FAQ.txt - platform/external/valgrind - Git at Google



 Valgrind FAQ
 Release 3.13.0 15 June 2017
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Table of Contents
 1. Background
 2. Compiling, installing and configuring
 3. Valgrind aborts unexpectedly
 4. Valgrind behaves unexpectedly
 5. Miscellaneous
 6. How To Get Further Assistance

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. Background
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 1.1. How do you pronounce "Valgrind"?
 The "Val" as in the word "value". The "grind" is pronounced with a short
 'i' -- ie. "grinned" (rhymes with "tinned") rather than "grined" (rhymes
 with "find").

 Don't feel bad: almost everyone gets it wrong at first.
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 1.2. Where does the name "Valgrind" come from?
 From Nordic mythology. Originally (before release) the project was named
 Heimdall, after the watchman of the Nordic gods. He could "see a hundred
 miles by day or night, hear the grass growing, see the wool growing on a
 sheep's back", etc. This would have been a great name, but it was
 already taken by a security package "Heimdal".

 Keeping with the Nordic theme, Valgrind was chosen. Valgrind is the name
 of the main entrance to Valhalla (the Hall of the Chosen Slain in
 Asgard). Over this entrance there resides a wolf and over it there is
 the head of a boar and on it perches a huge eagle, whose eyes can see to
 the far regions of the nine worlds. Only those judged worthy by the
 guardians are allowed to pass through Valgrind. All others are refused
 entrance.

 It's not short for "value grinder", although that's not a bad guess.

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 2. Compiling, installing and configuring
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 2.1. When building Valgrind, 'make' dies partway with an assertion
 failure, something like this:

     % make: expand.c:489: allocated_variable_append:
             Assertion 'current_variable_set_list->next != 0' failed.

 It's probably a bug in 'make'. Some, but not all, instances of version
 3.79.1 have this bug, see this:
 <http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg01658.html>. Try
 upgrading to a more recent version of 'make'. Alternatively, we have
 heard that unsetting the CFLAGS environment variable avoids the problem.

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 2.2. When building Valgrind, 'make' fails with this:
     /usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lc
     collect2: ld returned 1 exit status

 You need to install the glibc-static-devel package.

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 3. Valgrind aborts unexpectedly
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 3.1. Programs run OK on Valgrind, but at exit produce a bunch of errors
 involving __libc_freeres and then die with a segmentation fault.

 When the program exits, Valgrind runs the procedure __libc_freeres in
 glibc. This is a hook for memory debuggers, so they can ask glibc to
 free up any memory it has used. Doing that is needed to ensure that
 Valgrind doesn't incorrectly report space leaks in glibc.

 The problem is that running __libc_freeres in older glibc versions
 causes this crash.

 Workaround for 1.1.X and later versions of Valgrind: use the
 --run-libc-freeres=no option. You may then get space leak reports for
 glibc allocations (please don't report these to the glibc people, since
 they are not real leaks), but at least the program runs.

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 3.2. My (buggy) program dies like this:
     valgrind: m_mallocfree.c:248 (get_bszB_as_is): Assertion 'bszB_lo == bszB_hi' failed.

 or like this:
     valgrind: m_mallocfree.c:442 (mk_inuse_bszB): Assertion 'bszB != 0' failed.

 or otherwise aborts or crashes in m_mallocfree.c.
 If Memcheck (the memory checker) shows any invalid reads, invalid writes
 or invalid frees in your program, the above may happen. Reason is that
 your program may trash Valgrind's low-level memory manager, which then
 dies with the above assertion, or something similar. The cure is to fix
 your program so that it doesn't do any illegal memory accesses. The
 above failure will hopefully go away after that.

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 3.3. My program dies, printing a message like this along the way:
     vex x86->IR: unhandled instruction bytes: 0x66 0xF 0x2E 0x5

 One possibility is that your program has a bug and erroneously jumps to
 a non-code address, in which case you'll get a SIGILL signal. Memcheck
 may issue a warning just before this happens, but it might not if the
 jump happens to land in addressable memory.

 Another possibility is that Valgrind does not handle the instruction. If
 you are using an older Valgrind, a newer version might handle the
 instruction. However, all instruction sets have some obscure, rarely
 used instructions. Also, on amd64 there are an almost limitless number
 of combinations of redundant instruction prefixes, many of them
 undocumented but accepted by CPUs. So Valgrind will still have decoding
 failures from time to time. If this happens, please file a bug report.

