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| <H1 class="no-header">curs_util 3x</H1> |
| <PRE> |
| <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG> |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE> |
| <STRONG>delay_output</STRONG>, <STRONG>filter</STRONG>, <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>, <STRONG>getwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>key_name</STRONG>, <STRONG>keyname</STRONG>, <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG>, |
| <STRONG>putwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>, <STRONG>use_env</STRONG>, <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG>, <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> - miscellaneous <STRONG>curses</STRONG> |
| utility routines |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE> |
| <STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG> |
| |
| <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*unctrl(chtype</STRONG> <EM>c</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG> |
| <STRONG>wchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*wunctrl(cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>c</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG> |
| |
| <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*keyname(int</STRONG> <EM>c</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG> |
| <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*key_name(wchar_t</STRONG> <EM>w</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG> |
| |
| <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>filter(void);</STRONG> |
| <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>nofilter(void);</STRONG> |
| |
| <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>use_env(bool</STRONG> <EM>f</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG> |
| <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>use_tioctl(bool</STRONG> <EM>f</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG> |
| |
| <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>putwin(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>filep</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG> |
| <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*getwin(FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>filep</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG> |
| |
| <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>delay_output(int</STRONG> <EM>ms</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG> |
| <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>flushinp(void);</STRONG> |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE> |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-unctrl">unctrl</a></H3><PRE> |
| The <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> routine returns a character string which is a printable rep- |
| resentation of the character <EM>c</EM>, ignoring attributes. Control charac- |
| ters are displayed in the <STRONG>^</STRONG><EM>X</EM> notation. Printing characters are dis- |
| played as is. The corresponding <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> returns a printable represen- |
| tation of a wide character. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-keyname_key_name">keyname/key_name</a></H3><PRE> |
| The <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> routine returns a character string corresponding to the key |
| <EM>c</EM>: |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> Printable characters are displayed as themselves, e.g., a one-char- |
| acter string containing the key. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> Control characters are displayed in the <STRONG>^</STRONG><EM>X</EM> notation. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> DEL (character 127) is displayed as <STRONG>^?</STRONG>. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> Values above 128 are either meta characters (if the screen has not |
| been initialized, or if <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">meta(3x)</A></STRONG> has been called with a <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> param- |
| eter), shown in the <STRONG>M-</STRONG><EM>X</EM> notation, or are displayed as themselves. |
| In the latter case, the values may not be printable; this follows |
| the X/Open specification. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> Values above 256 may be the names of the names of function keys. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> Otherwise (if there is no corresponding name) the function returns |
| null, to denote an error. X/Open also lists an "UNKNOWN KEY" re- |
| turn value, which some implementations return rather than null. |
| |
| The corresponding <STRONG>key_name</STRONG> returns a character string corresponding to |
| the wide-character value <EM>w</EM>. The two functions do not return the same |
| set of strings; the latter returns null where the former would display |
| a meta character. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-filter_nofilter">filter/nofilter</a></H3><PRE> |
| The <STRONG>filter</STRONG> routine, if used, must be called before <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> |
| are called. Calling <STRONG>filter</STRONG> causes these changes in initialization: |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> is set to 1; |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> the capabilities <STRONG>clear</STRONG>, <STRONG>cud1</STRONG>, <STRONG>cud</STRONG>, <STRONG>cup</STRONG>, <STRONG>cuu1</STRONG>, <STRONG>cuu</STRONG>, <STRONG>vpa</STRONG> are dis- |
| abled; |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> the capability <STRONG>ed</STRONG> is disabled if <STRONG>bce</STRONG> is set; |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> and the <STRONG>home</STRONG> string is set to the value of <STRONG>cr</STRONG>. |
| |
| The <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG> routine cancels the effect of a preceding <STRONG>filter</STRONG> call. |
| That allows the caller to initialize a screen on a different device, |
| using a different value of <STRONG>$TERM</STRONG>. The limitation arises because the |
| <STRONG>filter</STRONG> routine modifies the in-memory copy of the terminal information. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-use_env">use_env</a></H3><PRE> |
| The <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> routine, if used, should be called before <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or |
| <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> are called (because those compute the screen size). It modi- |
| fies the way <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> treats environment variables when determining the |
| screen size. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> Normally <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> looks first at the terminal database for the |
| screen size. |
| |
| If <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> was called with <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG> for parameter, it stops here un- |
| less <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> was also called with <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> for parameter. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> Then it asks for the screen size via operating system calls. If |
| successful, it overrides the values from the terminal database. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> Finally (unless <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> was called with <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG> parameter), <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> |
