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 <p>Android 5.1 introduced a mechanism to grant special privileges for APIs
 relevant to the Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) owner’s apps. The
 Android platform loads certificates stored on a UICC and grants permission to
 apps signed by these certificates to make calls to a handful of special APIs.
 </p>
 <p>Android 7.0 extends this feature to support other storage sources, such as
 Access Rule File (ARF), for UICC carrier privilege rules, dramatically
 increasing the number of carriers that can use the APIs. For an API reference,
 see <a href="#carrierconfigmanager">CarrierConfigManager</a>; for instructions,
 see <a href="/devices/tech/config/carrier.html">Carrier
 Configuration</a>.</p>

 <p>Since carriers have full control of the UICC, this mechanism provides a
 secure and flexible way to manage apps from the Mobile Network Operator (MNO)
 hosted on generic application distribution channels (such as Google Play) while
 retaining special privileges on devices and without the need to sign apps with
 the per-device platform certificate or pre-install as a system app.</p>

 <h2 id=rules_on_uicc>Rules on UICC</h2>

 <p>Storage on the UICC is compatible with the
 <a href="http://www.globalplatform.org/specificationsdevice.asp">GlobalPlatform
 Secure Element Access Control specification</a>. The application identifier
 (AID) on card is <code>A00000015141434C00</code>, and the standard GET DATA
 command is used to fetch rules stored on the card. You may update these rules
 via card over-the-air (OTA) update.</p>

 <h3 id=data_hierarchy>Data hierarchy</h3>
 <p>UICC rules use the following data hierarchy (the two-character letter and
 number combination in parentheses is the object tag). Each rule is a REF-AR-DO
 (E2) and consists of a concatenation of a REF-DO and an AR-DO:</p>

 <ul>
   <li>REF-DO (E1) contains a DeviceAppID-REF-DO or a concatenation of a
   DeviceAppID-REF-DO and a PKG-REF-DO.
   <ul>
   <li>DeviceAppID-REF-DO (C1) stores the SHA-1 (20 bytes) or SHA-256 (32 bytes)
   signature of the certificate.
   <li>PKG-REF-DO (CA) is the full package name string defined in manifest, ASCII
   encoded, max length 127 bytes.
   </ul></li>
   <li>AR-DO (E3) is extended to include PERM-AR-DO (DB), which is an 8-byte bit
   mask representing 64 separate permissions.</li>
 </ul>

 <p>If PKG-REF-DO is not present, any app signed by the certificate is granted
 access; otherwise both certificate and package name need to match.</p>

 <h3 id=rule_example>Rule example</h3>
 <p>The application name is <code>com.google.android.apps.myapp</code> and the
 SHA-1 certificate in hex string is:</p>
 <pre class="devsite-click-to-copy">
 AB:CD:92:CB:B1:56:B2:80:FA:4E:14:29:A6:EC:EE:B6:E5:C1:BF:E4
 </pre>

 <p>The rule on UICC in hex string is:</p>
 <pre class="devsite-click-to-copy">
 E243 &lt;= 43 is value length in hex
   E135
     C114 ABCD92CBB156B280FA4E1429A6ECEEB6E5C1BFE4
     CA1D 636F6D2E676F6F676C652E616E64726F69642E617070732E6D79617070
   E30A
     DB08 0000000000000001
 </pre>

 <h2 id=arf>Access Rule File (ARF) support</h2>
 <p>Android 7.0 adds support for reading carrier privilege rules from the Access
 Rule File (ARF).</p>
 <p>The Android platform first attempts to select the Access Rule Applet (ARA)
 application identifier (AID) <code>A00000015141434C00</code>. If it doesn't find
 the AID on the Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC), it falls back to ARF by
 selecting PKCS15 AID <code>A000000063504B43532D3135</code>. Android then reads
 Access Control Rules File (ACRF) at <code>0x4300</code> and looks for entries
 with AID <code>FFFFFFFFFFFF</code>. Entries with different AIDs are ignored, so
 rules for other use cases can co-exist.</p>
 <p>Example ACRF content in hex string:</p>
 <pre class="devsite-click-to-copy">
 30 10 A0 08 04 06 FF FF FF FF FF FF 30 04 04 02 43 10
 </pre>