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 3.4. I tried running a Java program (or another program that uses a
 just-in-time compiler) under Valgrind but something went wrong. Does
 Valgrind handle such programs?

 Valgrind can handle dynamically generated code, so long as none of the
 generated code is later overwritten by other generated code. If this
 happens, though, things will go wrong as Valgrind will continue running
 its translations of the old code (this is true on x86 and amd64, on
 PowerPC there are explicit cache flush instructions which Valgrind
 detects and honours). You should try running with --smc-check=all in
 this case. Valgrind will run much more slowly, but should detect the use
 of the out-of-date code.

 Alternatively, if you have the source code to the JIT compiler you can
 insert calls to the VALGRIND_DISCARD_TRANSLATIONS client request to mark
 out-of-date code, saving you from using --smc-check=all.

 Apart from this, in theory Valgrind can run any Java program just fine,
 even those that use JNI and are partially implemented in other languages
 like C and C++. In practice, Java implementations tend to do nasty
 things that most programs do not, and Valgrind sometimes falls over
 these corner cases.

 If your Java programs do not run under Valgrind, even with
 --smc-check=all, please file a bug report and hopefully we'll be able to
 fix the problem.


 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 4. Valgrind behaves unexpectedly
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 4.1. My program uses the C++ STL and string classes. Valgrind reports
 'still reachable' memory leaks involving these classes at the exit of
 the program, but there should be none.

 First of all: relax, it's probably not a bug, but a feature. Many
 implementations of the C++ standard libraries use their own memory pool
 allocators. Memory for quite a number of destructed objects is not
 immediately freed and given back to the OS, but kept in the pool(s) for
 later re-use. The fact that the pools are not freed at the exit of the
 program cause Valgrind to report this memory as still reachable. The
 behaviour not to free pools at the exit could be called a bug of the
 library though.

 Using GCC, you can force the STL to use malloc and to free memory as
 soon as possible by globally disabling memory caching. Beware! Doing so
 will probably slow down your program, sometimes drastically.

 * With GCC 2.91, 2.95, 3.0 and 3.1, compile all source using the STL
 with -D__USE_MALLOC. Beware! This was removed from GCC starting with
 version 3.3.

 * With GCC 3.2.2 and later, you should export the environment variable
 GLIBCPP_FORCE_NEW before running your program.

 * With GCC 3.4 and later, that variable has changed name to
 GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW.

 There are other ways to disable memory pooling: using the malloc_alloc
 template with your objects (not portable, but should work for GCC) or
 even writing your own memory allocators. But all this goes beyond the
 scope of this FAQ. Start by reading
 http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/faq/index.html#4_4_leak:
 <http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/faq/index.html#4_4_leak> if you
 absolutely want to do that. But beware: allocators belong to the more
 messy parts of the STL and people went to great lengths to make the STL
 portable across platforms. Chances are good that your solution will work
 on your platform, but not on others.

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 4.2. The stack traces given by Memcheck (or another tool) aren't
 helpful. How can I improve them?

 If they're not long enough, use --num-callers to make them longer.
 If they're not detailed enough, make sure you are compiling with -g to
 add debug information. And don't strip symbol tables (programs should be
 unstripped unless you run 'strip' on them; some libraries ship
 stripped).

 Also, for leak reports involving shared objects, if the shared object is
 unloaded before the program terminates, Valgrind will discard the debug
 information and the error message will be full of ??? entries. The
 workaround here is to avoid calling dlclose on these shared objects.

 Also, -fomit-frame-pointer and -fstack-check can make stack traces
 worse.

