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 <p>The Android security team is responsible for managing security vulnerabilities
 discovered in the Android platform and many of the core Android apps bundled
 with Android devices.</p>

 <p>The Android security team finds security vulnerabilities through internal
 research and also responds to bugs reported by third parties. Sources of
 external bugs include issues reported through the <a href="https://g.co/AndroidSecurityReport">
 Android Security Issue template</a>, published and pre-published academic research,
 upstream open source project maintainers, notifications from our device
 manufacturer partners, and publicly disclosed issues posted on blogs or social
 media.</p>

 <h2 id="report-issues">Reporting security issues</h2>

 <p>Any developer, Android user, or security researcher can notify the Android
 security team of potential security issues through the <a
 href="https://g.co/AndroidSecurityReport">security vulnerability reporting
 form</a>.</p>

 <p>Bugs marked as security issues are not externally visible, but they may
 eventually be made visible after the issue is evaluated or resolved. If you
 plan to submit a patch or Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) test to resolve a
 security issue, please attach it to the bug report and wait for a response
 before uploading the code to AOSP.</p>

 <h2 id="triaging_bugs">Triaging bugs</h2>

 <p>The first task in handling a security vulnerability is to identify the severity
 of the bug and which component of Android is affected. The severity determines
 how the issue is prioritized, and the component determines who fixes the bug,
 who is notified, and how the fix gets deployed to users.</p>

 <h3 id="process_types">Process types</h3>
 <p>This table covers the definitions of process types. The process type can be
 defined by the type of application or process or the area in which it runs.
 This table is ordered from least to most privileged.</p>
 <table>
   <col width="30%">
   <col width="70%">
   <tr>
    <th>Process type</th>
    <th>Type definition</th>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Constrained process</td>
    <td>A process that runs in a highly limited SELinux domain.<br />
    OR<br />
    A process that is significantly more limited than a normal application.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Unprivileged process</td>
    <td>A third-party application or process.<br />
    OR<br />
    An application or process that runs in the SELinux <code>untrusted_app</code>
    domain.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Privileged process</td>
    <td>An application or process with capabilities that would be forbidden by the
    SELinux <code>untrusted_app</code> domain.<br />
    OR<br />
    An application or process with important privileges that a third-party
    application cannot obtain.<br />
    OR<br />
    A built-in hardware component on the device that is not part of the Trusted Computing Base
    (TCB).</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Trusted Computing Base (TCB)</td>
    <td>Functionality that is part of the kernel, runs in the same CPU context as
    the kernel (such as device drivers), has direct access to kernel memory (such as
    hardware components on the device), has the capability to load scripts into a kernel component
    (e.g. eBPF), the Baseband Processor, or is one of a handful of user services
    that is considered kernel equivalent: <code>init</code>, <code>ueventd</code>,
    and <code>vold</code>.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Bootloader</td>
    <td>A component that configures the device on boot and then passes control to the
    Android OS.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Trusted Execution Environment (TEE)</td>
    <td>A component that is designed to be protected from even a hostile kernel.</td>
   </tr>
 </table>