 <p>Example Access Control Conditions File (ACCF) content:</p>
 <pre class="devsite-click-to-copy">
 30 16 04 14 61 ED 37 7E 85 D3 86 A8 DF EE 6B 86 4B D8 5B 0B FA A5 AF 81
 </pre>

 <p>In above example, <code>0x4310</code> is the address for ACCF, which contains
 the certificate hash
 <code>61:ED:37:7E:85:D3:86:A8:DF:EE:6B:86:4B:D8:5B:0B:FA:A5:AF:81</code>. Apps
 signed by this certificate are granted carrier privileges.</p>

 <h2 id=enabled_apis>Enabled APIs</h2>

 <p>Android supports the following APIs.</p>

 <h3 id=telephonymanager>TelephonyManager</h3>

 <ul>
 <li>API to allow the carrier application to ask UICC for a challenge/response:
 <a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/telephony/TelephonyManager.html#getIccAuthentication(int,%20int,%20java.lang.String)"><code>getIccAuthentication</code></a>.
 </li>

 <li>API to check whether calling application has been granted carrier
 privileges:
 <a href="http://developer.android.com/reference/android/telephony/TelephonyManager.html#hasCarrierPrivileges()"><code>hasCarrierPrivileges</code></a>.
 </li>

 <li>APIs to override brand and number:
 <ul>
   <li><code>setOperatorBrandOverride</code></li>
   <li><code>setLine1NumberForDisplay</code></li>
   <li><code>setVoiceMailNumber</code></li>
 </ul></li>

 <li>APIs for direct UICC communication:
 <ul>
   <li><code>iccOpenLogicalChannel</code></li>
   <li><code>iccCloseLogicalChannel</code></li>
   <li><code>iccExchangeSimIO</code></li>
   <li><code>iccTransmitApduLogicalChannel</code></li>
   <li><code>iccTransmitApduBasicChannel</code></li>
   <li><code>sendEnvelopeWithStatus</code></li>
 </ul></li>

 <li>API to set device mode to global:
 <code>setPreferredNetworkTypeToGlobal</code>.</li>
 </ul>

 <h3 id=smsmanager>SmsManager</h3>

 <p>API to allow caller to create new incoming SMS messages:
 <code>injectSmsPdu</code>.</p>

 <h3 id=carrierconfigmanager>CarrierConfigManager</h3>

 <p>API to notify configuration changed:
 <code>notifyConfigChangedForSubId</code>. For instructions, see
 <a href="/devices/tech/config/carrier.html">Carrier Configuration</a>.
 </p>

 <h3 id=carriermessagingservice>CarrierMessagingService</h3>

 <p>Service that receives calls from the system when new SMS and MMS are sent
 or received. To extend this class, declare the service in your manifest file
 with the <code>android.Manifest.permission#BIND_CARRIER_MESSAGING_SERVICE</code>
 permission and include an intent filter with the <code>#SERVICE_INTERFACE</code>
 action. APIs include:</p>
 <ul>
   <li><code>onFilterSms</code></li>
   <li><code>onSendTextSms</code></li>
   <li><code>onSendDataSms</code></li>
   <li><code>onSendMultipartTextSms</code></li>
   <li><code>onSendMms</code></li>
   <li><code>onDownloadMms</code></li>
 </ul>

 <h3 id=telephonyprovider>TelephonyProvider</h3>

 <p>Content provider APIs to allow modifications (insert, delete, update, query)
 to the telephony database. Values fields are defined at
 <a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/provider/Telephony.Carriers.html"><code>Telephony.Carriers</code></a>;
 for more details, refer to
 <a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/provider/Telephony.html">Telephony</a>
 API reference on developer.android.com.</p>