 Some example sub-traces:
 * With debug information and unstripped (best):
     Invalid write of size 1
        at 0x80483BF: really (malloc1.c:20)
        by 0x8048370: main (malloc1.c:9)

 * With no debug information, unstripped:
     Invalid write of size 1
        at 0x80483BF: really (in /auto/homes/njn25/grind/head5/a.out)
        by 0x8048370: main (in /auto/homes/njn25/grind/head5/a.out)

 * With no debug information, stripped:
     Invalid write of size 1
        at 0x80483BF: (within /auto/homes/njn25/grind/head5/a.out)
        by 0x8048370: (within /auto/homes/njn25/grind/head5/a.out)
        by 0x42015703: __libc_start_main (in /lib/tls/libc-2.3.2.so)
        by 0x80482CC: (within /auto/homes/njn25/grind/head5/a.out)

 * With debug information and -fomit-frame-pointer:
     Invalid write of size 1
        at 0x80483C4: really (malloc1.c:20)
        by 0x42015703: __libc_start_main (in /lib/tls/libc-2.3.2.so)
        by 0x80482CC: ??? (start.S:81)

 * A leak error message involving an unloaded shared object:
     84 bytes in 1 blocks are possibly lost in loss record 488 of 713
        at 0x1B9036DA: operator new(unsigned) (vg_replace_malloc.c:132)
        by 0x1DB63EEB: ???
        by 0x1DB4B800: ???
        by 0x1D65E007: ???
        by 0x8049EE6: main (main.cpp:24)

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 4.3. The stack traces given by Memcheck (or another tool) seem to have
 the wrong function name in them. What's happening?

 Occasionally Valgrind stack traces get the wrong function names. This is
 caused by glibc using aliases to effectively give one function two
 names. Most of the time Valgrind chooses a suitable name, but very
 occasionally it gets it wrong. Examples we know of are printing bcmp
 instead of memcmp, index instead of strchr, and rindex instead of
 strrchr.

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 4.4. My program crashes normally, but doesn't under Valgrind, or vice
 versa. What's happening?

 When a program runs under Valgrind, its environment is slightly
 different to when it runs natively. For example, the memory layout is
 different, and the way that threads are scheduled is different.

 Most of the time this doesn't make any difference, but it can,
 particularly if your program is buggy. For example, if your program
 crashes because it erroneously accesses memory that is unaddressable,
 it's possible that this memory will not be unaddressable when run under
 Valgrind. Alternatively, if your program has data races, these may not
 manifest under Valgrind.

 There isn't anything you can do to change this, it's just the nature of
 the way Valgrind works that it cannot exactly replicate a native
 execution environment. In the case where your program crashes due to a
 memory error when run natively but not when run under Valgrind, in most
 cases Memcheck should identify the bad memory operation.

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 4.5. Memcheck doesn't report any errors and I know my program has
 errors.

 There are two possible causes of this.
 First, by default, Valgrind only traces the top-level process. So if
 your program spawns children, they won't be traced by Valgrind by
 default. Also, if your program is started by a shell script, Perl
 script, or something similar, Valgrind will trace the shell, or the Perl
 interpreter, or equivalent.

 To trace child processes, use the --trace-children=yes option.
 If you are tracing large trees of processes, it can be less disruptive
 to have the output sent over the network. Give Valgrind the option
 --log-socket=127.0.0.1:12345 (if you want logging output sent to port
 12345 on localhost). You can use the valgrind-listener program to listen
 on that port:

     valgrind-listener 12345

 Obviously you have to start the listener process first. See the manual
 for more details.

 Second, if your program is statically linked, most Valgrind tools will
 only work well if they are able to replace certain functions, such as
 malloc, with their own versions. By default, statically linked malloc
 functions are not replaced. A key indicator of this is if Memcheck says:
 All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible when you know your
 program calls malloc. The workaround is to use the option
 --soname-synonyms=somalloc=NONE or to avoid statically linking your
 program.

 There will also be no replacement if you use an alternative malloc
 library such as tcmalloc, jemalloc, ... In such a case, the option
 --soname-synonyms=somalloc=zzzz (where zzzz is the soname of the
 alternative malloc library) will allow Valgrind to replace the
 functions.

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 4.6. Why doesn't Memcheck find the array overruns in this program?
     int static[5];

     int main(void)
     {
       int stack[5];

       static[5] = 0;
       stack [5] = 0;

       return 0;
     }

 Unfortunately, Memcheck doesn't do bounds checking on global or stack
 arrays. We'd like to, but it's just not possible to do in a reasonable
 way that fits with how Memcheck works. Sorry.

 However, the experimental tool SGcheck can detect errors like this. Run
 Valgrind with the --tool=exp-sgcheck option to try it, but be aware that
 it is not as robust as Memcheck.


