.
 But testers of -mm should be aware that breakage in this tree is more common
 than in any other tree.

 The -mm kernels are not released on a fixed schedule, but usually a few -mm
 kernels are released in between each -rc kernel (1 to 3 is common).
 The -mm kernels apply to either a base 2.6.x kernel (when no -rc kernels
 have been released yet) or to a Linus -rc kernel.

 Here are some examples of applying the -mm patches:

 # moving from 2.6.12 to 2.6.12-mm1
 $ cd ~/linux-2.6.12			# change to the 2.6.12 source dir
 $ patch -p1 < ../2.6.12-mm1		# apply the 2.6.12-mm1 patch
 $ cd ..
 $ mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.12-mm1	# rename the source appropriately

 # moving from 2.6.12-mm1 to 2.6.13-rc3-mm3
 $ cd ~/linux-2.6.12-mm1
 $ patch -p1 -R < ../2.6.12-mm1		# revert the 2.6.12-mm1 patch
 					# we now have a 2.6.12 source
 $ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc3	# apply the 2.6.13-rc3 patch
 					# we now have a 2.6.13-rc3 source
 $ patch -p1 < ../2.6.13-rc3-mm3		# apply the 2.6.13-rc3-mm3 patch
 $ cd ..
 $ mv linux-2.6.12-mm1 linux-2.6.13-rc3-mm3	# rename the source dir


 This concludes this list of explanations of the various kernel trees.
 I hope you are now clear on how to apply the various patches and help testing
 the kernel.

 Thank you's to Randy Dunlap, Rolf Eike Beer, Linus Torvalds, Bodo Eggert,
 Johannes Stezenbach, Grant Coady, Pavel Machek and others that I may have
 forgotten for their reviews and contributions to this document.

	Applying Patches To The Linux Kernel
	------------------------------------

	Original by: Jesper Juhl, August 2005
	Last update: 2006-01-05


	A frequently asked question on the Linux Kernel Mailing List is how to apply
	a patch to the kernel or, more specifically, what base kernel a patch for
	one of the many trees/branches should be applied to. Hopefully this document
	will explain this to you.

	In addition to explaining how to apply and revert patches, a brief
	description of the different kernel trees (and examples of how to apply
	their specific patches) is also provided.


	What is a patch?
	---
	A patch is a small text document containing a delta of changes between two
	different versions of a source tree. Patches are created with the `diff'
	program.
	To correctly apply a patch you need to know what base it was generated from
	and what new version the patch will change the source tree into. These
	should both be present in the patch file metadata or be possible to deduce
	from the filename.


	How do I apply or revert a patch?
	---
	You apply a patch with the `patch' program. The patch program reads a diff
	(or patch) file and makes the changes to the source tree described in it.

	Patches for the Linux kernel are generated relative to the parent directory
	holding the kernel source dir.

	This means that paths to files inside the patch file contain the name of the
	kernel source directories it was generated against (or some other directory
	names like "a/" and "b/").
	Since this is unlikely to match the name of the kernel source dir on your
	local machine (but is often useful info to see what version an otherwise
	unlabeled patch was generated against) you should change into your kernel
	source directory and then strip the first element of the path from filenames
	in the patch file when applying it (the -p1 argument to `patch' does this).

	To revert a previously applied patch, use the -R argument to patch.
	So, if you applied a patch like this:
	patch -p1 < ../patch-x.y.z

	You can revert (undo) it like this:
	patch -R -p1 < ../patch-x.y.z


	How do I feed a patch/diff file to `patch'?
	---
	This (as usual with Linux and other UNIX like operating systems) can be
	done in several different ways.
	In all the examples below I feed the file (in uncompressed form) to patch
	via stdin using the following syntax:
	patch -p1 < path/to/patch-x.y.z

	If you just want to be able to follow the examples below and don't want to
	know of more than one way to use patch, then you can stop reading this
	section here.