 <h2 id=android_platform>Android platform</h2>

 <p>On a detected UICC, the platform will construct internal UICC objects that
 include carrier privilege rules as part of the UICC.
 <a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/opt/telephony/+/master/src/java/com/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCarrierPrivilegeRules.java"><code>UiccCarrierPrivilegeRules.java</code></a>
 loads rules, parses them from the UICC card, and caches them in memory. When
 a privilege check is needed, <code>UiccCarrierPrivilegeRules</code> compares the
 caller certificate with its own rules one by one. If the UICC is removed, rules
 are destroyed along with the UICC object.</p>

 <h2 id=validation>Validation</h2>
 <p>The Android 7.0 CTS includes tests for carrier APIs in
 <code>CtsCarrierApiTestCases.apk</code>. Because this feature depends on
 certificates on the UICC, you must prepare the UICC to pass these tests.</p>

 <h3 id=prepare_uicc>Preparing the UICC</h3>
 <p>By default, <code>CtsCarrierApiTestCases.apk</code> is signed by Android
 developer key, with hash value
 <code>61:ED:37:7E:85:D3:86:A8:DF:EE:6B:86:4B:D8:5B:0B:FA:A5:AF:81</code>. The
 tests also print out the expected certificate hash if certificates on UICC
 mismatch.</p>
 <p>Example output:</p>
 <pre class="devsite-click-to-copy">
 junit.framework.AssertionFailedError: This test requires a SIM card with carrier privilege rule on it.
 Cert hash: 61ed377e85d386a8dfee6b864bd85b0bfaa5af81
 </pre>

 <p>In order to validate the implementation via CTS using
 <code>CtsCarrierApiTestCases.apk</code>, you must have a developer UICC with
 the correct UICC rules or ARF support. You may ask the SIM card vendor
 of your choice to prepare a developer UICC with the right ARF as described in
 this section and use that UICC to run the tests. The UICC does not require
 active cellular service to pass CTS tests.</p>

 <h3 id=run_tests>Running tests</h3>
 <p>For convenience, the Android 7.0 CTS supports a device token that restricts
 tests to run only on devices configured with same token. Carrier API CTS tests
 support the device token <code>sim-card-with-certs</code>. For example, the
 following device token restricts carrier API tests to run only on device
 <code>abcd1234</code>:</p>
 <pre class="devsite-terminal devsite-click-to-copy">
 cts-tradefed run cts  --device-token abcd1234:sim-card-with-certs
 </pre>

 <p>When running a test without using a device token, the test runs on all
 devices.</p>

 <h2 id=faq>FAQ</h2>

 <p><strong>How can certificates be updated on the UICC?</strong></p>

 <p><em>A: Use existing card OTA update mechanism.</em></p>

 <p><strong>Can it co-exist with other rules?</strong></p>

 <p><em>A: It’s fine to have other security rules on the UICC under same AID; the
 platform will filter them out automatically.</em></p>

 <p><strong>What happens when the UICC is removed for an app that relies on the
 certificates on it?</strong></p>

 <p><em>A: The app will lose its privileges because the rules associated with the
 UICC are destroyed on UICC removal.</em></p>

 <p><strong>Is there a limit on the number of certificates on the UICC?</strong>
 </p>

 <p><em>A: The platform doesn’t limit the number of certificates; but because the
 check is linear, too many rules may incur a latency for check.</em></p>

 <p><strong>Is there a limit to number of APIs we can support via this method?
 </strong></p>

 <p><em>A: No, but we limit the scope of APIs to carrier related.</em></p>

 <p><strong>Are there some APIs prohibited from using this method? If so, how do
 you enforce them? (i.e. Will you have tests to validate which APIs are supported
 via this method?)</strong></p>

 <p><em>A: See the "API Behavioral Compatibility" section of the
 <a href="/compatibility/cdd.html">Android Compatibility Definition
 Document (CDD)</a>. We have some CTS tests to make sure the permission model of
 the APIs is not changed.</em></p>