 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 5. Miscellaneous
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 5.1. I tried writing a suppression but it didn't work. Can you write my
 suppression for me?

 Yes! Use the --gen-suppressions=yes feature to spit out suppressions
 automatically for you. You can then edit them if you like, eg. combining
 similar automatically generated suppressions using wildcards like '*'.

 If you really want to write suppressions by hand, read the manual
 carefully. Note particularly that C++ function names must be mangled
 (that is, not demangled).

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 5.2. With Memcheck's memory leak detector, what's the difference between
 "definitely lost", "indirectly lost", "possibly lost", "still
 reachable", and "suppressed"?

 The details are in the Memcheck section of the user manual.
 In short:
 * "definitely lost" means your program is leaking memory -- fix those
 leaks!

 * "indirectly lost" means your program is leaking memory in a
 pointer-based structure. (E.g. if the root node of a binary tree is
 "definitely lost", all the children will be "indirectly lost".) If you
 fix the "definitely lost" leaks, the "indirectly lost" leaks should go
 away.

 * "possibly lost" means your program is leaking memory, unless you're
 doing unusual things with pointers that could cause them to point into
 the middle of an allocated block; see the user manual for some possible
 causes. Use --show-possibly-lost=no if you don't want to see these
 reports.

 * "still reachable" means your program is probably ok -- it didn't free
 some memory it could have. This is quite common and often reasonable.
 Don't use --show-reachable=yes if you don't want to see these reports.

 * "suppressed" means that a leak error has been suppressed. There are
 some suppressions in the default suppression files. You can ignore
 suppressed errors.

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 5.3. Memcheck's uninitialised value errors are hard to track down,
 because they are often reported some time after they are caused. Could
 Memcheck record a trail of operations to better link the cause to the
 effect? Or maybe just eagerly report any copies of uninitialised memory
 values?

 Prior to version 3.4.0, the answer was "we don't know how to do it
 without huge performance penalties". As of 3.4.0, try using the
 --track-origins=yes option. It will run slower than usual, but will give
 you extra information about the origin of uninitialised values.

 Or if you want to do it the old fashioned way, you can use the client
 request VALGRIND_CHECK_VALUE_IS_DEFINED to help track these errors down
 -- work backwards from the point where the uninitialised error occurs,
 checking suspect values until you find the cause. This requires editing,
 compiling and re-running your program multiple times, which is a pain,
 but still easier than debugging the problem without Memcheck's help.

 As for eager reporting of copies of uninitialised memory values, this
 has been suggested multiple times. Unfortunately, almost all programs
 legitimately copy uninitialised memory values around (because compilers
 pad structs to preserve alignment) and eager checking leads to hundreds
 of false positives. Therefore Memcheck does not support eager checking
 at this time.

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 5.4. Is it possible to attach Valgrind to a program that is already
 running?

 No. The environment that Valgrind provides for running programs is
 significantly different to that for normal programs, e.g. due to
 different layout of memory. Therefore Valgrind has to have full control
 from the very start.

 It is possible to achieve something like this by running your program
 without any instrumentation (which involves a slow-down of about 5x,
 less than that of most tools), and then adding instrumentation once you
 get to a point of interest. Support for this must be provided by the
 tool, however, and Callgrind is the only tool that currently has such
 support. See the instructions on the callgrind_control program for
 details.


 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 6. How To Get Further Assistance
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Read the appropriate section(s) of the Valgrind Documentation:
 <http://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/index.html>.

 Search: <http://search.gmane.org> the valgrind-users:
 <http://news.gmane.org/gmane.comp.debugging.valgrind> mailing list
 archives, using the group name gmane.comp.debugging.valgrind.

 If you think an answer in this FAQ is incomplete or inaccurate, please
 e-mail [email protected]: <[email protected]>.

 If you have tried all of these things and are still stuck, you can try
 mailing the valgrind-users mailing list:
 <http://www.valgrind.org/support/mailing_lists.html>. Note that an email
 has a better change of being answered usefully if it is clearly written.
 Also remember that, despite the fact that most of the community are very
 helpful and responsive to emailed questions, you are probably requesting
 help from unpaid volunteers, so you have no guarantee of receiving an
 answer.