	Patch can also get the name of the file to use via the -i argument, like
	this:
	patch -p1 -i path/to/patch-x.y.z

	If your patch file is compressed with gzip or bzip2 and you don't want to
	uncompress it before applying it, then you can feed it to patch like this
	instead:
	zcat path/to/patch-x.y.z.gz \| patch -p1
	bzcat path/to/patch-x.y.z.bz2 \| patch -p1

	If you wish to uncompress the patch file by hand first before applying it
	(what I assume you've done in the examples below), then you simply run
	gunzip or bunzip2 on the file -- like this:
	gunzip patch-x.y.z.gz
	bunzip2 patch-x.y.z.bz2

	Which will leave you with a plain text patch-x.y.z file that you can feed to
	patch via stdin or the -i argument, as you prefer.

	A few other nice arguments for patch are -s which causes patch to be silent
	except for errors which is nice to prevent errors from scrolling out of the
	screen too fast, and --dry-run which causes patch to just print a listing of
	what would happen, but doesn't actually make any changes. Finally --verbose
	tells patch to print more information about the work being done.


	Common errors when patching
	---
	When patch applies a patch file it attempts to verify the sanity of the
	file in different ways.
	Checking that the file looks like a valid patch file and checking the code
	around the bits being modified matches the context provided in the patch are
	just two of the basic sanity checks patch does.

	If patch encounters something that doesn't look quite right it has two
	options. It can either refuse to apply the changes and abort or it can try
	to find a way to make the patch apply with a few minor changes.

	One example of something that's not 'quite right' that patch will attempt to
	fix up is if all the context matches, the lines being changed match, but the
	line numbers are different. This can happen, for example, if the patch makes
	a change in the middle of the file but for some reasons a few lines have
	been added or removed near the beginning of the file. In that case
	everything looks good it has just moved up or down a bit, and patch will
	usually adjust the line numbers and apply the patch.

	Whenever patch applies a patch that it had to modify a bit to make it fit
	it'll tell you about it by saying the patch applied with 'fuzz'.
	You should be wary of such changes since even though patch probably got it
	right it doesn't /always/ get it right, and the result will sometimes be
	wrong.

	When patch encounters a change that it can't fix up with fuzz it rejects it
	outright and leaves a file with a .rej extension (a reject file). You can
	read this file to see exactly what change couldn't be applied, so you can
	go fix it up by hand if you wish.

	If you don't have any third-party patches applied to your kernel source, but
	only patches from kernel.org and you apply the patches in the correct order,
	and have made no modifications yourself to the source files, then you should
	never see a fuzz or reject message from patch. If you do see such messages
	anyway, then there's a high risk that either your local source tree or the
	patch file is corrupted in some way. In that case you should probably try
	re-downloading the patch and if things are still not OK then you'd be advised
	to start with a fresh tree downloaded in full from kernel.org.

	Let's look a bit more at some of the messages patch can produce.

	If patch stops and presents a "File to patch:" prompt, then patch could not
	find a file to be patched. Most likely you forgot to specify -p1 or you are
	in the wrong directory. Less often, you'll find patches that need to be
	applied with -p0 instead of -p1 (reading the patch file should reveal if
	this is the case -- if so, then this is an error by the person who created
	the patch but is not fatal).

	If you get "Hunk #2 succeeded at 1887 with fuzz 2 (offset 7 lines)." or a
	message similar to that, then it means that patch had to adjust the location
	of the change (in this example it needed to move 7 lines from where it
	expected to make the change to make it fit).
	The resulting file may or may not be OK, depending on the reason the file
	was different than expected.
	This often happens if you try to apply a patch that was generated against a
	different kernel version than the one you are trying to patch.

	If you get a message like "Hunk #3 FAILED at 2387.", then it means that the
	patch could not be applied correctly and the patch program was unable to
	fuzz its way through. This will generate a .rej file with the change that
	caused the patch to fail and also a .orig file showing you the original
	content that couldn't be changed.

	If you get "Reversed (or previously applied) patch detected! Assume -R? [n]"
	then patch detected that the change contained in the patch seems to have
	already been made.
	If you actually did apply this patch previously and you just re-applied it
	in error, then just say [n]o and abort this patch. If you applied this patch
	previously and actually intended to revert it, but forgot to specify -R,
	then you can say [y]es here to make patch revert it for you.
	This can also happen if the creator of the patch reversed the source and
	destination directories when creating the patch, and in that case reverting
	the patch will in fact apply it.