 <p><strong>How does this work with the multi-SIM feature?</strong></p>

 <p><em>A: The default SIM that gets set by the user will be used.</em></p>

 <p><strong>Does this in any way interact or overlap with other SE access
 technologies, e.g. SEEK?</strong></p>
 <p><em>A: As an example, SEEK uses the same AID as on the UICC. So the rules
 co-exist and are filtered by either SEEK or UiccCarrierPrivileges.</em></p>

 <p><strong>When is it a good time to check carrier privileges?</strong></p>
 <p><em>A: After the SIM state loaded broadcast.</em></p>

 <p><strong>Can OEMs disable part of carrier APIs?</strong></p>

 <p><em>A: No. We believe current APIs are the minimal set, and we plan to use
 the bit mask for finer granularity control in the future.</em></p>

 <p><strong>Does setOperatorBrandOverride override ALL other forms of operator
 name strings? For example, SE13, UICC SPN, network based NITZ, etc.?</strong>
 </p>

 <p><em>A: Refer to the SPN entry in
 <a href="http://developer.android.com/reference/android/telephony/TelephonyManager.html">TelephonyManager</a>
 </em></p>

 <p><strong>What does the injectSmsPdu method call do?</strong></p>

 <p><em>A: This facilitates SMS backup/restore in the cloud. The injectSmsPdu
 call enables the restore function.</em></p>

 <p><strong>For SMS filtering, is the onFilterSms call based on SMS UDH port
 filtering? Or would carrier apps have access to ALL incoming SMS?</strong></p>

 <p><em>A: Carriers have access to all SMS data.</em></p>

 <p><strong>Since the extension of DeviceAppID-REF-DO to support 32 bytes appears
 incompatible with the current GP spec (which allows 0 or 20 bytes only) why are
 you introducing this change? Do you not consider SHA-1 to be good enough to
 avoid collisions? Have you proposed this change to GP already, as this could
 be backwards incompatible with existing ARA-M/ARF?</strong></p>

 <p><em>A: For providing future-proof security this extension introduces SHA-256
 for DeviceAppID-REF-DO in addition to SHA-1 which is currently the only option
 in the GP SEAC standard. It is highly recommended to use SHA-256.</em></p>

 <p><strong>If DeviceAppID is 0 (empty), would you really apply the rule to all
 device applications not covered by a specific rule?</strong></p>

 <p><em>A: Carrier apis require deviceappid-ref-do be non-empty. Being empty is
 intended for test purpose and is not recommended for operational deployments.
 </em></p>

 <p><strong>According to your spec, PKG-REF-DO used just by itself, without
 DeviceAppID-REF-DO, should not be accepted. But it is still described in Table
 6-4 as extending the definition of REF-DO. Is this on purpose? What will be the
 behavior of the code when only a PKG-REF-DO is used in a REF-DO?</strong></p>

 <p><em>A: The option of having PKG-REF-DO as a single value item in REF-DO was
 removed in the latest version. PKG-REF-DO should only occur in combination with
 DeviceAppID-REF-DO.</em></p>

 <p><strong>We assume we can grant access to all carrier-based permissions or
 have a finer-grained control. What will define the mapping between the bit mask
 and the actual permissions then? One permission per class? One permission per
 method specifically? Will 64 separate permissions be enough in the long run?
 </strong></p>

 <p><em>A: This is reserved for the future, and we welcome suggestions.</em></p>

 <p><strong>Can you further define the DeviceAppID for Android specifically?
 Since this is the SHA-1 (20 bytes) hash value of the Publisher certificate used
 to signed the given app, shouldn't the name reflect that purpose? (The name
 could be confusing to many readers as the rule will be applicable then to all
 apps signed with that same Publisher certificate.)</strong></p>

 <p><em>A: The deviceAppID storing certificates is already supported by the
 existing spec. We tried to minimize spec changes to lower barrier for adoption.
 For details, see <a href="#rules_on_uicc">Rules on UICC</a>.</em></p>