 <h3 id="severity">Severity</h3>


 <p>The severity of a bug generally reflects the potential harm that could occur if
 a bug was successfully exploited. Use the following criteria to determine the
 severity:</p>
 <table>
   <tr>
    <th>Rating</th>
    <th>Consequence of successful exploitation</th>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td><strong>Critical</strong></td>
    <td>
      <ul>
        <li>Arbitrary code execution in the TEE</li>
        <li>Remote arbitrary code execution in a privileged process, Bootloader, or the TCB</li>
        <li>Remote permanent denial of service (device inoperability: completely
        permanent or requiring re-flashing the entire operating system)</li>
        <li>Remote bypass of user interaction requirements on package installation or
        equivalent behavior</li>
        <li>Remote bypass of user interaction requirements for any developer or security
        settings modifications</li>
        <li>Remote Secure Boot bypass</li>
      </ul>
    </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td><strong>High</strong></td>
    <td>
      <ul>
       <li>Local Secure Boot bypass</li>
       <li>Remote arbitrary code execution in an unprivileged process</li>
       <li>Local arbitrary code execution in a privileged process, Bootloader, or the TCB</li>
       <li>Unauthorized access to data secured by the TEE</li>
       <li>Local bypass of user interaction requirements on package installation or equivalent
       behavior</li>
       <li>Remote access to protected data (data that is limited to a privileged process)</li>
       <li>Local permanent denial of service (device inoperability: completely
       permanent or requiring re-flashing the entire operating system)</li>
       <li>Remote permanent denial of service (device requires a factory reset)</li>
       <li>Remote bypass of user interaction requirements (access to functionality or data that
       would normally require either user initiation or user permission)</li>
       <li>A general bypass for a defense in depth or exploit mitigation technology in the
       Bootloader or TEE</li>
       <li>A general bypass for operating system protections that isolate application data
       or user profiles from each other</li>
       <li>Local bypass of user interaction requirements for any developer or security
       settings modifications</li>
       <li>Cryptographic Vulnerability in Standard TLS that allows for
       man-in-the-middle attacks</li>
       <li>Lockscreen bypass</li>
       <li>Bypass of Device Protection/ Factory Reset Protection / Carrier Restrictions</li>
       <li>Targeted prevention of access to emergency services</li>
       <li>Bypass of user interaction requirements that are secured by the TEE</li>
      </ul>
    </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td><strong>Moderate</strong></td>
    <td>
      <ul>
       <li>Remote arbitrary code execution in a constrained process</li>
       <li>Remote temporary device denial of service (remote hang or reboot)</li>
       <li>Local arbitrary code execution in an unprivileged process</li>
       <li>A general bypass for a defense in depth or exploit mitigation technology in
       a privileged process or the TCB</li>
       <li>Bypass of restrictions on a constrained process</li>
       <li>Remote access to unprotected data (data normally accessible to any locally
       installed app)</li>
       <li>Local access to protected data (data that is limited to a privileged process)</li>
       <li>Local bypass of user interaction requirements (access to functionality that
       would normally require either user initiation or user permission)</li>
       <li>Local permanent denial of service (device requires a factory reset)</li>
       <li>Cryptographic Vulnerability in standard crypto primitives that allows
       leaking of plaintext (not primitives used in TLS)</li>
      </ul>
    </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td><strong>Low</strong></td>
    <td>
      <ul>
       <li>Local arbitrary code execution in a constrained process</li>
       <li>Cryptographic Vulnerability in non-standard usage</li>
       <li>A general bypass for a user level defense in depth or exploit
       mitigation technology in an unprivileged process</li>
      </ul>
    </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td><strong>No Security Impact (NSI)</strong></td>
    <td>
      <ul>
        <li>A vulnerability whose impact has been mitigated by one or more rating
        modifiers or version-specific architecture changes such that the effective
        severity is below Low, although the underlying code issue may remain</li>
      </ul>
    </td>
   </tr>
 </table>


 <h4 id="local_vs_remote">Local vs. remote</h4>

 <p>A remote attack vector indicates the bug could be exploited without installing
 an app or without physical access to the device. This includes bugs that could
 be triggered by browsing to a web page, reading an email, receiving an SMS
 message, or connecting to a hostile network. For the purpose of our severity
 ratings, the Android security team also considers "proximal" attack vectors as
 remote. These include bugs that can be exploited only by an attacker who is
 physically near the target device, for example a bug that requires sending
 malformed Wi-Fi or Bluetooth packets.</p>

 <p>Local attacks require the victim to run an app, either by installing and running
 an app or by consenting to run an
 <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/google-play-instant/">Instant App</a>.
 For the purpose of severity ratings, the Android security team also considers physical
 attack vectors as local. These include bugs that can be exploited only by an attacker
 who has physical access to the device, for example a bug in a lock screen or one that
 requires plugging in a USB cable. The Android security team also considers
 NFC-based attacks as local.</p>