	A message similar to "patch: **** unexpected end of file in patch" or "patch
	unexpectedly ends in middle of line" means that patch could make no sense of
	the file you fed to it. Either your download is broken, you tried to feed
	patch a compressed patch file without uncompressing it first, or the patch
	file that you are using has been mangled by a mail client or mail transfer
	agent along the way somewhere, e.g., by splitting a long line into two lines.
	Often these warnings can easily be fixed by joining (concatenating) the
	two lines that had been split.

	As I already mentioned above, these errors should never happen if you apply
	a patch from kernel.org to the correct version of an unmodified source tree.
	So if you get these errors with kernel.org patches then you should probably
	assume that either your patch file or your tree is broken and I'd advise you
	to start over with a fresh download of a full kernel tree and the patch you
	wish to apply.


	Are there any alternatives to `patch'?
	---
	Yes there are alternatives.

	You can use the `interdiff' program (http://cyberelk.net/tim/patchutils/) to
	generate a patch representing the differences between two patches and then
	apply the result.
	This will let you move from something like 2.6.12.2 to 2.6.12.3 in a single
	step. The -z flag to interdiff will even let you feed it patches in gzip or
	bzip2 compressed form directly without the use of zcat or bzcat or manual
	decompression.

	Here's how you'd go from 2.6.12.2 to 2.6.12.3 in a single step:
	interdiff -z ../patch-2.6.12.2.bz2 ../patch-2.6.12.3.gz \| patch -p1

	Although interdiff may save you a step or two you are generally advised to
	do the additional steps since interdiff can get things wrong in some cases.

	Another alternative is `ketchup', which is a python script for automatic
	downloading and applying of patches (http://www.selenic.com/ketchup/).

	Other nice tools are diffstat, which shows a summary of changes made by a
	patch; lsdiff, which displays a short listing of affected files in a patch
	file, along with (optionally) the line numbers of the start of each patch;
	and grepdiff, which displays a list of the files modified by a patch where
	the patch contains a given regular expression.


	Where can I download the patches?
	---
	The patches are available at http://kernel.org/
	Most recent patches are linked from the front page, but they also have
	specific homes.

	The 2.6.x.y (-stable) and 2.6.x patches live at
	ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/

	The -rc patches live at
	ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/testing/

	The -git patches live at
	ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/snapshots/

	The -mm kernels live at
	ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/akpm/patches/2.6/

	In place of ftp.kernel.org you can use ftp.cc.kernel.org, where cc is a
	country code. This way you'll be downloading from a mirror site that's most
	likely geographically closer to you, resulting in faster downloads for you,
	less bandwidth used globally and less load on the main kernel.org servers --
	these are good things, so do use mirrors when possible.


	The 2.6.x kernels
	---
	These are the base stable releases released by Linus. The highest numbered
	release is the most recent.

	If regressions or other serious flaws are found, then a -stable fix patch
	will be released (see below) on top of this base. Once a new 2.6.x base
	kernel is released, a patch is made available that is a delta between the
	previous 2.6.x kernel and the new one.

	To apply a patch moving from 2.6.11 to 2.6.12, you'd do the following (note
	that such patches do NOT apply on top of 2.6.x.y kernels but on top of the
	base 2.6.x kernel -- if you need to move from 2.6.x.y to 2.6.x+1 you need to
	first revert the 2.6.x.y patch).

	Here are some examples:

	# moving from 2.6.11 to 2.6.12
	$ cd ~/linux-2.6.11 # change to kernel source dir
	$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12 # apply the 2.6.12 patch
	$ cd ..
	$ mv linux-2.6.11 linux-2.6.12 # rename source dir

	# moving from 2.6.11.1 to 2.6.12
	$ cd ~/linux-2.6.11.1 # change to kernel source dir
	$ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.11.1 # revert the 2.6.11.1 patch
	# source dir is now 2.6.11
	$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12 # apply new 2.6.12 patch
	$ cd ..
	$ mv linux-2.6.11.1 linux-2.6.12 # rename source dir


	The 2.6.x.y kernels
	---
	Kernels with 4-digit versions are -stable kernels. They contain small(ish)
	critical fixes for security problems or significant regressions discovered
	in a given 2.6.x kernel.