| examines the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> or <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> environment variables, using a value |
| in those to override the results from the operating system or ter- |
| minal database. |
| |
| <STRONG>Ncurses</STRONG> also updates the screen size in response to <STRONG>SIGWINCH</STRONG>, un- |
| less overridden by the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> or <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> environment variables, |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-use_tioctl">use_tioctl</a></H3><PRE> |
| The <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> routine, if used, should be called before <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or |
| <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> are called (because those compute the screen size). After |
| <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> is called with <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> as an argument, <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> modifies the |
| last step in its computation of screen size as follows: |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> checks if the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> environment variables are set to a |
| number greater than zero. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> for each, <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> updates the corresponding environment variable |
| with the value that it has obtained via operating system call or |
| from the terminal database. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> re-fetches the value of the environment variables so that |
| it is still the environment variables which set the screen size. |
| |
| The <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> and <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> routines combine as summarized here: |
| |
| <EM>use</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>env</EM> <EM>use</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>tioctl</EM> <EM>Summary</EM> |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
| TRUE FALSE This is the default behavior. <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> |
| uses operating system calls unless over- |
| ridden by $LINES or $COLUMNS environment |
| variables. |
| |
| TRUE TRUE <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> updates $LINES and $COLUMNS |
| based on operating system calls. |
| FALSE TRUE <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> ignores $LINES and $COLUMNS, us- |
| es operating system calls to obtain |
| size. |
| FALSE FALSE <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> relies on the terminal database |
| to determine size. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></H3><PRE> |
| The <STRONG>putwin</STRONG> routine writes all data associated with window (or pad) <EM>win</EM> |
| into the file to which <EM>filep</EM> points. This information can be later re- |
| trieved using the <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> function. |
| |
| The <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> routine reads window related data stored in the file by |
| <STRONG>putwin</STRONG>. The routine then creates and initializes a new window using |
| that data. It returns a pointer to the new window. There are a few |
| caveats: |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> the data written is a copy of the <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> structure, and its associ- |
| ated character cells. The format differs between the wide-charac- |
| ter (<STRONG>ncursesw</STRONG>) and non-wide (<STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>) libraries. You can transfer |
| data between the two, however. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> the retrieved window is always created as a top-level window (or |
| pad), rather than a subwindow. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> the window's character cells contain the color pair <EM>value</EM>, but not |
| the actual color <EM>numbers</EM>. If cells in the retrieved window use |
| color pairs which have not been created in the application using |
| <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG>, they will not be colored when the window is refreshed. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-delay_output">delay_output</a></H3><PRE> |
| The <STRONG>delay_output</STRONG> routine inserts an <EM>ms</EM> millisecond pause in output. |
| This routine should not be used extensively because padding characters |
| are used rather than a CPU pause. If no padding character is speci- |
| fied, this uses <STRONG>napms</STRONG> to perform the delay. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-flushinp">flushinp</a></H3><PRE> |
| The <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG> routine throws away any typeahead that has been typed by |
| the user and has not yet been read by the program. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE> |
| Except for <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>, routines that return an integer return <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon |
| failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> (SVr4 specifies only "an integer value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>") |
| upon successful completion. |
| |
| Routines that return pointers return <STRONG>NULL</STRONG> on error. |
| |
| X/Open does not define any error conditions. In this implementation |
| |
| <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG> |
| returns an error if the terminal was not initialized. |
| |
| <STRONG>putwin</STRONG> |
| returns an error if the associated <STRONG>fwrite</STRONG> calls return an er- |
| ror. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE> |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-filter">filter</a></H3><PRE> |
| The SVr4 documentation describes the action of <STRONG>filter</STRONG> only in the |
| vaguest terms. The description here is adapted from the XSI Curses |
| standard (which erroneously fails to describe the disabling of <STRONG>cuu</STRONG>). |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-keyname">keyname</a></H3><PRE> |
| The <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> function may return the names of user-defined string capa- |
| bilities which are defined in the terminfo entry via the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option of |
| <STRONG>tic</STRONG>. This implementation automatically assigns at run-time keycodes to |
| user-defined strings which begin with "k". The keycodes start at |
| KEY_MAX, but are not guaranteed to be the same value for different runs |
| because user-defined codes are merged from all terminal descriptions |
| which have been loaded. The <STRONG><A HREF="curs_extend.3x.html">use_extended_names(3x)</A></STRONG> function controls |
| whether this data is loaded when the terminal description is read by |
| the library. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-nofilter_use_tioctl">nofilter/use_tioctl</a></H3><PRE> |
| The <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG> and <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> routines are specific to <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>. They |