 <h3 id="rating_modifiers">Rating modifiers</h3>
 <p>While the severity of security vulnerabilities is often easy to identify,
 ratings may change based on circumstances.</p>
 <table>
   <tr>
    <th>Reason</th>
    <th>Effect</th>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Requires running as a privileged process to execute the attack</td>
    <td>-1 Severity</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Vulnerability-specific details limit the impact of the issue</td>
    <td>-1 Severity</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Compiler or platform configurations mitigate a vulnerability in the
    source code</td>
    <td>Moderate Severity if the underlying vulnerability is Moderate or higher</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Requires physical access to device internals</td>
    <td>-2 Severity</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>A local attack that requires Developer Mode or any persistent developer mode settings
    to be enabled on the device (and is not a bug in Developer Mode).</td>
    <td>No higher than Low</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>If no SELinux domain can conduct the operation under the Google-provided
    SEPolicy</td>
    <td>No Security Impact</td>
   </tr>
 </table>

 <p class="note">
 <strong>Note</strong>: A CVE may not be issued for issues assessed as Low or NSI.
 </p>


 <h3 id="affected_component">Affected component</h3>

 <p>The development team responsible for fixing the bug depends on which component
 the bug is in. It could be a core component of the Android platform, a kernel
 driver supplied by an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), or one of the
 pre-loaded apps on Nexus devices.</p>

 <p>Bugs in AOSP code are fixed by the Android engineering team. Low-severity bugs,
 bugs in certain components, or bugs that are already publicly known may be
 fixed directly in the publicly available AOSP master branch; otherwise they're
 fixed in our internal repositories first.</p>

 <p>The component is also a factor in how users get updates. A bug in the framework
 or kernel will require an over-the-air (OTA) firmware update that each OEM will
 need to push. A bug in an app or library published in Google Play (e.g., Gmail,
 Google Play Services, WebView in Lollipop and later versions) can be sent to
 Android users as an update from Google Play.</p>

 <h2 id="notifying_partners">Notifying partners</h2>

 <p>When a security vulnerability in AOSP is fixed in an Android Security
 Bulletin, we'll notify Android partners of issue details and provide patches.
 The list of backport-supported versions changes with each new Android release.
 Contact your device manufacturer for the list of supported devices.</p>

 <h2 id="releasing_code_to_aosp">Releasing code to AOSP</h2>

 <p>If the security bug is in an AOSP component, the fix will be pushed out to AOSP
 after the OTA is released to users. Fixes for low-severity issues may be
 submitted directly to the AOSP master branch before a fix is available.</p>

 <h2 id="android_updates">Receiving Android updates</h2>

 <p>Updates to the Android system are generally delivered to devices through
 OTA update packages. These updates may come from the OEM who
 produced the device or the carrier who provides service to the device. Google
 Nexus device updates come from the Google Nexus team after going through a
 carrier technical acceptance (TA) testing procedure. Google also publishes <a
 href="https://developers.google.com/android/images">Nexus and Pixel factory
 images</a> that can be side-loaded to devices.</p>

 <h2 id="updating_google_services">Updating Google services</h2>

 <p>In addition to providing patches for security bugs, the Android security team
 also review security bugs to determine if there are other ways to protect
 users. For example, Google Play scans all applications and will remove any
 application that attempts to exploit a security bug. For applications installed
 from outside of Google Play, devices with Google Play Services may also use the
 <a href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/2812853">Verify Apps</a>
 feature to warn users about applications that may be potentially harmful.</p>

 <h2 id="other_resources">Other resources</h2>

 <p>Information for Android application developers: <a
 href="https://developer.android.com">https://developer.android.com</a></p>

 <p>Security information exists throughout the Android Open Source and Developer
 sites. Good places to start:<br>
 <a href="/security/index.html">https://source.android.com/security/index.html</a><br>
 <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/articles/security-tips.html">https://developer.android.com/training/articles/security-tips.html</a></p>