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	<p>Android 5.1 introduced a mechanism to grant special privileges for APIs
	relevant to the Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) owner’s apps. The
	Android platform loads certificates stored on a UICC and grants permission to
	apps signed by these certificates to make calls to a handful of special APIs.
	</p>
	<p>Android 7.0 extends this feature to support other storage sources, such as
	Access Rule File (ARF), for UICC carrier privilege rules, dramatically
	increasing the number of carriers that can use the APIs. For an API reference,
	see <a href="#carrierconfigmanager">CarrierConfigManager</a>; for instructions,
	see <a href="/devices/tech/config/carrier.html">Carrier
	Configuration</a>.</p>

	<p>Since carriers have full control of the UICC, this mechanism provides a
	secure and flexible way to manage apps from the Mobile Network Operator (MNO)
	hosted on generic application distribution channels (such as Google Play) while
	retaining special privileges on devices and without the need to sign apps with
	the per-device platform certificate or pre-install as a system app.</p>

	<h2 id=rules_on_uicc>Rules on UICC</h2>

	<p>Storage on the UICC is compatible with the
	<a href="http://www.globalplatform.org/specificationsdevice.asp">GlobalPlatform
	Secure Element Access Control specification</a>. The application identifier
	(AID) on card is <code>A00000015141434C00</code>, and the standard GET DATA
	command is used to fetch rules stored on the card. You may update these rules
	via card over-the-air (OTA) update.</p>

	<h3 id=data_hierarchy>Data hierarchy</h3>
	<p>UICC rules use the following data hierarchy (the two-character letter and
	number combination in parentheses is the object tag). Each rule is a REF-AR-DO
	(E2) and consists of a concatenation of a REF-DO and an AR-DO:</p>

	<ul>
	<li>REF-DO (E1) contains a DeviceAppID-REF-DO or a concatenation of a
	DeviceAppID-REF-DO and a PKG-REF-DO.
	<ul>
	<li>DeviceAppID-REF-DO (C1) stores the SHA-1 (20 bytes) or SHA-256 (32 bytes)
	signature of the certificate.
	<li>PKG-REF-DO (CA) is the full package name string defined in manifest, ASCII
	encoded, max length 127 bytes.
	</ul></li>
	<li>AR-DO (E3) is extended to include PERM-AR-DO (DB), which is an 8-byte bit
	mask representing 64 separate permissions.</li>
	</ul>

	<p>If PKG-REF-DO is not present, any app signed by the certificate is granted
	access; otherwise both certificate and package name need to match.</p>

	<h3 id=rule_example>Rule example</h3>
	<p>The application name is <code>com.google.android.apps.myapp</code> and the
	SHA-1 certificate in hex string is:</p>
	<pre class="devsite-click-to-copy">
	AB:CD:92:CB:B1:56:B2:80:FA:4E:14:29:A6:EC:EE:B6:E5:C1:BF:E4
	</pre>

	<p>The rule on UICC in hex string is:</p>
	<pre class="devsite-click-to-copy">
	E243 <= 43 is value length in hex
	E135
	C114 ABCD92CBB156B280FA4E1429A6ECEEB6E5C1BFE4
	CA1D 636F6D2E676F6F676C652E616E64726F69642E617070732E6D79617070
	E30A
	DB08 0000000000000001
	</pre>

	<h2 id=arf>Access Rule File (ARF) support</h2>
	<p>Android 7.0 adds support for reading carrier privilege rules from the Access
	Rule File (ARF).</p>
	<p>The Android platform first attempts to select the Access Rule Applet (ARA)
	application identifier (AID) <code>A00000015141434C00</code>. If it doesn't find
	the AID on the Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC), it falls back to ARF by
	selecting PKCS15 AID <code>A000000063504B43532D3135</code>. Android then reads
	Access Control Rules File (ACRF) at <code>0x4300</code> and looks for entries
	with AID <code>FFFFFFFFFFFF</code>. Entries with different AIDs are ignored, so
	rules for other use cases can co-exist.</p>
	<p>Example ACRF content in hex string:</p>
	<pre class="devsite-click-to-copy">
	30 10 A0 08 04 06 FF FF FF FF FF FF 30 04 04 02 43 10
	</pre>