	This is the recommended branch for users who want the most recent stable
	kernel and are not interested in helping test development/experimental
	versions.

	If no 2.6.x.y kernel is available, then the highest numbered 2.6.x kernel is
	the current stable kernel.

	note: the -stable team usually do make incremental patches available as well
	as patches against the latest mainline release, but I only cover the
	non-incremental ones below. The incremental ones can be found at
	ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/incr/

	These patches are not incremental, meaning that for example the 2.6.12.3
	patch does not apply on top of the 2.6.12.2 kernel source, but rather on top
	of the base 2.6.12 kernel source .
	So, in order to apply the 2.6.12.3 patch to your existing 2.6.12.2 kernel
	source you have to first back out the 2.6.12.2 patch (so you are left with a
	base 2.6.12 kernel source) and then apply the new 2.6.12.3 patch.

	Here's a small example:

	$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12.2 # change into the kernel source dir
	$ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.12.2 # revert the 2.6.12.2 patch
	$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12.3 # apply the new 2.6.12.3 patch
	$ cd ..
	$ mv linux-2.6.12.2 linux-2.6.12.3 # rename the kernel source dir


	The -rc kernels
	---
	These are release-candidate kernels. These are development kernels released
	by Linus whenever he deems the current git (the kernel's source management
	tool) tree to be in a reasonably sane state adequate for testing.

	These kernels are not stable and you should expect occasional breakage if
	you intend to run them. This is however the most stable of the main
	development branches and is also what will eventually turn into the next
	stable kernel, so it is important that it be tested by as many people as
	possible.

	This is a good branch to run for people who want to help out testing
	development kernels but do not want to run some of the really experimental
	stuff (such people should see the sections about -git and -mm kernels below).

	The -rc patches are not incremental, they apply to a base 2.6.x kernel, just
	like the 2.6.x.y patches described above. The kernel version before the -rcN
	suffix denotes the version of the kernel that this -rc kernel will eventually
	turn into.
	So, 2.6.13-rc5 means that this is the fifth release candidate for the 2.6.13
	kernel and the patch should be applied on top of the 2.6.12 kernel source.

	Here are 3 examples of how to apply these patches:

	# first an example of moving from 2.6.12 to 2.6.13-rc3
	$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12 # change into the 2.6.12 source dir
	$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc3 # apply the 2.6.13-rc3 patch
	$ cd ..
	$ mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.13-rc3 # rename the source dir

	# now let's move from 2.6.13-rc3 to 2.6.13-rc5
	$ cd ~/linux-2.6.13-rc3 # change into the 2.6.13-rc3 dir
	$ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.13-rc3 # revert the 2.6.13-rc3 patch
	$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc5 # apply the new 2.6.13-rc5 patch
	$ cd ..
	$ mv linux-2.6.13-rc3 linux-2.6.13-rc5 # rename the source dir

	# finally let's try and move from 2.6.12.3 to 2.6.13-rc5
	$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12.3 # change to the kernel source dir
	$ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.12.3 # revert the 2.6.12.3 patch
	$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc5 # apply new 2.6.13-rc5 patch
	$ cd ..
	$ mv linux-2.6.12.3 linux-2.6.13-rc5 # rename the kernel source dir


	The -git kernels
	---
	These are daily snapshots of Linus' kernel tree (managed in a git
	repository, hence the name).

	These patches are usually released daily and represent the current state of
	Linus's tree. They are more experimental than -rc kernels since they are
	generated automatically without even a cursory glance to see if they are
	sane.

	-git patches are not incremental and apply either to a base 2.6.x kernel or
	a base 2.6.x-rc kernel -- you can see which from their name.
	A patch named 2.6.12-git1 applies to the 2.6.12 kernel source and a patch
	named 2.6.13-rc3-git2 applies to the source of the 2.6.13-rc3 kernel.