 <h3 id="reports">Reports</h3>
 <p>Sometimes the Android Security team publishes reports or whitepapers.
 Here are some of the most recent.</p>
 <ul>
   <li><a href="/security/reports/Google_Android_Security_2017_Report_Final.pdf">
       Android Security 2017 Year In Review</a></li>
   <li><a href="/security/reports/Google_Android_Security_2016_Report_Final.pdf">
       Android Security 2016 Year In Review</a></li>
   <li><a href="/security/reports/Google_Android_Security_2015_Report_Final.pdf">
       Android Security 2015 Year In Review</a></li>
   <li><a href="/security/reports/Google_Android_Security_2014_Report_Final.pdf">
       Android Security 2014 Year In Review</a></li>
   <li><a href="/security/reports/Android_WhitePaper_Final_02092016.pdf">
       Android Security white paper</a></li>
   <li><a href="/security/reports/Google_Android_Security_PHA_classifications.pdf">
       Classifications for Potentially Harmful Applications</a></li>
 </ul>

 <h3 id=slides>Presentations</h3>
 <p>The Android Security team presents at various conferences and talks.
 Here are some of their slides:</p>
 <ul>
   <li><a href="/security/reports/Android-Bootcamp-2016-Verified-Boot-and-Encryption.pdf">
       Verified boot and encryption</a></li>
   <li><a href="/security/reports/Android-Bootcamp-2016-SafetyNet.pdf">
       SafetyNet</a></li>
   <li><a href="/security/reports/Android-Bootcamp-2016-New-App-Lifecycle-for-Encryption.pdf">
       New app life cycle for encryption</a></li>
   <li><a href="/security/reports/Android-Bootcamp-2016-Keeping-Google-Play-safe.pdf">
       Keeping Google Play safe</a></li>
   <li><a href="/security/reports/Android-Bootcamp-2016-Defense-in-depth-efforts.pdf">
       Defense in depth efforts</a></li>
   <li><a href="/security/reports/Android-Bootcamp-2016-Android-Keystore-Attestation.pdf">
       Keystore attestation</a></li>
   <li><a href="/security/reports/Android-Bootcamp-2016-Android-Attack-Team.pdf">
       Android attack team</a></li>
 </ul>
   </body>
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	Copyright 2017 The Android Open Source Project

	Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
	you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
	You may obtain a copy of the License at

	http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

	Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
	distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
	WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
	See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
	limitations under the License.
	-->



	<p>The Android security team is responsible for managing security vulnerabilities
	discovered in the Android platform and many of the core Android apps bundled
	with Android devices.</p>

	<p>The Android security team finds security vulnerabilities through internal
	research and also responds to bugs reported by third parties. Sources of
	external bugs include issues reported through the <a href="https://g.co/AndroidSecurityReport">
	Android Security Issue template</a>, published and pre-published academic research,
	upstream open source project maintainers, notifications from our device
	manufacturer partners, and publicly disclosed issues posted on blogs or social
	media.</p>

	<h2 id="report-issues">Reporting security issues</h2>

	<p>Any developer, Android user, or security researcher can notify the Android
	security team of potential security issues through the <a
	href="https://g.co/AndroidSecurityReport">security vulnerability reporting
	form</a>.</p>

	<p>Bugs marked as security issues are not externally visible, but they may
	eventually be made visible after the issue is evaluated or resolved. If you
	plan to submit a patch or Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) test to resolve a
	security issue, please attach it to the bug report and wait for a response
	before uploading the code to AOSP.</p>

	<h2 id="triaging_bugs">Triaging bugs</h2>

	<p>The first task in handling a security vulnerability is to identify the severity
	of the bug and which component of Android is affected. The severity determines
	how the issue is prioritized, and the component determines who fixes the bug,
	who is notified, and how the fix gets deployed to users.</p>