	<p>Example Access Control Conditions File (ACCF) content:</p>
	<pre class="devsite-click-to-copy">
	30 16 04 14 61 ED 37 7E 85 D3 86 A8 DF EE 6B 86 4B D8 5B 0B FA A5 AF 81
	</pre>

	<p>In above example, <code>0x4310</code> is the address for ACCF, which contains
	the certificate hash
	<code>61:ED:37:7E:85:D3:86:A8:DF:EE:6B:86:4B:D8:5B:0B:FA:A5:AF:81</code>. Apps
	signed by this certificate are granted carrier privileges.</p>

	<h2 id=enabled_apis>Enabled APIs</h2>

	<p>Android supports the following APIs.</p>

	<h3 id=telephonymanager>TelephonyManager</h3>

	<ul>
	<li>API to allow the carrier application to ask UICC for a challenge/response:
	<a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/telephony/TelephonyManager.html#getIccAuthentication(int,%20int,%20java.lang.String)"><code>getIccAuthentication</code></a>.
	</li>

	<li>API to check whether calling application has been granted carrier
	privileges:
	<a href="http://developer.android.com/reference/android/telephony/TelephonyManager.html#hasCarrierPrivileges()"><code>hasCarrierPrivileges</code></a>.
	</li>

	<li>APIs to override brand and number:
	<ul>
	<li><code>setOperatorBrandOverride</code></li>
	<li><code>setLine1NumberForDisplay</code></li>
	<li><code>setVoiceMailNumber</code></li>
	</ul></li>

	<li>APIs for direct UICC communication:
	<ul>
	<li><code>iccOpenLogicalChannel</code></li>
	<li><code>iccCloseLogicalChannel</code></li>
	<li><code>iccExchangeSimIO</code></li>
	<li><code>iccTransmitApduLogicalChannel</code></li>
	<li><code>iccTransmitApduBasicChannel</code></li>
	<li><code>sendEnvelopeWithStatus</code></li>
	</ul></li>

	<li>API to set device mode to global:
	<code>setPreferredNetworkTypeToGlobal</code>.</li>
	</ul>

	<h3 id=smsmanager>SmsManager</h3>

	<p>API to allow caller to create new incoming SMS messages:
	<code>injectSmsPdu</code>.</p>

	<h3 id=carrierconfigmanager>CarrierConfigManager</h3>

	<p>API to notify configuration changed:
	<code>notifyConfigChangedForSubId</code>. For instructions, see
	<a href="/devices/tech/config/carrier.html">Carrier Configuration</a>.
	</p>

	<h3 id=carriermessagingservice>CarrierMessagingService</h3>

	<p>Service that receives calls from the system when new SMS and MMS are sent
	or received. To extend this class, declare the service in your manifest file
	with the <code>android.Manifest.permission#BIND_CARRIER_MESSAGING_SERVICE</code>
	permission and include an intent filter with the <code>#SERVICE_INTERFACE</code>
	action. APIs include:</p>
	<ul>
	<li><code>onFilterSms</code></li>
	<li><code>onSendTextSms</code></li>
	<li><code>onSendDataSms</code></li>
	<li><code>onSendMultipartTextSms</code></li>
	<li><code>onSendMms</code></li>
	<li><code>onDownloadMms</code></li>
	</ul>

	<h3 id=telephonyprovider>TelephonyProvider</h3>

	<p>Content provider APIs to allow modifications (insert, delete, update, query)
	to the telephony database. Values fields are defined at
	<a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/provider/Telephony.Carriers.html"><code>Telephony.Carriers</code></a>;
	for more details, refer to
	<a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/provider/Telephony.html">Telephony</a>
	API reference on developer.android.com.</p>