	Here are some examples of how to apply these patches:

	# moving from 2.6.12 to 2.6.12-git1
	$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12 # change to the kernel source dir
	$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12-git1 # apply the 2.6.12-git1 patch
	$ cd ..
	$ mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.12-git1 # rename the kernel source dir

	# moving from 2.6.12-git1 to 2.6.13-rc2-git3
	$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12-git1 # change to the kernel source dir
	$ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.12-git1 # revert the 2.6.12-git1 patch
	# we now have a 2.6.12 kernel
	$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc2 # apply the 2.6.13-rc2 patch
	# the kernel is now 2.6.13-rc2
	$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc2-git3 # apply the 2.6.13-rc2-git3 patch
	# the kernel is now 2.6.13-rc2-git3
	$ cd ..
	$ mv linux-2.6.12-git1 linux-2.6.13-rc2-git3 # rename source dir


	The -mm kernels
	---
	These are experimental kernels released by Andrew Morton.

	The -mm tree serves as a sort of proving ground for new features and other
	experimental patches.
	Once a patch has proved its worth in -mm for a while Andrew pushes it on to
	Linus for inclusion in mainline.

	Although it's encouraged that patches flow to Linus via the -mm tree, this
	is not always enforced.
	Subsystem maintainers (or individuals) sometimes push their patches directly
	to Linus, even though (or after) they have been merged and tested in -mm (or
	sometimes even without prior testing in -mm).

	You should generally strive to get your patches into mainline via -mm to
	ensure maximum testing.

	This branch is in constant flux and contains many experimental features, a
	lot of debugging patches not appropriate for mainline etc., and is the most
	experimental of the branches described in this document.

	These kernels are not appropriate for use on systems that are supposed to be
	stable and they are more risky to run than any of the other branches (make
	sure you have up-to-date backups -- that goes for any experimental kernel but
	even more so for -mm kernels).

	These kernels in addition to all the other experimental patches they contain
	usually also contain any changes in the mainline -git kernels available at
	the time of release.

	Testing of -mm kernels is greatly appreciated since the whole point of the
	tree is to weed out regressions, crashes, data corruption bugs, build
	breakage (and any other bug in general) before changes are merged into the
	more stable mainline Linus tree.
	But testers of -mm should be aware that breakage in this tree is more common
	than in any other tree.

	The -mm kernels are not released on a fixed schedule, but usually a few -mm
	kernels are released in between each -rc kernel (1 to 3 is common).
	The -mm kernels apply to either a base 2.6.x kernel (when no -rc kernels
	have been released yet) or to a Linus -rc kernel.

	Here are some examples of applying the -mm patches:

	# moving from 2.6.12 to 2.6.12-mm1
	$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12 # change to the 2.6.12 source dir
	$ patch -p1 < ../2.6.12-mm1 # apply the 2.6.12-mm1 patch
	$ cd ..
	$ mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.12-mm1 # rename the source appropriately

	# moving from 2.6.12-mm1 to 2.6.13-rc3-mm3
	$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12-mm1
	$ patch -p1 -R < ../2.6.12-mm1 # revert the 2.6.12-mm1 patch
	# we now have a 2.6.12 source
	$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc3 # apply the 2.6.13-rc3 patch
	# we now have a 2.6.13-rc3 source
	$ patch -p1 < ../2.6.13-rc3-mm3 # apply the 2.6.13-rc3-mm3 patch
	$ cd ..
	$ mv linux-2.6.12-mm1 linux-2.6.13-rc3-mm3 # rename the source dir


	This concludes this list of explanations of the various kernel trees.
	I hope you are now clear on how to apply the various patches and help testing
	the kernel.

	Thank you's to Randy Dunlap, Rolf Eike Beer, Linus Torvalds, Bodo Eggert,
	Johannes Stezenbach, Grant Coady, Pavel Machek and others that I may have
	forgotten for their reviews and contributions to this document.