	<h3 id="process_types">Process types</h3>
	<p>This table covers the definitions of process types. The process type can be
	defined by the type of application or process or the area in which it runs.
	This table is ordered from least to most privileged.</p>
	<table>
	<col width="30%">
	<col width="70%">
	<tr>
	<th>Process type</th>
	<th>Type definition</th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>Constrained process</td>
	<td>A process that runs in a highly limited SELinux domain.<br />
	OR<br />
	A process that is significantly more limited than a normal application.</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>Unprivileged process</td>
	<td>A third-party application or process.<br />
	OR<br />
	An application or process that runs in the SELinux <code>untrusted_app</code>
	domain.</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>Privileged process</td>
	<td>An application or process with capabilities that would be forbidden by the
	SELinux <code>untrusted_app</code> domain.<br />
	OR<br />
	An application or process with important privileges that a third-party
	application cannot obtain.<br />
	OR<br />
	A built-in hardware component on the device that is not part of the Trusted Computing Base
	(TCB).</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>Trusted Computing Base (TCB)</td>
	<td>Functionality that is part of the kernel, runs in the same CPU context as
	the kernel (such as device drivers), has direct access to kernel memory (such as
	hardware components on the device), has the capability to load scripts into a kernel component
	(e.g. eBPF), the Baseband Processor, or is one of a handful of user services
	that is considered kernel equivalent: <code>init</code>, <code>ueventd</code>,
	and <code>vold</code>.</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>Bootloader</td>
	<td>A component that configures the device on boot and then passes control to the
	Android OS.</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>Trusted Execution Environment (TEE)</td>
	<td>A component that is designed to be protected from even a hostile kernel.</td>
	</tr>
	</table>


	<h3 id="severity">Severity</h3>


	<p>The severity of a bug generally reflects the potential harm that could occur if
	a bug was successfully exploited. Use the following criteria to determine the
	severity:</p>
	<table>
	<tr>
	<th>Rating</th>
	<th>Consequence of successful exploitation</th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td><strong>Critical</strong></td>
	<td>
	<ul>
	<li>Arbitrary code execution in the TEE</li>
	<li>Remote arbitrary code execution in a privileged process, Bootloader, or the TCB</li>
	<li>Remote permanent denial of service (device inoperability: completely
	permanent or requiring re-flashing the entire operating system)</li>
	<li>Remote bypass of user interaction requirements on package installation or
	equivalent behavior</li>
	<li>Remote bypass of user interaction requirements for any developer or security
	settings modifications</li>
	<li>Remote Secure Boot bypass</li>
	</ul>
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td><strong>High</strong></td>
	<td>
	<ul>
	<li>Local Secure Boot bypass</li>
	<li>Remote arbitrary code execution in an unprivileged process</li>
	<li>Local arbitrary code execution in a privileged process, Bootloader, or the TCB</li>
	<li>Unauthorized access to data secured by the TEE</li>
	<li>Local bypass of user interaction requirements on package installation or equivalent
	behavior</li>
	<li>Remote access to protected data (data that is limited to a privileged process)</li>
	<li>Local permanent denial of service (device inoperability: completely
	permanent or requiring re-flashing the entire operating system)</li>
	<li>Remote permanent denial of service (device requires a factory reset)</li>
	<li>Remote bypass of user interaction requirements (access to functionality or data that
	would normally require either user initiation or user permission)</li>
	<li>A general bypass for a defense in depth or exploit mitigation technology in the
	Bootloader or TEE</li>
	<li>A general bypass for operating system protections that isolate application data
	or user profiles from each other</li>
	<li>Local bypass of user interaction requirements for any developer or security
	settings modifications</li>
	<li>Cryptographic Vulnerability in Standard TLS that allows for
	man-in-the-middle attacks</li>
	<li>Lockscreen bypass</li>
	<li>Bypass of Device Protection/ Factory Reset Protection / Carrier Restrictions</li>
	<li>Targeted prevention of access to emergency services</li>
	<li>Bypass of user interaction requirements that are secured by the TEE</li>
	</ul>
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td><strong>Moderate</strong></td>
	<td>
	<ul>
	<li>Remote arbitrary code execution in a constrained process</li>
	<li>Remote temporary device denial of service (remote hang or reboot)</li>
	<li>Local arbitrary code execution in an unprivileged process</li>
	<li>A general bypass for a defense in depth or exploit mitigation technology in
	a privileged process or the TCB</li>
	<li>Bypass of restrictions on a constrained process</li>
	<li>Remote access to unprotected data (data normally accessible to any locally
	installed app)</li>
	<li>Local access to protected data (data that is limited to a privileged process)</li>
	<li>Local bypass of user interaction requirements (access to functionality that
	would normally require either user initiation or user permission)</li>
	<li>Local permanent denial of service (device requires a factory reset)</li>
	<li>Cryptographic Vulnerability in standard crypto primitives that allows
	leaking of plaintext (not primitives used in TLS)</li>
	</ul>
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td><strong>Low</strong></td>
	<td>
	<ul>
	<li>Local arbitrary code execution in a constrained process</li>
	<li>Cryptographic Vulnerability in non-standard usage</li>
	<li>A general bypass for a user level defense in depth or exploit
	mitigation technology in an unprivileged process</li>
	</ul>
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td><strong>No Security Impact (NSI)</strong></td>
	<td>
	<ul>
	<li>A vulnerability whose impact has been mitigated by one or more rating
	modifiers or version-specific architecture changes such that the effective
	severity is below Low, although the underlying code issue may remain</li>
	</ul>
	</td>
	</tr>
	</table>