	Valgrind FAQ
	Release 3.13.0 15 June 2017
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Table of Contents
	1. Background
	2. Compiling, installing and configuring
	3. Valgrind aborts unexpectedly
	4. Valgrind behaves unexpectedly
	5. Miscellaneous
	6. How To Get Further Assistance

	------------------------------------------------------------------------
	1. Background
	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	1.1. How do you pronounce "Valgrind"?
	The "Val" as in the word "value". The "grind" is pronounced with a short
	'i' -- ie. "grinned" (rhymes with "tinned") rather than "grined" (rhymes
	with "find").

	Don't feel bad: almost everyone gets it wrong at first.
	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	1.2. Where does the name "Valgrind" come from?
	From Nordic mythology. Originally (before release) the project was named
	Heimdall, after the watchman of the Nordic gods. He could "see a hundred
	miles by day or night, hear the grass growing, see the wool growing on a
	sheep's back", etc. This would have been a great name, but it was
	already taken by a security package "Heimdal".

	Keeping with the Nordic theme, Valgrind was chosen. Valgrind is the name
	of the main entrance to Valhalla (the Hall of the Chosen Slain in
	Asgard). Over this entrance there resides a wolf and over it there is
	the head of a boar and on it perches a huge eagle, whose eyes can see to
	the far regions of the nine worlds. Only those judged worthy by the
	guardians are allowed to pass through Valgrind. All others are refused
	entrance.

	It's not short for "value grinder", although that's not a bad guess.

	------------------------------------------------------------------------
	2. Compiling, installing and configuring
	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	2.1. When building Valgrind, 'make' dies partway with an assertion
	failure, something like this:

	% make: expand.c:489: allocated_variable_append:
	Assertion 'current_variable_set_list->next != 0' failed.

	It's probably a bug in 'make'. Some, but not all, instances of version
	3.79.1 have this bug, see this:
	<http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg01658.html>. Try
	upgrading to a more recent version of 'make'. Alternatively, we have
	heard that unsetting the CFLAGS environment variable avoids the problem.

	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	2.2. When building Valgrind, 'make' fails with this:
	/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lc
	collect2: ld returned 1 exit status

	You need to install the glibc-static-devel package.

	------------------------------------------------------------------------
	3. Valgrind aborts unexpectedly
	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	3.1. Programs run OK on Valgrind, but at exit produce a bunch of errors
	involving __libc_freeres and then die with a segmentation fault.

	When the program exits, Valgrind runs the procedure __libc_freeres in
	glibc. This is a hook for memory debuggers, so they can ask glibc to
	free up any memory it has used. Doing that is needed to ensure that
	Valgrind doesn't incorrectly report space leaks in glibc.

	The problem is that running __libc_freeres in older glibc versions
	causes this crash.

	Workaround for 1.1.X and later versions of Valgrind: use the
	--run-libc-freeres=no option. You may then get space leak reports for
	glibc allocations (please don't report these to the glibc people, since
	they are not real leaks), but at least the program runs.

	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	3.2. My (buggy) program dies like this:
	valgrind: m_mallocfree.c:248 (get_bszB_as_is): Assertion 'bszB_lo == bszB_hi' failed.

	or like this:
	valgrind: m_mallocfree.c:442 (mk_inuse_bszB): Assertion 'bszB != 0' failed.

	or otherwise aborts or crashes in m_mallocfree.c.
	If Memcheck (the memory checker) shows any invalid reads, invalid writes
	or invalid frees in your program, the above may happen. Reason is that
	your program may trash Valgrind's low-level memory manager, which then
	dies with the above assertion, or something similar. The cure is to fix
	your program so that it doesn't do any illegal memory accesses. The
	above failure will hopefully go away after that.

	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	3.3. My program dies, printing a message like this along the way:
	vex x86->IR: unhandled instruction bytes: 0x66 0xF 0x2E 0x5

	One possibility is that your program has a bug and erroneously jumps to
	a non-code address, in which case you'll get a SIGILL signal. Memcheck
	may issue a warning just before this happens, but it might not if the
	jump happens to land in addressable memory.

	Another possibility is that Valgrind does not handle the instruction. If
	you are using an older Valgrind, a newer version might handle the
	instruction. However, all instruction sets have some obscure, rarely
	used instructions. Also, on amd64 there are an almost limitless number
	of combinations of redundant instruction prefixes, many of them
	undocumented but accepted by CPUs. So Valgrind will still have decoding
	failures from time to time. If this happens, please file a bug report.