	<h2 id=android_platform>Android platform</h2>

	<p>On a detected UICC, the platform will construct internal UICC objects that
	include carrier privilege rules as part of the UICC.
	<a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/opt/telephony/+/master/src/java/com/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCarrierPrivilegeRules.java"><code>UiccCarrierPrivilegeRules.java</code></a>
	loads rules, parses them from the UICC card, and caches them in memory. When
	a privilege check is needed, <code>UiccCarrierPrivilegeRules</code> compares the
	caller certificate with its own rules one by one. If the UICC is removed, rules
	are destroyed along with the UICC object.</p>

	<h2 id=validation>Validation</h2>
	<p>The Android 7.0 CTS includes tests for carrier APIs in
	<code>CtsCarrierApiTestCases.apk</code>. Because this feature depends on
	certificates on the UICC, you must prepare the UICC to pass these tests.</p>

	<h3 id=prepare_uicc>Preparing the UICC</h3>
	<p>By default, <code>CtsCarrierApiTestCases.apk</code> is signed by Android
	developer key, with hash value
	<code>61:ED:37:7E:85:D3:86:A8:DF:EE:6B:86:4B:D8:5B:0B:FA:A5:AF:81</code>. The
	tests also print out the expected certificate hash if certificates on UICC
	mismatch.</p>
	<p>Example output:</p>
	<pre class="devsite-click-to-copy">
	junit.framework.AssertionFailedError: This test requires a SIM card with carrier privilege rule on it.
	Cert hash: 61ed377e85d386a8dfee6b864bd85b0bfaa5af81
	</pre>

	<p>In order to validate the implementation via CTS using
	<code>CtsCarrierApiTestCases.apk</code>, you must have a developer UICC with
	the correct UICC rules or ARF support. You may ask the SIM card vendor
	of your choice to prepare a developer UICC with the right ARF as described in
	this section and use that UICC to run the tests. The UICC does not require
	active cellular service to pass CTS tests.</p>

	<h3 id=run_tests>Running tests</h3>
	<p>For convenience, the Android 7.0 CTS supports a device token that restricts
	tests to run only on devices configured with same token. Carrier API CTS tests
	support the device token <code>sim-card-with-certs</code>. For example, the
	following device token restricts carrier API tests to run only on device
	<code>abcd1234</code>:</p>
	<pre class="devsite-terminal devsite-click-to-copy">
	cts-tradefed run cts --device-token abcd1234:sim-card-with-certs
	</pre>

	<p>When running a test without using a device token, the test runs on all
	devices.</p>

	<h2 id=faq>FAQ</h2>

	<p><strong>How can certificates be updated on the UICC?</strong></p>

	<p><em>A: Use existing card OTA update mechanism.</em></p>

	<p><strong>Can it co-exist with other rules?</strong></p>

	<p><em>A: It’s fine to have other security rules on the UICC under same AID; the
	platform will filter them out automatically.</em></p>

	<p><strong>What happens when the UICC is removed for an app that relies on the
	certificates on it?</strong></p>

	<p><em>A: The app will lose its privileges because the rules associated with the
	UICC are destroyed on UICC removal.</em></p>

	<p><strong>Is there a limit on the number of certificates on the UICC?</strong>
	</p>

	<p><em>A: The platform doesn’t limit the number of certificates; but because the
	check is linear, too many rules may incur a latency for check.</em></p>

	<p><strong>Is there a limit to number of APIs we can support via this method?
	</strong></p>

	<p><em>A: No, but we limit the scope of APIs to carrier related.</em></p>

	<p><strong>Are there some APIs prohibited from using this method? If so, how do
	you enforce them? (i.e. Will you have tests to validate which APIs are supported
	via this method?)</strong></p>

	<p><em>A: See the "API Behavioral Compatibility" section of the
	<a href="/compatibility/cdd.html">Android Compatibility Definition
	Document (CDD)</a>. We have some CTS tests to make sure the permission model of
	the APIs is not changed.</em></p>