	<h4 id="local_vs_remote">Local vs. remote</h4>

	<p>A remote attack vector indicates the bug could be exploited without installing
	an app or without physical access to the device. This includes bugs that could
	be triggered by browsing to a web page, reading an email, receiving an SMS
	message, or connecting to a hostile network. For the purpose of our severity
	ratings, the Android security team also considers "proximal" attack vectors as
	remote. These include bugs that can be exploited only by an attacker who is
	physically near the target device, for example a bug that requires sending
	malformed Wi-Fi or Bluetooth packets.</p>

	<p>Local attacks require the victim to run an app, either by installing and running
	an app or by consenting to run an
	<a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/google-play-instant/">Instant App</a>.
	For the purpose of severity ratings, the Android security team also considers physical
	attack vectors as local. These include bugs that can be exploited only by an attacker
	who has physical access to the device, for example a bug in a lock screen or one that
	requires plugging in a USB cable. The Android security team also considers
	NFC-based attacks as local.</p>

	<h3 id="rating_modifiers">Rating modifiers</h3>
	<p>While the severity of security vulnerabilities is often easy to identify,
	ratings may change based on circumstances.</p>
	<table>
	<tr>
	<th>Reason</th>
	<th>Effect</th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>Requires running as a privileged process to execute the attack</td>
	<td>-1 Severity</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>Vulnerability-specific details limit the impact of the issue</td>
	<td>-1 Severity</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>Compiler or platform configurations mitigate a vulnerability in the
	source code</td>
	<td>Moderate Severity if the underlying vulnerability is Moderate or higher</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>Requires physical access to device internals</td>
	<td>-2 Severity</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>A local attack that requires Developer Mode or any persistent developer mode settings
	to be enabled on the device (and is not a bug in Developer Mode).</td>
	<td>No higher than Low</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>If no SELinux domain can conduct the operation under the Google-provided
	SEPolicy</td>
	<td>No Security Impact</td>
	</tr>
	</table>

	<p class="note">
	<strong>Note</strong>: A CVE may not be issued for issues assessed as Low or NSI.
	</p>



	<h3 id="affected_component">Affected component</h3>

	<p>The development team responsible for fixing the bug depends on which component
	the bug is in. It could be a core component of the Android platform, a kernel
	driver supplied by an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), or one of the
	pre-loaded apps on Nexus devices.</p>

	<p>Bugs in AOSP code are fixed by the Android engineering team. Low-severity bugs,
	bugs in certain components, or bugs that are already publicly known may be
	fixed directly in the publicly available AOSP master branch; otherwise they're
	fixed in our internal repositories first.</p>

	<p>The component is also a factor in how users get updates. A bug in the framework
	or kernel will require an over-the-air (OTA) firmware update that each OEM will
	need to push. A bug in an app or library published in Google Play (e.g., Gmail,
	Google Play Services, WebView in Lollipop and later versions) can be sent to
	Android users as an update from Google Play.</p>

	<h2 id="notifying_partners">Notifying partners</h2>

	<p>When a security vulnerability in AOSP is fixed in an Android Security
	Bulletin, we'll notify Android partners of issue details and provide patches.
	The list of backport-supported versions changes with each new Android release.
	Contact your device manufacturer for the list of supported devices.</p>