	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	3.4. I tried running a Java program (or another program that uses a
	just-in-time compiler) under Valgrind but something went wrong. Does
	Valgrind handle such programs?

	Valgrind can handle dynamically generated code, so long as none of the
	generated code is later overwritten by other generated code. If this
	happens, though, things will go wrong as Valgrind will continue running
	its translations of the old code (this is true on x86 and amd64, on
	PowerPC there are explicit cache flush instructions which Valgrind
	detects and honours). You should try running with --smc-check=all in
	this case. Valgrind will run much more slowly, but should detect the use
	of the out-of-date code.

	Alternatively, if you have the source code to the JIT compiler you can
	insert calls to the VALGRIND_DISCARD_TRANSLATIONS client request to mark
	out-of-date code, saving you from using --smc-check=all.

	Apart from this, in theory Valgrind can run any Java program just fine,
	even those that use JNI and are partially implemented in other languages
	like C and C++. In practice, Java implementations tend to do nasty
	things that most programs do not, and Valgrind sometimes falls over
	these corner cases.

	If your Java programs do not run under Valgrind, even with
	--smc-check=all, please file a bug report and hopefully we'll be able to
	fix the problem.


	------------------------------------------------------------------------
	4. Valgrind behaves unexpectedly
	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	4.1. My program uses the C++ STL and string classes. Valgrind reports
	'still reachable' memory leaks involving these classes at the exit of
	the program, but there should be none.

	First of all: relax, it's probably not a bug, but a feature. Many
	implementations of the C++ standard libraries use their own memory pool
	allocators. Memory for quite a number of destructed objects is not
	immediately freed and given back to the OS, but kept in the pool(s) for
	later re-use. The fact that the pools are not freed at the exit of the
	program cause Valgrind to report this memory as still reachable. The
	behaviour not to free pools at the exit could be called a bug of the
	library though.

	Using GCC, you can force the STL to use malloc and to free memory as
	soon as possible by globally disabling memory caching. Beware! Doing so
	will probably slow down your program, sometimes drastically.

	* With GCC 2.91, 2.95, 3.0 and 3.1, compile all source using the STL
	with -D__USE_MALLOC. Beware! This was removed from GCC starting with
	version 3.3.

	* With GCC 3.2.2 and later, you should export the environment variable
	GLIBCPP_FORCE_NEW before running your program.

	* With GCC 3.4 and later, that variable has changed name to
	GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW.

	There are other ways to disable memory pooling: using the malloc_alloc
	template with your objects (not portable, but should work for GCC) or
	even writing your own memory allocators. But all this goes beyond the
	scope of this FAQ. Start by reading
	http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/faq/index.html#4_4_leak:
	<http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/faq/index.html#4_4_leak> if you
	absolutely want to do that. But beware: allocators belong to the more
	messy parts of the STL and people went to great lengths to make the STL
	portable across platforms. Chances are good that your solution will work
	on your platform, but not on others.

	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	4.2. The stack traces given by Memcheck (or another tool) aren't
	helpful. How can I improve them?

	If they're not long enough, use --num-callers to make them longer.
	If they're not detailed enough, make sure you are compiling with -g to
	add debug information. And don't strip symbol tables (programs should be
	unstripped unless you run 'strip' on them; some libraries ship
	stripped).

	Also, for leak reports involving shared objects, if the shared object is
	unloaded before the program terminates, Valgrind will discard the debug
	information and the error message will be full of ??? entries. The
	workaround here is to avoid calling dlclose on these shared objects.

	Also, -fomit-frame-pointer and -fstack-check can make stack traces
	worse.