| were not supported on Version 7, BSD or System V implementations. It |
| is recommended that any code depending on <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> extensions be condi- |
| tioned using NCURSES_VERSION. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></H3><PRE> |
| The <STRONG>putwin</STRONG> and <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> functions have several issues with portability: |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> The files written and read by these functions use an implementa- |
| tion-specific format. Although the format is an obvious target for |
| standardization, it has been overlooked. |
| |
| Interestingly enough, according to the copyright dates in Solaris |
| source, the functions (along with <STRONG>scr_init</STRONG>, etc.) originated with |
| the University of California, Berkeley (in 1982) and were later (in |
| 1988) incorporated into SVr4. Oddly, there are no such functions |
| in the 4.3BSD curses sources. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> Most implementations simply dump the binary <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> structure to the |
| file. These include SVr4 curses, NetBSD and PDCurses, as well as |
| older <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> versions. This implementation (as well as the X/Open |
| variant of Solaris curses, dated 1995) uses textual dumps. |
| |
| The implementations which use binary dumps use block-I/O (the |
| <STRONG>fwrite</STRONG> and <STRONG>fread</STRONG> functions). Those that use textual dumps use |
| buffered-I/O. A few applications may happen to write extra data in |
| the file using these functions. Doing that can run into problems |
| mixing block- and buffered-I/O. This implementation reduces the |
| problem on writes by flushing the output. However, reading from a |
| file written using mixed schemes may not be successful. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-unctrl_wunctrl">unctrl/wunctrl</a></H3><PRE> |
| The XSI Curses standard, Issue 4 describes these functions. It states |
| that <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> and <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> will return a null pointer if unsuccessful, but |
| does not define any error conditions. This implementation checks for |
| three cases: |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> the parameter is a 7-bit US-ASCII code. This is the case that |
| X/Open Curses documented. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> the parameter is in the range 128-159, i.e., a C1 control code. If |
| <STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">use_legacy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG> has been called with a <STRONG>2</STRONG> parameter, <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> |
| returns the parameter, i.e., a one-character string with the param- |
| eter as the first character. Otherwise, it returns "~@", "~A", |
| etc., analogous to "^@", "^A", C0 controls. |
| |
| X/Open Curses does not document whether <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> can be called before |
| initializing curses. This implementation permits that, and returns |
| the "~@", etc., values in that case. |
| |
| <STRONG>o</STRONG> parameter values outside the 0 to 255 range. <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> returns a null |
| pointer. |
| |
| The strings returned by <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> in this implementation are determined at |
| compile time, showing C1 controls from the upper-128 codes with a "~" |
| prefix rather than "^". Other implementations have different conven- |
| tions. For example, they may show both sets of control characters with |
| "^", and strip the parameter to 7 bits. Or they may ignore C1 controls |
| and treat all of the upper-128 codes as printable. This implementation |
| uses 8 bits but does not modify the string to reflect locale. The |
| <STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">use_legacy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG> function allows the caller to change the output |
| of <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>. |
| |
| Likewise, the <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">meta(3x)</A></STRONG> function allows the caller to change the output |
| of <STRONG>keyname</STRONG>, i.e., it determines whether to use the "M-" prefix for |
| "meta" keys (codes in the range 128 to 255). Both <STRONG>use_legacy_cod-</STRONG> |
| <STRONG><A HREF="use_legacy_coding.3x.html">ing(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">meta(3x)</A></STRONG> succeed only after curses is initialized. X/Open |
| Curses does not document the treatment of codes 128 to 159. When |
| treating them as "meta" keys (or if <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> is called before initializ- |
| ing curses), this implementation returns strings "M-^@", "M-^A", etc. |
| |
| X/Open Curses documents <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> as declared in <STRONG><unctrl.h></STRONG>, which <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> |
| does. However, <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>' <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG> includes <STRONG><unctrl.h></STRONG>, matching the |
| behavior of SVr4 curses. Other implementations may not do that. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H3><a name="h3-use_env_use_tioctl">use_env/use_tioctl</a></H3><PRE> |
| If <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> is configured to provide the sp-functions extension, the |
| state of <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> and <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> may be updated before creating each |
| <EM>screen</EM> rather than once only (<STRONG><A HREF="curs_sp_funcs.3x.html">curs_sp_funcs(3x)</A></STRONG>). This feature of |
| <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> is not provided by other implementation of curses. |
| |
| |
| </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE> |
| <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>, |
| <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_sp_funcs.3x.html">curs_sp_funcs(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>legacy_cod-</STRONG> |
| <STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">ing(3x)</A></STRONG>. |
| |
| |
| |
| <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG> |
| </PRE> |
| <div class="nav"> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#h3-unctrl">unctrl</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-keyname_key_name">keyname/key_name</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-filter_nofilter">filter/nofilter</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-use_env">use_env</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-use_tioctl">use_tioctl</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-delay_output">delay_output</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-flushinp">flushinp</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#h3-filter">filter</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-keyname">keyname</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-nofilter_use_tioctl">nofilter/use_tioctl</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-unctrl_wunctrl">unctrl/wunctrl</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#h3-use_env_use_tioctl">use_env/use_tioctl</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </BODY> |
| </HTML> |