	<h2 id="releasing_code_to_aosp">Releasing code to AOSP</h2>

	<p>If the security bug is in an AOSP component, the fix will be pushed out to AOSP
	after the OTA is released to users. Fixes for low-severity issues may be
	submitted directly to the AOSP master branch before a fix is available.</p>

	<h2 id="android_updates">Receiving Android updates</h2>

	<p>Updates to the Android system are generally delivered to devices through
	OTA update packages. These updates may come from the OEM who
	produced the device or the carrier who provides service to the device. Google
	Nexus device updates come from the Google Nexus team after going through a
	carrier technical acceptance (TA) testing procedure. Google also publishes <a
	href="https://developers.google.com/android/images">Nexus and Pixel factory
	images</a> that can be side-loaded to devices.</p>

	<h2 id="updating_google_services">Updating Google services</h2>

	<p>In addition to providing patches for security bugs, the Android security team
	also review security bugs to determine if there are other ways to protect
	users. For example, Google Play scans all applications and will remove any
	application that attempts to exploit a security bug. For applications installed
	from outside of Google Play, devices with Google Play Services may also use the
	<a href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/2812853">Verify Apps</a>
	feature to warn users about applications that may be potentially harmful.</p>

	<h2 id="other_resources">Other resources</h2>

	<p>Information for Android application developers: <a
	href="https://developer.android.com">https://developer.android.com</a></p>

	<p>Security information exists throughout the Android Open Source and Developer
	sites. Good places to start:<br>
	<a href="/security/index.html">https://source.android.com/security/index.html</a><br>
	<a href="https://developer.android.com/training/articles/security-tips.html">https://developer.android.com/training/articles/security-tips.html</a></p>

	<h3 id="reports">Reports</h3>
	<p>Sometimes the Android Security team publishes reports or whitepapers.
	Here are some of the most recent.</p>
	<ul>
	<li><a href="/security/reports/Google_Android_Security_2017_Report_Final.pdf">
	Android Security 2017 Year In Review</a></li>
	<li><a href="/security/reports/Google_Android_Security_2016_Report_Final.pdf">
	Android Security 2016 Year In Review</a></li>
	<li><a href="/security/reports/Google_Android_Security_2015_Report_Final.pdf">
	Android Security 2015 Year In Review</a></li>
	<li><a href="/security/reports/Google_Android_Security_2014_Report_Final.pdf">
	Android Security 2014 Year In Review</a></li>
	<li><a href="/security/reports/Android_WhitePaper_Final_02092016.pdf">
	Android Security white paper</a></li>
	<li><a href="/security/reports/Google_Android_Security_PHA_classifications.pdf">
	Classifications for Potentially Harmful Applications</a></li>
	</ul>

	<h3 id=slides>Presentations</h3>
	<p>The Android Security team presents at various conferences and talks.
	Here are some of their slides:</p>
	<ul>
	<li><a href="/security/reports/Android-Bootcamp-2016-Verified-Boot-and-Encryption.pdf">
	Verified boot and encryption</a></li>
	<li><a href="/security/reports/Android-Bootcamp-2016-SafetyNet.pdf">
	SafetyNet</a></li>
	<li><a href="/security/reports/Android-Bootcamp-2016-New-App-Lifecycle-for-Encryption.pdf">
	New app life cycle for encryption</a></li>
	<li><a href="/security/reports/Android-Bootcamp-2016-Keeping-Google-Play-safe.pdf">
	Keeping Google Play safe</a></li>
	<li><a href="/security/reports/Android-Bootcamp-2016-Defense-in-depth-efforts.pdf">
	Defense in depth efforts</a></li>
	<li><a href="/security/reports/Android-Bootcamp-2016-Android-Keystore-Attestation.pdf">
	Keystore attestation</a></li>
	<li><a href="/security/reports/Android-Bootcamp-2016-Android-Attack-Team.pdf">
	Android attack team</a></li>
	</ul>
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	</html>