	Some example sub-traces:
	* With debug information and unstripped (best):
	Invalid write of size 1
	at 0x80483BF: really (malloc1.c:20)
	by 0x8048370: main (malloc1.c:9)

	* With no debug information, unstripped:
	Invalid write of size 1
	at 0x80483BF: really (in /auto/homes/njn25/grind/head5/a.out)
	by 0x8048370: main (in /auto/homes/njn25/grind/head5/a.out)

	* With no debug information, stripped:
	Invalid write of size 1
	at 0x80483BF: (within /auto/homes/njn25/grind/head5/a.out)
	by 0x8048370: (within /auto/homes/njn25/grind/head5/a.out)
	by 0x42015703: __libc_start_main (in /lib/tls/libc-2.3.2.so)
	by 0x80482CC: (within /auto/homes/njn25/grind/head5/a.out)

	* With debug information and -fomit-frame-pointer:
	Invalid write of size 1
	at 0x80483C4: really (malloc1.c:20)
	by 0x42015703: __libc_start_main (in /lib/tls/libc-2.3.2.so)
	by 0x80482CC: ??? (start.S:81)

	* A leak error message involving an unloaded shared object:
	84 bytes in 1 blocks are possibly lost in loss record 488 of 713
	at 0x1B9036DA: operator new(unsigned) (vg_replace_malloc.c:132)
	by 0x1DB63EEB: ???
	by 0x1DB4B800: ???
	by 0x1D65E007: ???
	by 0x8049EE6: main (main.cpp:24)

	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	4.3. The stack traces given by Memcheck (or another tool) seem to have
	the wrong function name in them. What's happening?

	Occasionally Valgrind stack traces get the wrong function names. This is
	caused by glibc using aliases to effectively give one function two
	names. Most of the time Valgrind chooses a suitable name, but very
	occasionally it gets it wrong. Examples we know of are printing bcmp
	instead of memcmp, index instead of strchr, and rindex instead of
	strrchr.

	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	4.4. My program crashes normally, but doesn't under Valgrind, or vice
	versa. What's happening?

	When a program runs under Valgrind, its environment is slightly
	different to when it runs natively. For example, the memory layout is
	different, and the way that threads are scheduled is different.

	Most of the time this doesn't make any difference, but it can,
	particularly if your program is buggy. For example, if your program
	crashes because it erroneously accesses memory that is unaddressable,
	it's possible that this memory will not be unaddressable when run under
	Valgrind. Alternatively, if your program has data races, these may not
	manifest under Valgrind.

	There isn't anything you can do to change this, it's just the nature of
	the way Valgrind works that it cannot exactly replicate a native
	execution environment. In the case where your program crashes due to a
	memory error when run natively but not when run under Valgrind, in most
	cases Memcheck should identify the bad memory operation.

	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	4.5. Memcheck doesn't report any errors and I know my program has
	errors.

	There are two possible causes of this.
	First, by default, Valgrind only traces the top-level process. So if
	your program spawns children, they won't be traced by Valgrind by
	default. Also, if your program is started by a shell script, Perl
	script, or something similar, Valgrind will trace the shell, or the Perl
	interpreter, or equivalent.

	To trace child processes, use the --trace-children=yes option.
	If you are tracing large trees of processes, it can be less disruptive
	to have the output sent over the network. Give Valgrind the option
	--log-socket=127.0.0.1:12345 (if you want logging output sent to port
	12345 on localhost). You can use the valgrind-listener program to listen
	on that port:

	valgrind-listener 12345

	Obviously you have to start the listener process first. See the manual
	for more details.

	Second, if your program is statically linked, most Valgrind tools will
	only work well if they are able to replace certain functions, such as
	malloc, with their own versions. By default, statically linked malloc
	functions are not replaced. A key indicator of this is if Memcheck says:
	All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible when you know your
	program calls malloc. The workaround is to use the option
	--soname-synonyms=somalloc=NONE or to avoid statically linking your
	program.

	There will also be no replacement if you use an alternative malloc
	library such as tcmalloc, jemalloc, ... In such a case, the option
	--soname-synonyms=somalloc=zzzz (where zzzz is the soname of the
	alternative malloc library) will allow Valgrind to replace the
	functions.

	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	4.6. Why doesn't Memcheck find the array overruns in this program?
	int static[5];

	int main(void)
	{
	int stack[5];

	static[5] = 0;
	stack [5] = 0;

	return 0;
	}

	Unfortunately, Memcheck doesn't do bounds checking on global or stack
	arrays. We'd like to, but it's just not possible to do in a reasonable
	way that fits with how Memcheck works. Sorry.

	However, the experimental tool SGcheck can detect errors like this. Run
	Valgrind with the --tool=exp-sgcheck option to try it, but be aware that
	it is not as robust as Memcheck.