	<p><strong>How does this work with the multi-SIM feature?</strong></p>

	<p><em>A: The default SIM that gets set by the user will be used.</em></p>

	<p><strong>Does this in any way interact or overlap with other SE access
	technologies, e.g. SEEK?</strong></p>
	<p><em>A: As an example, SEEK uses the same AID as on the UICC. So the rules
	co-exist and are filtered by either SEEK or UiccCarrierPrivileges.</em></p>

	<p><strong>When is it a good time to check carrier privileges?</strong></p>
	<p><em>A: After the SIM state loaded broadcast.</em></p>

	<p><strong>Can OEMs disable part of carrier APIs?</strong></p>

	<p><em>A: No. We believe current APIs are the minimal set, and we plan to use
	the bit mask for finer granularity control in the future.</em></p>

	<p><strong>Does setOperatorBrandOverride override ALL other forms of operator
	name strings? For example, SE13, UICC SPN, network based NITZ, etc.?</strong>
	</p>

	<p><em>A: Refer to the SPN entry in
	<a href="http://developer.android.com/reference/android/telephony/TelephonyManager.html">TelephonyManager</a>
	</em></p>

	<p><strong>What does the injectSmsPdu method call do?</strong></p>

	<p><em>A: This facilitates SMS backup/restore in the cloud. The injectSmsPdu
	call enables the restore function.</em></p>

	<p><strong>For SMS filtering, is the onFilterSms call based on SMS UDH port
	filtering? Or would carrier apps have access to ALL incoming SMS?</strong></p>

	<p><em>A: Carriers have access to all SMS data.</em></p>

	<p><strong>Since the extension of DeviceAppID-REF-DO to support 32 bytes appears
	incompatible with the current GP spec (which allows 0 or 20 bytes only) why are
	you introducing this change? Do you not consider SHA-1 to be good enough to
	avoid collisions? Have you proposed this change to GP already, as this could
	be backwards incompatible with existing ARA-M/ARF?</strong></p>

	<p><em>A: For providing future-proof security this extension introduces SHA-256
	for DeviceAppID-REF-DO in addition to SHA-1 which is currently the only option
	in the GP SEAC standard. It is highly recommended to use SHA-256.</em></p>

	<p><strong>If DeviceAppID is 0 (empty), would you really apply the rule to all
	device applications not covered by a specific rule?</strong></p>

	<p><em>A: Carrier apis require deviceappid-ref-do be non-empty. Being empty is
	intended for test purpose and is not recommended for operational deployments.
	</em></p>

	<p><strong>According to your spec, PKG-REF-DO used just by itself, without
	DeviceAppID-REF-DO, should not be accepted. But it is still described in Table
	6-4 as extending the definition of REF-DO. Is this on purpose? What will be the
	behavior of the code when only a PKG-REF-DO is used in a REF-DO?</strong></p>

	<p><em>A: The option of having PKG-REF-DO as a single value item in REF-DO was
	removed in the latest version. PKG-REF-DO should only occur in combination with
	DeviceAppID-REF-DO.</em></p>

	<p><strong>We assume we can grant access to all carrier-based permissions or
	have a finer-grained control. What will define the mapping between the bit mask
	and the actual permissions then? One permission per class? One permission per
	method specifically? Will 64 separate permissions be enough in the long run?
	</strong></p>

	<p><em>A: This is reserved for the future, and we welcome suggestions.</em></p>

	<p><strong>Can you further define the DeviceAppID for Android specifically?
	Since this is the SHA-1 (20 bytes) hash value of the Publisher certificate used
	to signed the given app, shouldn't the name reflect that purpose? (The name
	could be confusing to many readers as the rule will be applicable then to all
	apps signed with that same Publisher certificate.)</strong></p>

	<p><em>A: The deviceAppID storing certificates is already supported by the
	existing spec. We tried to minimize spec changes to lower barrier for adoption.
	For details, see <a href="#rules_on_uicc">Rules on UICC</a>.</em></p>

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