	------------------------------------------------------------------------
	5. Miscellaneous
	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	5.1. I tried writing a suppression but it didn't work. Can you write my
	suppression for me?

	Yes! Use the --gen-suppressions=yes feature to spit out suppressions
	automatically for you. You can then edit them if you like, eg. combining
	similar automatically generated suppressions using wildcards like '*'.

	If you really want to write suppressions by hand, read the manual
	carefully. Note particularly that C++ function names must be mangled
	(that is, not demangled).

	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	5.2. With Memcheck's memory leak detector, what's the difference between
	"definitely lost", "indirectly lost", "possibly lost", "still
	reachable", and "suppressed"?

	The details are in the Memcheck section of the user manual.
	In short:
	* "definitely lost" means your program is leaking memory -- fix those
	leaks!

	* "indirectly lost" means your program is leaking memory in a
	pointer-based structure. (E.g. if the root node of a binary tree is
	"definitely lost", all the children will be "indirectly lost".) If you
	fix the "definitely lost" leaks, the "indirectly lost" leaks should go
	away.

	* "possibly lost" means your program is leaking memory, unless you're
	doing unusual things with pointers that could cause them to point into
	the middle of an allocated block; see the user manual for some possible
	causes. Use --show-possibly-lost=no if you don't want to see these
	reports.

	* "still reachable" means your program is probably ok -- it didn't free
	some memory it could have. This is quite common and often reasonable.
	Don't use --show-reachable=yes if you don't want to see these reports.

	* "suppressed" means that a leak error has been suppressed. There are
	some suppressions in the default suppression files. You can ignore
	suppressed errors.

	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	5.3. Memcheck's uninitialised value errors are hard to track down,
	because they are often reported some time after they are caused. Could
	Memcheck record a trail of operations to better link the cause to the
	effect? Or maybe just eagerly report any copies of uninitialised memory
	values?

	Prior to version 3.4.0, the answer was "we don't know how to do it
	without huge performance penalties". As of 3.4.0, try using the
	--track-origins=yes option. It will run slower than usual, but will give
	you extra information about the origin of uninitialised values.

	Or if you want to do it the old fashioned way, you can use the client
	request VALGRIND_CHECK_VALUE_IS_DEFINED to help track these errors down
	-- work backwards from the point where the uninitialised error occurs,
	checking suspect values until you find the cause. This requires editing,
	compiling and re-running your program multiple times, which is a pain,
	but still easier than debugging the problem without Memcheck's help.

	As for eager reporting of copies of uninitialised memory values, this
	has been suggested multiple times. Unfortunately, almost all programs
	legitimately copy uninitialised memory values around (because compilers
	pad structs to preserve alignment) and eager checking leads to hundreds
	of false positives. Therefore Memcheck does not support eager checking
	at this time.

	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	5.4. Is it possible to attach Valgrind to a program that is already
	running?

	No. The environment that Valgrind provides for running programs is
	significantly different to that for normal programs, e.g. due to
	different layout of memory. Therefore Valgrind has to have full control
	from the very start.

	It is possible to achieve something like this by running your program
	without any instrumentation (which involves a slow-down of about 5x,
	less than that of most tools), and then adding instrumentation once you
	get to a point of interest. Support for this must be provided by the
	tool, however, and Callgrind is the only tool that currently has such
	support. See the instructions on the callgrind_control program for
	details.


	------------------------------------------------------------------------
	6. How To Get Further Assistance
	------------------------------------------------------------------------

	Read the appropriate section(s) of the Valgrind Documentation:
	<http://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/index.html>.

	Search: <http://search.gmane.org> the valgrind-users:
	<http://news.gmane.org/gmane.comp.debugging.valgrind> mailing list
	archives, using the group name gmane.comp.debugging.valgrind.

	If you think an answer in this FAQ is incomplete or inaccurate, please
	e-mail [email protected]: <[email protected]>.

	If you have tried all of these things and are still stuck, you can try
	mailing the valgrind-users mailing list:
	<http://www.valgrind.org/support/mailing_lists.html>. Note that an email
	has a better change of being answered usefully if it is clearly written.
	Also remember that, despite the fact that most of the community are very
	helpful and responsive to emailed questions, you are probably requesting
	help from unpaid volunteers, so you have no guarantee of receiving an
	answer.